1 Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism (DEAT) “A national climate change response strategy for South Africa” (September 2004) at 2, available at: <http://unfccc.int/files/meetings/seminar/application/pdf/sem_sup3_south_africa.pdf> (last accessed 17 October 2009).

2 Ibid.

3 H Osbahr “Building resilience: Adaptation mechanisms and mainstreaming for the poor fighting climate change: Human solidarity in a divided world” (Human Development Report occasional paper, 2007–08), available at: <http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/global/hdr2007-2008/papers/Osbahr_Henny.pdf> (last accessed 17 October 2009).

4 Houghton, JJ, Filho, LG Meiro, Callander, BA, Harris, N, Kattenberg, A and Maskell, K (eds) Climate Change 1995: The Science of Climate Change (1995, Cambridge University Press)Google Scholar.

5 BO Elasha, M Medany, I Niang-Diop, T Nyong, R Tabo and C Vogel “Impacts, vulnerability and adaptation to climate change in Africa” (background paper for the African workshops on implementation of decision 1/CP.10 of the UN Framework Convention for Climate Change, Accra, Ghana, 2006), available at: <http://unfccc.int/files/adaptation/adverse_effects_and_response_measures_art_48/application/pdf/200609_background_african_wkshp.pdf> (last accessed 17 October 2009).

6 Johnson, S “World news” (2007) 2 Sustainable Development Law and Policy 72Google Scholar.

7 Downing, T, Ringius, L, Hulme, M and Waughray, DMitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change (1997, Kluwer Academic Publisher) at 19Google Scholar. See also Houghton et al Climate Change 1995, above at note 4.

8 Earthlife Africa, Johannesburg “Climate change, development and energy problems in South Africa: Another world is possible” (2009), available at: <http://www.preventionweb.net/files/11490_oiclimatechangesouthafrica1.pdf> (last accessed 22 June 2010).

9 Energy Information Administration “Country analysis briefs: South Africa”, available at: <http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/South_Africa/pdf.pdf> (last accessed 17 October 2009).

10 Ibid.

11 Department of Minerals and Energy “White paper on the energy policy of the Republic of South Africa” (1998), available at: <http://www.earthlife.org.za/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/dme-white-paper-on-energy-policy-of-south-africa-print2.pdf> (last accessed 22 June 2010).

12 NH Stern “Stern review on the economics of climate change” (2007), available at: <http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/http:/www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/independent_reviews/stern_review_economics_climate_change/stern_review_report.cfm> (last accessed 17 October 2009).

13 DEAT “A national climate change response strategy”, above at note 1.

14 Earthlife “Climate change, development and energy problems”, above at note 8.

15 JP Schemmel “Environmental fiscal reform for sustainable development and poverty reduction” (The World Bank proceedings of international workshops reforming forest fiscal systems to promote poverty reduction and sustainable forest management, 19–21 October 2003), available at: <http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/15/42/36309072.pdf> (last accessed 17 October 2009).

16 Earthlife “Climate change, development and energy problems”, above at note 8.

17 S Dessai and J van der Sluijs “Uncertainty and climate change adaptation: A scoping study” (2007, Copernicus Institute for Sustainable Development and Innovation), available at: <http://www.nusap.net/downloads/reports/ucca_scoping_study.pdf> (last accessed 17 October 2009).

18 K Goree “Climate-L news” (2003, International Institute for Sustainable Development), available at: <http://www.iisd.ca/climate-l/Climate-L_News_13.pdf> (last accessed 17 October 2009).

19 J Sathaye, A Najam, C Cocklin, T Heller, F Lecocq, J Llanes-Regueiro, J Pan, G Petschel-Held, S Rayner, J Robinson, R Schaeffer, Y Sokona, R Swart and H Winkler “Sustainable development and mitigation” (contribution of working group III to the fourth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change, 2007), available at: <http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg3/ar4-wg3-chapter12.pdf> (last accessed 17 October 2009).

20 Jones, RN, Dettmann, P, Park, G, Rogers, M and White, T “The relationship between adaptation and mitigation in managing climate change risks: A regional response from North Central Victoria, Australia” (2007) Mitigation and Adaptation for Climate Change 685CrossRefGoogle Scholar, available at: <http://www.springerlink.com/content/549423hv80630228/> (last accessed 17 October 2009).

21 Ibid. See also: Kane, S and Shogren, JF “Linking adaptation and mitigation in climate change policy” (2000) 45 Climatic Change 75CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

22 Jones et al “The relationship between adaptation and mitigation”, above at note 20.

23 “Climate change strategy: Equality impact assessment” (2008, London Borough of Waltham Forest), available at: <http://www.walthamforest.gov.uk/wf-ccs-eia-jul08.pdf> (last accessed 17 October 2009).

24 Dessai and van der Sluijs “Uncertainty and climate change adaptation”, above at note 17.

25 Ibid.

26 Meyer, E and Odeku, K “Climate change, energy, and sustainable development: Developing the African continent at the crossroads” (2009) IX/2 Sustainable Development Law and Policy 49 at 51Google Scholar.

27 S Benton “SA adopts ‘bold’ climate change policy” (30 July 2008) SouthAfrica.info, available at: <http://www.southafrica.info/about/sustainable/climate-300708.htm> (last accessed 22 June 2010).

28 Ibid.

29 T De Wet “South Africa: Improved environmental law enforcement – the era of the environmental law bounty-hunter?” (20 October 2005) Mondaq, available at: <http://www.mondaq.com/article.asp?articleid=35600> (last accessed 17 October 2009).

30 “SA gets tough on air pollution” (27 June 2005) SouthAfrica.info, available at: <http://www.southafrica.info/about/sustainable/air-pollution-2106005.htm> (last accessed 17 October 2009).

31 T Gadebe “Climate change body launched” (20 October 2005) SouthAfrica.info, available at: <http://www.southafrica.info/ess_info/sa_glance/sustainable/update/climate2010.htm> (last accessed 17 October 2009).

32 Halsnæs, K and Verhagen, J “Development based climate change adaptation and mitigation – conceptual issues and lessons learned in studies in developing countries” (2007) 12 Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 665CrossRefGoogle Scholar, available at: <http://www.springerlink.com/content/h5781155471j9063/fulltext.pdf> (last accessed 17 October 2009).

33 Dessai and van der Sluijs “Uncertainty and climate change adaptation”, above at note 17 at 7.

34 D Ogunlade “Development objectives implementation measures: Reductions from projected emissions source” (Estimates by Energy & Development Research Centre, University of Cape Town, 2002).

35 DEAT “A national climate change response strategy”, above at note 1.

36 Earthlife “Climate change, development and energy problems”, above at note 8.

37 D Hallowes “A critical appraisal of the LTMS” (paper prepared for the Sustainable Energy and Climate Change Project of Earthlife Africa, Johannesburg, September 2008), available at: <http://www.earthlife.org.za/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2008/12/ltms-final-web.pdf> (last accessed 17 October 2009).

38 Ibid.

39 DEAT “Long term mitigation scenarios: Strategic options for South Africa” (2007), available at: <http://www.erc.uct.ac.za/Research/publications/07Scenario_team-LTMS_Scenarios.pdf> (last accessed 17 October 2009).

40 Earthlife “Climate change, development and energy problems”, above at note 8.

41 DEAT “Long term mitigation scenarios”, above at note 39.

42 Earthlife “Climate change, development and energy problems”, above at note 8.

43 Hallowes “A critical appraisal of the LTMS”, above at note 37.

44 Earthlife “Climate change, development and energy problems”, above at note 8.

45 Ibid.

46 E Kolbert “A reporter's field notes on the coverage of climate change” (11 March 2009) Enviroment 360, available at: <http://e360.yale.edu/content/feature.msp?id=2130> (last accessed 17 October 2009).

47 Dessai and van der Sluijs “Uncertainty and climate change adaptation”, above at note 17 at 7.

48 Summary report of the 8th session IPCC working group II meeting (2007), available at: <http://www.iisd.ca/climate/ipwg2/> (last accessed 17 October 2009).

49 Ibid.

50 Osbahr “Building resilience”, above at note 3.

51 I Burton, E Diringer and J Smith “Adaptation to climate change: International policy options” (paper prepared for the Pew Center on Global Climate Change, 2006), available at: <http://www.pewclimate.org/docUploads/PEW_Adaptation.pdf> (last accessed 7 June 2010).

52 DEAT “A national climate change response strategy”, above at note 1.

53 Genesis Analytics “Carbon disclosure project South Africa report: JSE top 40” (2007), available at: <https://cdproject.net/CDPResults/CDP5_South_Africa_Report.pdf> (last accessed 17 October 2009).

54 Eskom “Eskom's climate change commitment – the 6 point plan” (2008), available at: <http://www.eskom.co.za/content/GI0004_6_POINT_PLAN~2.pdf> (last accessed 17 October 2009).

55 Eskom “Annual report” (2008), available at: <http://www.eskom.co.za/annreport08/info_sheets/001_03.htm> (last accessed 17 October 2009).

56 O Davidson, L Tyani and Y Afrana-Okesse “Climate change, sustainable development and energy: Future perspectives for South Africa” (2002, Energy and Development Research Centre, University of Cape Town).

57 M de Wit “Sustainable options”, available at: <http://sustoptions.blogspot.com> (last accessed 17 October 2009).

58 Earthlife “Climate change, development and energy problems”, above at note 8.

59 O Davidson and S Mwakasonda “Energy access perspectives in Africa” (2003, Energy and Development Research Centre, University of Cape Town). See also: G Mbesherubusa “Acting against energy poverty in Africa” (background paper prepared for the G8 energy ministers' meeting, Rome, 24–25 May 2009).

60 W Chandler, R Schaeffer, Z Dadi, PR Shukla, F Tudela, O Davidson and S Alpan-Atamer “Climate change mitigation in developing countries” (report prepared for the Pew Center on Global Climate Change, 2002) at 91, available at: <http://www.pewclimate.org/docUploads/dev_mitigation.pdf> (last accessed 7 June 2010).

61 “Fighting climate change at home” (14 February 2006) SouthAfrica.info, available at: <http://www.southafrica.info/services/consumer/kyoto-140206.htm> (last accessed 17 October 2009).

62 Ibid.

63 Ibid.

64 O Dzioubinski and DR Chipman “Trends in consumption and production: Household energy consumption” (UN DESA discussion paper no 6, April 1999) at 1, available at: <http://www.un.org/esa/desa/papers/discussionSerie.html> (last accessed 17 October 2009).

65 L Khumalo “Biofuels to power Eastern Cape” (9 March 2007) SouthAfrica.info, available at: <http://www.southafrica.info/business/investing/opportunities/biofuels-080307.htm> (last accessed 22 June 2010).

66 Benton “SA adopts ‘bold’ climate change policy”, above at note 27.

67 N Gabara “NERSA announces renewable energy feed-in tariffs” (2 April 2009), available at: <http://architectafrica.com/NET/?q=node/614> (last accessed 17 October 2009). See also: P Gipe “South Africa introduces aggressive feed-in tariffs” (10 April 2009), available at: <http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2009/04/south-africa-introduces-aggressive-feed-in-tariffs> (last accessed 17 October 2009).

68 “Corporate strategy and planning” (Eskom intelligence brief, 2009), available at: <http://www.eskom.co.za/annreport08/info_sheets/001.htm> (last accessed 17 October 2009).

69 Ibid.

70 Ibid.

71 Ibid.

72 Ikeme, J “Climate change adaptational deficiencies in developing countries: The case of Sub-Saharan Africa” (2003) 8 Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 29CrossRefGoogle Scholar, available at: <http://www.springerlink.com/content/q3472l4616088063/> (last accessed 17 October 2009).

73 Oxfam International and Earthlife Africa “Climate change, development and energy problems in South Africa: Another world is possible” (joint research report, 2009), available at: <http://www.oxfam.org/policy/climate-change-and-south-africa-another-world-possible> (last accessed 17 October 2009).

74 Id at 3.

75 Id at 4.

76 Preston, B “The role of the judiciary in promoting sustainable development: The experience of Asia and the Pacific” (2005) 9 Asia Pacific Journal of Environmental Law 109Google Scholar.

77 Ikeme “Climate change adaptational deficiencies”, above at note 72.

78 J Wakeford “Introduction to peak oil and South Africa” (14 March 2007), available at: <http://aspo.org.za/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=27&Itemid=39> (last accessed 17 October 2009).

79 UN Energy “Energy for sustainable development: Policy options for Africa”, available at: <http://www.uneca.org/eca_resources/publications/unea-publication-tocsd15.pdf> (last accessed 22 June 2010).

80 W Foell, S Pachauri, D Spreng and H Zerriffi “Clean cooking fuels and technologies” (conference proceeding for 2nd annual NAEE/IAEE International Conference on Energy Industry Restructuring: Interactions Between Business, Economics and Policy, Abuja, Nigeria, 23–24 April 2009), available at: <http://www.iaee.org/documents/newsletterarticles/408cooking.pdf> (last accessed 22 June 2010).

81 Ikeme “Climate change adaptational deficiencies”, above at note 72 at 33.

82 Ottinger, R and Jayne, M “Global climate change Kyoto protocol implementation: Legal frameworks for implementing clean energy solutions” (2000) 18 Pace Environmental Law Review 19Google Scholar, available at: <http://ssrn.com/abstract=1341992> (last accessed 17 October 2009).

83 Ibid.

84 Chandler et al “Climate change mitigation”, above at note 60.

85 Ibid.

86 Henderson, R “Energy efficient lighting in the Republic of South Africa” (1997) 4 Right Light 199Google Scholar. See also: Spalding-Fecher, R, Clark, A, Davis, M and Simmonds, G “The economics of energy efficiency for the poor: A South African case study” (2002) 27 Energy 1099CrossRefGoogle Scholar. See also N Lefèvre, P de T'Serclaes and P Waide “Barriers to technology diffusion: The case of compact fluorescent lamps” (document prepared by the secretariats of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and the International Energy Agency, October 2006).

87 Eskom “Responding to climate change and limiting the impact on the environment” (from Abridged Annual Report 2008), available at: <http://www.eskom.co.za/annreport08/aar_2008/per_review_08.htm> (last accessed 22 June 2010).

88 Chandler et al “Climate change mitigation”, above at note 60.

89 Dzioubinski and Chipman “Trends in consumption and production”, above at note 64 at 1.

90 Ibid.

91 Ibid.

92 Kaya, Y and Yokobori, K (eds) Energy Issues in Developing Countries, Environment, Energy and Economy: Strategies for Sustainability (1997, UN University Press)Google Scholar at 341.

93 Dzioubinski and Chipman “Trends in consumption and production”, above at note 64.

94 Chandler et al “Climate change mitigation”, above at note 60. See also E Solomon “South Africa: Overseas business report” (1993), available at: <http://www.umsl.edu/services/govdocs/obr/obr_0002.htm> (last accessed 17 October 2009).

95 O Davidson and H Winkler “South African energy futures: Visions, driving factors and sustainable development indicators” (report for phase 1 of the sustainable development and climate change project, Energy and Development Research Centre, University of Cape Town, September 2003), available at: <http://developmentfirst.org/Studies/SouthAfricaCountryStudies.pdf> (last accessed 17 October 2009).

96 Dzioubinski and Chipman “Trends in consumption and production”, above at note 64.

97 C Figueres and M Philips “Scaling up demand-side energy efficiency improvements through programmatic CDM” [clean development mechanism, defined in the Kyoto Protocol] (ESMAP technical paper 120/07, Energy Sector Management Assistance Program and The World Bank Carbon Finance Unit, 2007). See also: C Klessmann, W Graus, M Harmelink and F Geurts “Making energy efficiency happen: From potential to reality: An assessment of policies and measure in G8 plus 5 countries, with recommendations for decision makers at national and international level” (commissioned by WWF International, May 2007), available at: <http://www.worldwildlife.org/climate/Publications/WWFBinaryitem4910.pdf> (last accessed 17 October 2009).

98 Dzioubinski and Chipman “Trends in consumption and production”, above at note 64.

99 C Taylor (ed) 26 Sustainable Energy News (a project of Earthlife Africa, Johannesburg). See also: South Africa Energy, available at: <http://archive.wn.com/2009/07/30/1400/southafricaenergy> (last accessed 17 October 2009).

100 Dzioubinski and Chipman “Trends in consumption and production”, above at note 64.

101 M Hulme, H Neufeldt and H Colyer (eds) “Adaptation and mitigation strategies: Supporting European climate policy” (final report from the ADAM Project, Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK, 2009) available at: <http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2009/smsn/ngo/162.pdf> (last accessed 17 October 2009).

102 Ikeme “Climate change adaptational deficiencies”, above at note 72 at 42.

103 M Van Ameringen (ed) “Building a new South Africa: Vol 2: Urban policy” (1995, report from the Mission on Urban Policy for a Democratic South Africa), available at: <http://www.idrc.ca/en/ev-9381-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html> (last accessed 17 October 2009).

104 Dzioubinski and Chipman “Trends in consumption and production”, above at note 64.

105 Department of Minerals and Energy “Energy efficiency strategy of the Republic of South Africa” (March 2005), available at: <http://www.dme.gov.za/pdfs/energy/efficiency/ee_strategy_05.pdf> (last accessed 17 October 2009).

106 This means imposing different fees on vehicles.

107 Department of Minerals and Energy “Energy efficiency strategy”, above at note 105.

108 Ibid.

109 TA Manuel “Budget speech” (11 February 2009), available at: <http://www.info.gov.za/speeches/budget/speech2009.pdf> (last accessed 17 October 2009).

110 Ibid.

111 “The mechanisms under the Kyoto Protocol: Emissions trading, the clean development mechanism and joint implementation”, available at: <http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/mechanisms/items/1673.php> (last accessed 17 October 2009).

112 Kim, JA “Sustainable development and the clean development mechanism: A South African case study” (2004) 13 The Journal of Environment Development 201CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

113 Little, G, Maxwell, T and Sutherland, M “Accelerating the implementation of the clean development mechanism in South Africa” (2007) 4 South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 395Google Scholar, available at: <http://www.ecosecurities.com/Assets/11572/pubs%20-%20accelerating%20the%20implementation%20of%20the%20cdm%20in%20south%20africa.pdf> (last accessed 17 October 2009).

114 Manuel “Budget speech”, above at note 109.

115 “Nedbank a South African leader in the fight against climate change” (2010), available at: <http://www.greenfranchise.co.za/2010/04/12/nedbank-a-south-african-leader-in-the-fight-against-climate-change/> (last accessed 22 June 2010).

116 Ibid.

117 Ibid.

118 Ibid.

119 C Herweijer “Maintaining insurability in a changing climate” (2009) Insurance Risk, available at: <http://www.insuranceerm.com/analysis/maintaining-insurability-in-a-changing-climate.html> (last accessed 6 June 2010).

120 UN “Mechanisms to manage financial risks from direct impacts of climate change in developing countries” (technical paper no FCCC/TP2008/9), available at: <http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2008/tp/09.pdf> (last accessed 17 October 2009). See also: PricewaterhouseCoopers “The role of Australia's financial sector in sustainability” (2001 report prepared for Environment Australia), available at: <http://www.environment.gov.au/sustainability/industry/publications/pubs/role-fin-sector.pdf> (last accessed 22 June 2010).

121 Herweijer “Maintaining insurability”, above at note 119.

122 B Sutherland “Will SA's insurance industry survive climate change?” (September 2009) Cape Town Green Map, available at: <http://www.capetowngreenmap.co.za/blog/will-sas-insurance-industry-survive-climate-change> (last accessed 17 October 2009).

123  L Grant “Climate change: Storms, drought and insurance” (10 September 2008) Treevolution, available at: <http://www.treevolution.co.za/2008/09/climate-change-storms-drought-and-insurance/> (last accessed 17 October 2009).

124 UN “Mechanisms to manage financial risks”, above at note 120.

125 Ikeme “Climate change adaptational deficiencies”, above at note 72.

126 I Salgado “SA firms ‘lack grasp of climate change’” (25 November 2008) Business Reports, available at: <http://www.busrep.co.za/index.php?fSectionId=561&fArticleId=4729175> (last accessed 17 October 2009).

127 Eskom “Responding to climate change”, above at note 87. See also: M Brinded “The development, demonstration and deployment of low carbon technology: The case for CCS” (2009), available at: <http://www.shell.com/home/content/media/news_and_library/speeches/2009/brinded_london_29062009.html> (last accessed 17 October 2009).

128 DeWitt, J “Opportunities for economic and community development in energy and climate change” (2008) 22 Economic Development Quarterly 107Google Scholar.

129 Sebitosi, AB “Energy efficiency, security of supply and the environment in South Africa: Moving beyond the strategy documents” (2008) 33 Energy 1591CrossRefGoogle Scholar, available at: <http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=20767922> (last accessed 27 May 2010). See also: UN “Our common future: Chapter 7: Energy: Choices for environment and development”, available at: <http://www.un-documents.net/ocf-07.htm> (last accessed 17 October 2009).

130 UN Conference on Trade and Development “Report of the UN Conference on Trade and Development on its eleventh session” at 16, available at: <http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/td412_en.pdf> (last accessed 31 July 2010).

131 Ikeme “Climate change adaptational deficiencies”, above at note 72 at 42.

132 EM-DAT “The international disaster database”, available at: <http://www.emdat.be/additional-disaster-data-resources> (last accessed 27 May 2010).

133 See <http://www.egs.uct.ac.za/research.html> (last accessed 22 June 2010).

134 UN Development Programme Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery Reducing Disaster Risk: A Challenge for Development (2004, UNDP) at 43, available at: < http://www.un.org/Pubs/whatsnew/e04025.htm/> (last accessed 6 June 2010).

135 Ibid.

136 Ibid.

137 Ibid.

138 Stern, PC and Easterling, WEMaking Climate Forecasts Matter (1999, The National Academies Press)Google Scholar, available at: <http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=6370> (last accessed 17 October 2009).

139 O'Brien, KL and Vogel, CH (eds) Coping with Climate Variability: The Use of Seasonal Climate Forecasts in Southern Africa (2003, Ashgate Publishing)Google Scholar.

140 Eskom “Responding to climate change”, above at note 87.

141 Eskom “Annual report”, above at note 55.

142 Ibid.

143 Eskom “Responding to climate change”, above at note 87.

144 Eskom “Abridged annual report” (2008), available at: <http://www.eskom.co.za/annreport08/aar_2008/index.htm> (last accessed 22 June 2010).

145 Eskom “Annual report”, above at note 55.

146 Eskom “Responding to climate change”, above at note 87.

147 Ibid.

148 Ibid.

149 UNFCCC Secretariat “Climate change: Impacts, vulnerabilities and adaptation in developing countries” (2007), available at: <http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/publications/impacts.pdf> (last accessed 27 May 2010).

150 Laukkonen, J, Blanco, PK, Lenhart, J, Keiner, M, Cavric, B and Kinuthia-Njenga, C “Combining climate change adaptation and mitigation measures at the local level” (2009) 33 Habitat International 287CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

151 Oxfam International and Earthlife Africa “Climate change, development and energy problems”, above at note 73 at 7.

152 Ibid at 9.

153 Ibid at 19.

154 Ibid.

155 The UNFCCC entered into force on 21 March 1994. The convention sets an overall framework for intergovernmental efforts to tackle the challenge posed by climate change. It recognizes that the climate system is a shared resource the stability of which can be affected by industrial and other emissions of CO₂ and other GHGs. The convention enjoys near universal membership, with 192 countries having ratified it. It is available at: <http://unfccc.int/essential_background/convention/items/2627.php> (last accessed 17 October 2009).

156 The Kyoto Protocol was adopted in Kyoto, Japan, on 11 December 1997 and entered into force on 16 February 2005. The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement linked to the UNFCCC. The major feature of the Kyoto Protocol is that it sets binding targets for 37 industrialized countries and the European Community for reducing GHG emissions. These amount to an average of 5% against 1990 levels over the five year period 2008–12. The protocol is available at: <http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/items/2830.php> (last accessed 17 October 2009).

157 Kyoto Protocol, art 3.

158 A Brebøl, T Capral Henriksen, E James-Smith and T Sommer Kristense “Electricity from renewable resources in the Western Cape” (dissertation, 2003) at 7, available at: <http://diggy.ruc.dk/handle/1800/167> (last accessed 17 October 2009).

159 Salgado “SA firms ‘lack grasp of climate change’”, above at note 126.

160 Meyer and Odeku “Climate change, energy, and sustainable development”, above at note 26 at 53.