¹ For a history of the organization and finance of Tripoli-Kano trade, the decline of trade, and the response of Ghadamasi merchants in the Sudan, see Baier, Stephen, ‘African Merchants in the Colonial Period: A History of Commerce in Damagaram (Central Niger), 1880–1960’ (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1074)Google Scholar. See also Johnson, Marion, ‘Calico Caravans: Tripoli-Kano Trade after 1880’, J. Afr. Hist., xvii (1976), 95–117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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⁴ Newbury, C. W., ‘North African and Western Sudan Trade in the Nineteenth Century’, J. Afr. Hist. vii (1966), 233–46CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Johnson, (‘Calico Caravans’, 95–7)Google Scholar discusses the treatment of nineteenth century trans-Saharan trade in the secondary sources in more detail and also presents important evidence for the revision. See also Baler, , ‘African Merchants’, 58–9.Google Scholar

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¹² Johnson, , ‘Calico Caravans’, 105Google Scholar; Baier, , ‘African Merchants’, 53–54Google Scholar. Relying on an estimate by Malam Yaro, a Zinder merchant of Kanuri and servile Tuareg origins, Gaden réported that the volume of trans-Saharan trade was in decline when the French arrived; see Gaden, H., ‘Notice sur la residence de Zinder’, Revue des Troupes Coloniales, ii, xvii (1903). 785Google Scholar. All other sources indicate that Malam Yaro was in error. One possible explanation is that goods were being held in the Sudan until relative safety returned to the desert routes.

¹³ Baillaud, Emile, Sur les routes du Soudan, (Toulouse, 1903), III, 136–8, 195–6Google Scholar; Miege, and, Le Maroc, 371–447.Google Scholar

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¹⁵ For an account of how the trade depression of the 1880s affected the finance and organization of the trade, see Drummond-Hay, E. R., ‘Report on the trade and Commerce of Tripoli for the Year 1888’, Great Britain, Parliamentary Papers, Session of 1889, vol. 81, pp. 2Google Scholar of the report; Moore, Noel Temple, ‘Report on the Trade and Commerce of Tripoli for 1891’, Great Britain, Parliamentary Papers, Session of 1892, vol. 84. pp. 5.Google Scholar

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¹⁷ USNA, RG 59, T40, Gaines, W. to the Department of State, 31 Mar. 1852Google Scholar. Gaines reported that Tripoli slave exports declined from over 2,000 slaves per year in 1847 and 1848 to 450 slaves in 1851 but gives no reason for the decline. According to a personal communication from Mark Dyer, French archives and related published material yield figures of the same order of magnitude. How many of these slaves arrived along the Kano-Tripoli route is unknown, but Richardson reported a caravan of 1,000 slaves from Kano in 1846; Richardson, James, Travels in the Great Desert of Sahara in the Years of 1845 and 1846 (London, 1848), II, 115, 310Google Scholar (as cited in a forthcoming paper on trans-Saharan slave trade by Ralph Austen). Richardson also reported that not more than 150 or 200 slaves went north through or from Damagaram in the early 1850s; Richardson, , Narrative, II, 273Google Scholar. Dickson estimated slave transits during his residence in Ghadames in 1852 at 500 per year; Dickson, C. H., ‘Account of Ghadames’, Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, xxx (1860), 260.Google Scholar

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¹⁹ Johnson, , ‘Calico Caravans’, 100–1Google Scholar; the figure of 70 per cent as the proportion of cloth in the imports for the Sudan trade is from Jago, Thomas S., ‘Report on the Trade and Economic State of the Vilayet of Tripoli for the Past Forty Years’, Sessional Papers, 1902, vol. 103Google Scholar; USNA, RG 59, T40, Cuthbert Jones to the Department of State, 5 Aug. 1879; Jones listed the goods most saleable in Tripoli markets, most of which he said went to the Sudan: ‘T’ cloths, mandapollams, bright calicoes and grey, red and blue cotton yarns.

²⁰ F.O. 101/88, Jago, Thomas S., ‘Supplementary Report for the Year 1897 on the Vilayet of Tripoli’Google Scholar; for imports, see Barth, Heinrich, Travels and Discoveries in North and Central Africa, (New York, 1857), 1, 517–23Google Scholar; Staudinger, Paul, Im Herzen des Hausaländer, (Berlin, 1889), 621Google Scholar; Brenner, Louis, ‘The North African Trading Community in the Nineteenth Century Central Sudan’, in Aspects of West African Islam, ed. McCall, D. F. and Bennett, N. R. (Boston, 1971), 140–1.Google Scholar

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⁴¹ Interview with Kasko Ahammat, 25 May 1972 (tape 14 and 16).

⁴² Interview with Mamadou, Issafou, 25 May 1972 (tape 14 and 16)Google Scholar; Abdumumuni, Adamu, 8 May 1972 (tapes 7 and 14)Google Scholar; Barth, , Travels, I, 414Google Scholar; Musgu are also known by the name Tamesgida.

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⁴⁵ Interview with Mamadou, Issafou, 24 May 1972 (tape 14)Google Scholar; and Saidu, Usuman, 13 Oct. 1972 (tape 40)Google Scholar. For a fascinating description of the organization of caravans on the march in the Hausa kola trade, see Lovejoy, Paul, ‘The Hausa Kola Trade: a Commercial System in the Continental Exchange of West Africa’, (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1973), 178–86.Google Scholar

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⁴⁹ Interview with Sidi, Lawan, 13 Nov. 1972 (tape 45) and 14 Nov. (tape 46)Google Scholar; ADZ, Economie Générale, Subdivision de Tanout, Rapport économique, 4e trimestre 1922.Google Scholar

⁵⁰ ADZ, ‘Renseignements sur le canton haoussa du Damerghu’, Sept. 1910Google Scholar; interview with Igidan, Sidian, 10 Oct. 1972Google Scholar; Rash, , ‘Damerghu’, 48–58Google Scholar; Salifou, , ‘Rivalités tribales’, 15–33Google Scholar; Furlong, , Gateway, 205–7.Google Scholar

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⁵⁹ Helleiner, , Peasant Agriculture, 76–101, 501Google Scholar. For cattle trade, see Baier, , ‘African Merchants’, 145‘70.Google Scholar

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