¹ See the following works for similar analysis: Flint, Karen E., Healing Traditions: African Medicine, Cultural Exchanges, and Competition in South Africa, 1820-1948 (Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 2007)Google Scholar; Digby, Anne, Diversity and Division in Medicine: Health Care in South Africa from the 1800s (Oxford: Peter Lang, 2006)Google Scholar; Feierman, Steven, “Change in African Therapeutic Systems,” Social Science & Medicine, Part B: Medical Anthropology 13, no. 4 (1979): 277–84Google Scholar.

² Parker, John, Making the Town: Ga State and Society in Early Colonial Accra (Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 2000)Google Scholar; Sackeyfio-Lenoch, Naaborko, The Politics of Chieftaincy: Authority and Property in Colonial Ghana, 1920-1950 (Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press, 2014)Google Scholar.

³ Flint, Healing Traditions.

⁴ Acquah, Ione, A Social Survey of the Capital of Ghana, Formerly Called the Gold Coast, Undertaken for the West African Institute of Social and Economic Research, 1953-56 (London: University of London Press, 1958)Google Scholar.

⁵ Foucault, Michel, The History of Sexuality, vol 1: The Will to Knowledge (London: Penguin, 1998)Google Scholar; Swanson, Maynard, “The Sanitation Syndrome: Bubonic Plague and Urban Native Policy in the Cape Colony, 1900-1909,” The Journal of African History 18, no. 3 (1977): 387–410CrossRefGoogle Scholar.