¹ Governor of Sierra Leone to Grey, 29 Jan. 1851, in Parliamentary Papers (hereafter PP) 1852 xlix (284), 422. The author is grateful to the African History Seminar, School of Oriental and African Studies, London, and to Prof. J. F. Munro for comments on an earlier draft of this paper.

² Heddle to Forster, 20 May 1851, in PP 1852 xlix (284), 429; Heddle to Baikie, 8 May 1857 in Hill to Labouchere, 30 June 1857, Public Record Office (hereafter PRO), Kew: CO 267/257. For Heddle see Fyfe, C., ‘Charles Heddle, an African “Merchant Prince”’, in Laboratoire ‘Connaissance du Tiers-Monde’, Entreprises et Entrepreneurs en Afrique, 19–20 siècles (Paris, 1983), 235–47.Google Scholar

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⁶¹ Crowther quoted in Chapter xiii, Macdonald Report on Royal Niger Co.ap;s territories, 9 Jan. 1890, PRO: FO 84/2109; CO to FO, 14 Nov. 1888, PRO: FO 403/76.

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⁶⁸ The problem is determining ownership. A vessel may appear in the records as belonging to, say, Crowther Bros., but it is possible that the vessel belonged to a European firm, say the West African Co., and was simply used by Crowthers for their agency work for the company.

⁶⁹ Lagos Times, 24 Nov. 1880.

⁷⁰ Ashcroft to Hutchinson, 27 May 1878, CMSP: CA3/0 5/.

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⁸⁵ AT, 30 Oct. 1874, 38, and 31 Dec. 1874, 3.

⁸⁶ Memo on the Spiff case, 15 Aug. 1887, PRO: FO 84/1867; Agents in Opobo to (blank), n.d., in Admiralty to FO, 27 Jan. 1886, PRO: FO 84/1780; de Cardi, C. N., ‘A short description of the Natives of the Niger Coast Protectorate…’, in Kingsley, M. H., West African Studies (London, 1899), 541Google Scholar; Gertzel, , ‘John Holt’, 268Google Scholar; Cookey, S. J. S., King Jaja of the Niger Delta (New York, 1974), 101–3Google Scholar.

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¹⁰⁴ AT, 30 Sept. 1874, 31–2. Prof. J. F. Munro, in a personal communication to the author, has made the point that part of the problem for the Krios in this struggle for shipping space lay in the fact that in some areas the agencies for the shipping lines were vested in resident European traders' hands.

¹⁰⁵ AT, 30 Oct. 1874, 43.

¹⁰⁶ AT, 30 Nov. 1874, 51.

¹⁰⁷ Regulation 9, Article ii, 30 July 1886, National African Co., United Africa Co. Archives.

¹⁰⁸ Lagos Observer, 3 and 17 Dec. 1885.

¹⁰⁹ Lagos Observer, 21 May 1887 and 4 June 1887.

¹¹⁰ Macdonald to FO, 26 March 1895, PRO: FO 2/83; CO to FO, 14 Nov. 1888, PRO: FO 403/76.

¹¹¹ AT, 23 Nov. 1869, 58.

¹¹² AT, 22 July 1871, 11; 1 Oct. 1882, 114.

¹¹³ AT, 23 Jan. 1869, 82.

¹¹⁴ AT, 30 Oct. 1874, 38.

¹¹⁵ AT, 23 Aug. 1866, 15.

¹¹⁶ AT, 1 Oct. 1882, 114.

¹¹⁷ AT, 22 May 1869, 126. A further dimension underlying the Krio problems with the shipping lines was that the success of the steamship firms had by the end of the century effectively destroyed any alternative Krio ship owners, thus removing any Krio competition to the shipping lines: Prof. J. F. Munro, personal communication to the author.

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