¹ My research in Uganda was carried out in 1960–1 on a Leverhulme Overseas Research Scholarship. Dr Roland Oliver and Professor K. Ingham drew my attention to the topic here considered, and I am grateful to Dr Oliver, Professor Philip D. Curtin, and Mr M. J. Wright for their helpful criticism.Google Scholar

² E.g., Apter, D. E., The Political Kingdom in Uganda (Princeton, 1961);Google ScholarLow, D. A. and Pratt, R. C., Buganda and British Overrule: Two Studies (Oxford, 1960);Google ScholarLow, D. A., The British and Uganda, 1862–1900 (Oxford D. Phil. thesis, 1957).Google Scholar

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⁴ Ford, J. and Hall, R. de Z., ‘The History of Karagwe’, Tanganyika Notes and Records, 12 1947; Fallers, L. A., Bantu Bureaucracy (Cambridge, 1956), 38.Google Scholar

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⁶ Cf. Berkeley to Anderson, 18/12/95. Entebbe Secretariat Archives (E.S.A.), A34/I.Google Scholar

⁷ Berkeley to Teman, 15/9/96. Further Correspondence relating to East Africa (F.C.), XLVII, 270–1.Google Scholar

⁸ Cf. Apter, op. cit., 86.Google Scholar

⁹ Cox, A. H., ‘The Growth and Expansion of Buganda’, Uganda Journal, xiv (1950), ii;Google ScholarSouthwold, M., Bureaucracy and Chiefship in Buganda (Kampala, 1960).Google Scholar Cf. also Fallers, L. A., ‘Despotism, Status Culture, and Social Mobility in an African Kingdom’, Comparative Studies in Society and History, ii (1959–1960), i.Google Scholar

¹⁰ Low, D. A., Religion and Society in Buganda, 1875–1900 (Kampala, 1957);Google ScholarWrigley, C. C., ‘The Christian Revolution in Buganda’, Comparative Studies in Society and History, ii (1959–1960), i.Google Scholar

¹¹ Low and Pratt, op. cit., 128–38.Google Scholar

¹² London Gazette, 3/7/196;Google ScholarJohnston to Salisbury, 1/2/00. F.C., LXXI, 1.Google Scholar

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¹⁴ ‘Preliminary Report on the Protectorate of Uganda’, enclosed in Johnston to Salisbury, 27/4/00, P.P., 1900, LVI;Google ScholarLugard, F. J. D., The Rise of our East African Empire (London, 1893), 649–50.Google Scholar

¹⁵ Thomas, H. B., ‘Capax Imperii’, Uganda Journal, vi (1939), iii;Google ScholarLawrance, J. C. D., The Iteso (Oxford, 1957), 17–22.Google Scholar

¹⁶ Welbourn, F. B., East African Rebels (London, 1961), 218.Google Scholar

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¹⁹ Fowler, memo., 25/6/00. E.S.A. A4/29.Google Scholar

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²² Tucker, A. R., Eighteen Years in Uganda and East Africa (London, 1908), 11, 316.Google Scholar

²³ Boyle, memo., 19/1/04; Boyle to Sadler, 15/2/04, E.S.A. A10/3.Google Scholar

²⁴ Boyle to Sadler, 7/5/04, E.S.A. A10/3.Google Scholar

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²⁶ Baskerville, 13/7/94, Church Missionary Intelligencer, Jan. 1895.Google Scholar

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²⁹ Correspondence between Boyle and Wilson, March and April 1907. Entebbe Secretariat Minute Papers (S.M.P.), 07/82.Google Scholar

³⁰ Lawrance, op. cit., 33–4.Google Scholar

³¹ Driberg, J. H., The Lango (London, 1923),Google ScholarIngham, K., ‘British Administration in Lango District, 3909–35’, Uganda Journal, xix (1955), ii.Google Scholar

³² E.g., Bell, memo., 18/9/08, S.M.P. 08/1520.Google Scholar

³³ Knowles to Chief Secretary, 16/3/09, S.M.P. 08/1520.Google Scholar

³⁴ Postlethwaite, J. R., I Look Back (London, 1947), 31–4; Bukedi district report, Nov. 1912; Teso district report, March 1913.Google Scholar

³⁵ Eastern Province annual and monthly reports.Google Scholar

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³⁷ Information from Mr E. P. Engulu, M.B.E.Google Scholar

³⁸ Wright, A. C. A., ‘Notes on the Social Organization of the Iteso’, Uganda Journal, ix (1942), ii.Google Scholar

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⁴⁰ Information from Mr B. A. Ogot.Google Scholar

⁴¹ Lawrance, op. cit., 22;Google ScholarFallers, L. A., in Richards, A. I., op. cit., 84.Google Scholar

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⁴³ Information from Messrs Erongot, P., Kabazi, L., Mboga, S., and Gwambwa, M.— the last two former Baganda agents.Google ScholarCf. Melland, F. H. and Cholmeley, E. H., Through the Heart of Africa (London, 1912), 220–1;Google ScholarLawrance, op. cit., 33–5;Google ScholarBell to Crewe, 81/9/08, P.P., 1909, LIX.Google Scholar

⁴⁴ Information from Mr Engulu; Bukedi district report, 1907–1908, S.M.P. 08/859.Google Scholar

⁴⁵ Taylor, J. V., The Growth of the Church in Buganda (London, 1958), 64–6.Google Scholar

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⁴⁷ Tucker, op. cit. (2nd ed. 1911), 11, 343;Google ScholarGale, op. cit., 283.Google Scholar

⁴⁸ Oliver, Roland, The Missionary Factor in East Africa (London, 1952), 191. Up to about 1950 most of the pastors in the Native Anglican Church in eastern Uganda were still Baganda, as is the present Bishop of Soroti, the Rt Rev. S. S. Tomusange, who kindly allowed me to consult a typescript ‘History of the Upper Nile Diocese’, by Miss A. M. Bishop and Miss D. Ruffell.Google Scholar

⁴⁹ Tucker, op. cit., 11, 213–14;Google ScholarRoscoe, J., The Northern Bantu (Cambridge, 1915), 198.Google Scholar

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⁵¹ Wilson to Ternan, 8/2/99, E.S.A. A4/16, cited in Low and Pratt, op. cit., 147.Google Scholar

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⁵⁵ Wilson to Jackson, 14/8/01, E.S.A. A12/1;Google ScholarKabazzi, J. K. Miti, A Short History of Buganda … (c. 1938; English translation in Makerere College Library and in that of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London), 786.Google Scholar This source is especially valuable for Bunyoro and Toro in the early twentieth century. See also Lwanga, P. M. K., Obulama bw'Omutaka J. K. Miti Kabazzi (Kampala, 1954). I am grateful for information given by the present Omukama, Sir Tito Winyi, c.B.E., the Katikkiro, Mr Kwebiha, and Mr J. Nyakatura.Google Scholar

⁵⁶ Wilson to Sadler, 20/3/04, E.S.A. A12/5;Google ScholarLwanga, op. cit., 13, 22.Google Scholar

⁵⁷ Wilson to Sadler, 14/10/05, E.S.A. A12/7.Google Scholar

⁵⁸ Mika Fataki to Apolo Kagwa, 7/3/07, S.M.P. 07/267.Google Scholar

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⁶⁰ Galt to Sadler, 4/9/02, E.S.A. A15/2; Wilson to Wyndham, 31/10/02, E.S.A. A8/2. By 1911 there were at least 12,000 Baganda in Ankole (total population c. 225,000), and this number has remained fairly constant ever since.Google Scholar

⁶¹ Tucker, op. cit., 11, 239. I am grateful to Mr L. Kamugungunu, M.B.E., for information about Mbaguta.Google Scholar

⁶² Williams, F. Lukyn, ‘Nuwa Mbaguta’, Uganda Journal, x (1946), ii;Google ScholarMorris, H. F., ‘The Making of Ankole’, Uganda Journal, xxi (1957), i.Google Scholar

⁶³ Knowles to Wilson, 25/7/04. Ankole archives, Mbarara.Google Scholar

⁶⁴ Wilson, ‘Report on the Enquiry …’, 30/7/05, E.S.A. A12/6; Knowles to Watson, 9/9/06, E.S.A. A14/3; Ankole district report, 1925.Google Scholar

⁶⁵ Grant to Chief Secretary, 13/8/13, in Appendices to Reports of the Committee [on] Native Land Settlement … (Entebbe, 1915); list in System of Chieftainships of Ankole.Google Scholar

⁶⁶ Lloyd, A. B., Apolo of the Pygmy Forest (London, 1923), 27–8;Google ScholarTaylor, B. K., in Richards, A. I., op. cit., 135.Google Scholar

⁶⁷ Johnston to Jackson, 10/7/00, E.S.A. A5/10.Google Scholar

⁶⁸ For this and the following paragraph see Report on the Enquiry into the Grievances of the Mukama and People of Toro (Entebbe, 1926); and the relevant Western Province annual reports.Google Scholar

⁶⁹ Richards, A. I., op. cit., 136, n. I.Google Scholar

⁷⁰ Baxter, P. T. W., in Richards, A. I., op. cit., 281–2. I am grateful for information given by Messrs P. Ngorongoza, T. Rwomusama, and H. Seboa (the latter a former Muganda Agent). The annual district and provincial reports are the main documentary source for this and the following paragraph.Google Scholar

⁷¹ There was in fact one such attempt in 1958, but it proved impossible to find a Rukigaspeaking Muganda in Teso. Jervoise to D.C. Teso, 29/11/18 and 20/1/19. Teso archives, Soroti.Google Scholar

⁷² Baxter, in A. I. Richards, op. cit., 286.Google Scholar

⁷³ E.g., Richards, A. I., op. cit., 41;Google ScholarIngham, K., ‘British Administration’, Uganda journal xix (1955), ii,Google ScholarFallers, Bantu Bureaucracy, 145–6.Google Scholar

⁷⁴ Grant to Wilson, 6/5/07, S.M.P. 07/618. Though the stratification of chiefs introduced in northern Uganda was fundamentally the same as elsewhere the only Baganda to serve there were three agents in Acholi during the 1914–18 War. Cf. correspondence between District Commissioners of Teso and Chua, in Teso archives, Soroti.Google Scholar

⁷⁵ Wilson, ‘Report on the Enquiry …’, 30/7/05, E.S.A. A12/6.Google Scholar

⁷⁶ Mair, L. P., ‘Buganda Land Tenure’, Africa, vi (1933), ii;Google ScholarRichards, A. I., in Richards, A. I. (ed.), Economic Development and Tribal Change (Cambridge, 1954), 172.Google Scholar

⁷⁷ The Kabaka's government disapproved of colonization as a loss of revenue. Fowler to Sadler, 7/4/04, E.S.A. A8/4.Google Scholar

⁷⁸ Jackson to Lansdowne, 19/3/02, F.C., LXIX, 66.Google Scholar

⁷⁹ Knowles to Sadler, 24/7/05, E.S.A. A14/2;Google ScholarCook, A. R., Uganda Memories (London, 1945), 210, 213.Google Scholar

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⁸² Thomas, H. B. and Scott, R., Uganda (Oxford, 1935), 83.Google Scholar Despite a wave of purist indirect rule theory in the 1930's, there has been no successful attempt to replace the Buganda system by truly indigenous institutions. Cf. Lawrance, op. cit., 35–6;Google Scholar‘The Position of Chiefs in Local Government in Uganda’, Journal of African Administration, viii (1956), IV, 189.Google Scholar

⁸³ One Lango chief in 1911 wished to become ‘Kabaka’ of Lango and in 1949 there was popular agitation for the creation of a Lango leader with the same status as the kings of western Uganda. Huddle, J. G., ‘Life of Yakobo Adoko’, Uganda Journal, xxi (1957), ii, 186, 188.Google ScholarCf. Pratt, R. C., ‘Nationalism in Uganda’, Political Studies, ix (1961), ii, ii, 177.Google Scholar

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