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¹⁸ The estimates comprise both speculations by outsiders and informed sources such as Merina court officials. The estimates with the soundest statistical basis are those which arise from attempts to calculate the number of inhabitants per house. These generally fall within the range of 3·5–5·2 people per African rural household, revealed by a 1967 UN survey (quoted in Jack Goody, ‘The evolution of the family’, in Laslett, Peter and Wall, Richard (eds.), Household and Family in Past Time [Cambridge, 1974], 115).Google Scholar In 1816, Le Sage estimated households on the north-east coast of Madagascar to average ten members, although in the 1820s, it was claimed that Andevoranto had only 4·8 inhabitants per house, close to the 1838 estimate of 4·5 for Toamasina. Estimates for Antananarivo also varied considerably: Duhaut-Cilly in 1825 and L.M.S. missionaries in the early 1830s assumed three inhabitants per house, in comparison to Davidson's 1860s estimate of four per house, Richardson's of 8·25 in the 1870s, and the Merina government's estimate of seven. It is possible that the variations reflected whether the nuclear family alone or all residents in the household were counted, as most houses in Antananarivo possessed at least one slave and frequently accommodated non-nuclear relatives as well: Sage, Le, ‘Mission to Madagascar’ (1816), 60, CO 167/34Google Scholar; William, Ellis, History of Madagascar (2 vols.) (London, 1838), i, 18, 67, 96–7Google Scholar; Duhaut-Cilly, , ‘Notice sur le royaume d'Emirne, sur la capitale Tananarivou et sur le gouvernement de Rhadama’ (1825)Google Scholar, in Valette, Jean (ed.), ‘Deux documents français sur Madagascar en 1825: les rapports Duhaut-Cilly et Frère’, BAM, XLVI (1968), 237;Google ScholarRichardson, J., ‘Dr Mullens and the population of Antananarivo’, AAMM, 11 (1876), 72–4.Google Scholar

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