² For example, see Mason, P., The Birth of a Dilemma (London, 1958);Google ScholarHugh, Marshall Hole, The Making of Rhodesia (London, 1926), Lobengula (London, 1929), The Passing of the Black Kings (London, 1932);Google ScholarPosselt, F. W. T., Upengula The Scatterer (Bulawayo, 1945),Google ScholarFact and Fiction (Bulawayo, n.d.“1935”);Google ScholarHughes, A. J. B., Kin, Caste and Nation among the Rhodesian Ndebele (Manchester, 1956).Google Scholar

³ Malida's account is found in ‘Mziki (Campbell, A. A.), ‘Mzmo; The Rise and Fall of the Matabele (Pietermaritzburg, n.d. “1926”),Google Scholar and in substance in Edwin, W. Smith, The Life and Times of Daniel Lindley (1801–1980) (London), 71–2.Google Scholar

⁴ Bryant, A. T., Olden Times in Zululand and Natal (London, 1929; reprint, Cape Town, 1965) 420–25, 102, 167, 172–73;Google Scholar‚Mziki, ’, 26–7.Google Scholar

⁵ Thomas, Morgan Thomas, Eleven Years in Central South Africa (London, 1873), 159Google ScholarBryant, , 421, thinks the estimates of Harris and Moffat too low and postulates that Mzilikazi must have been thirty at the time.Google Scholar

⁶ Robert, Moffat, Missionary Labours and Scenes in Southern Africa (London, 1842), 543, 546;Google ScholarThe Matabele Journals of Robert Moffat, 1829–1860, ed. Wallis, J. P. R. (2 vols., London, 1945), I, 29;Google ScholarWilliam, Cornwallis Harris, The Wild Sports of Southern Africa (5th ed., London, 1852; reprint, Cape Town, 1963), 101, 106;Google ScholarPellissier, J. P., Mosega, , 12 05 1832,Google ScholarJournal des Missions évangéliques, V, no. 3, 5–19;Google ScholarDaniel, Lindleyet al., 28 08. 1836,Google Scholar in Kotzé, D. J., Letters of the American Missionaries, 1835–1838 (Cape Town, 1950), 130;Google ScholarAndrew, Smith, ‘Manuscript Journal’ (in South African Museum, Cape Town), II, 246 (written on Smith's return from an exploratory journey in 1834–1936).Google Scholar

⁷ Bryant, , 173, 422–3; ‘MzikiGoogle Scholar (Campbell, A. A.), (26–9, 34). Ellenberger, D. F, author of The History of the Basuto, derived his account of the Ndebele from an earlier version of Malida which Campbell published in the Bulawayo Chronicle, Christmas number for 1905, and which was extracted in part by J. M. Orpen and sent to Ellenberger on 2 Jan. 1906 (see Ellenberger Papers, Grand Format, 11, 3). Henry Frances Fynn, an early trader, among the first white men to visit Shaka, gives the figure as 300. This conforms more nearly with the nature of Mzilikazi's early career than the much larger figures sometimes given. See ‘History of Godongwana (Dingiswayo) and (in part) of Chaka’,Google Scholar in John, Bird, Annals of Natal, 1495–1845 (a vols., Pietermaritzburg, 1888: reprint, Cape Town, 1965), 1,68.Google Scholar Compare Molema, S. M., the Rolong historian, who estimates Mzilikazi's force at 15,000 (The Bantu Past and Present) (Edinburgh, 1920; reprinted Cape Town, 1963), 85.Google Scholar

⁸ Bryant gives us the name, see p. 424.

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¹⁰ Mziki, , 45–7; Bryant, 425–6;Google ScholarEllenberger, , History of the Basuto; Ancient and Modern (London, 1912), 205.Google Scholar See also Robert, Hamilton, Missionary, L. M. S., to Melvill, J., 5 08. 1824, in Edward Edwards, Wesleyan Missionary, Griqualand, 8 01.Google Scholar 1825 (WMMS Archives, S.A., box in, file 1825, no. 3). See also ‘Statement drawn up at the request of Chief Moletsane’, in Theal, G. M., Basutoland Records (3 vols., Cape Town, 1883; reprinted Cape Town, 1964), 1, 517.Google Scholar

¹¹ Bryant, , 427;Google ScholarEllenberger, , History, 205.Google Scholar The quotation is from Thomas, Arbousset, Narrative of an Exploratory Tour to the North-East of the Colony of the Cape of Good Hope (London, 1852; originally pub. in French, Paris, 1842), 269. The Pedi have no record of this victory. Perhaps it was a smaller community rather than the paramount section which was involved.Google Scholar

¹² Bryant, , 425;Google ScholarFynn, , 1, 68. This process seems to have continued until 1826 after Mzilikazi had settled on the Apies River. Bryant names the following: Ndwandwe, Mthethwa, Mkwanazi, Kosa, Nolovu, Ncwangeni, Gumede and Ngwe.Google Scholar

¹³ Bryant, , 424;Google ScholarMargaret, Read, The Ngoni of Nyasaland (London, 1956), 8.Google Scholar

¹⁴ Andrew, Smith, The Diary of Andrew Smith…1834–1836, ed. Percival, R. Kirby (2 vols. Cape Town, 1939–1940), II, 101;Google ScholarBryant, , 425.Google Scholar

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¹⁷ Bryant, , 425–7.Google Scholar

¹⁸ Ibid.

¹⁹ Arbousset, , 269.Google Scholar

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²¹ Jan Viljoen, quoted in Macmillan, 34n.

²² A., Smith, Diary, I, 158–9, 263, 378–9;11, 261,Google Scholar. Hamilton, R. and Moffat, R., Dithakong, 6 03. 1839 (LMS Archives, 11/3/B).Google Scholar

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²⁵ Smith, A., Diary, 1, 123, 331; ‘Mziki, 53–4.Google Scholar Harris met one captive in 1836 (see Wild Sports, 120).Google Scholar Moffat saw two of them in 1852 (see Matabele Jnls, I, 237–9).Google Scholar

²⁶ Some published accounts suggest that this raid occurred in 1830, before the Berends commando. I have chosen to place it after for the reason that contemporary documents clearly place it in 1832, shortly before September see Samuel Young, Wesleyville, Caffraria, 25 09. 1832 (WMMS Archives, box v, Albany, file 1832, no. 30); (Samuel, Rolland, Lattakou, (Kuruman), 25 09. 1832, in Journal des Missions, VIII, 99).Google Scholar Bryant obtained his description of this event from Ellenberger, who received it from the newspaper version of Malida's evidence (see note 7, above; cf. 'Mziki, 48). However, oral tradition is often weak in dating and chronology. No contemporary evidence supports an earlier raid, nor does it support the idea of two raids. See note by Kotzé, Kotzé seems to accept the possibility of two raids, but places a great deal of weight on Bryant, not recognizing its origin (see Bryant, , 429–30, and Ellenberger, cf., 207, and 'Mziki).Google Scholar

²⁷ Schapera, I., ‘A short history of the Bangwaketse’, African Studies 1, 8;Google Scholar Evidence of Gaseitsiwe, , in Evidence taken at Bloemhof before the Commision appointed to investigate the Claims of the South African Republic, Captain N. Waterboer, Chief of West Griqualand, and certain other Native Chiefs, to portions of the Territory on the Vaal River, now known as the Diamondfields (Imperial Blue Book Cape Town, 1871), 186. Hereafter cited as Bloemhof Report.Google Scholar Schoon and McLuckie related this attack to the Bloem commando. Quoted in Chase, J. C., ‘Substance of the journal of two trading travellers, and of the communications of a missionary, regarding their recent visits to the countries in the rear of the Portuguese settlements at De La Goa Bay’, South African Quarterly Journal, I, no. IV, 406.Google Scholar

²⁸ Ellenberger, , 208;Google ScholarEugene, Casalis, The Basutos (London, 1861; originally published in French, Paris, 1859; reprinted, Cape Town, 1965), 22.Google Scholar

²⁹ See Chase, J. C., op. cit.; James, Archbell, Plaatberg, , 31 12. 1829 (WMMS, South Africa, box in, file 1829, no. 3);Google ScholarMoffat, R., MatabeleJnls, 1, 14.Google Scholar

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³¹ Motshwari, quoted in Samuel, Rolland, Lattakou, (Kuruman), 25 09. 1832, in Journal des Missions, VIII, 100–2.Google Scholar See also, Molema, S. M., Montshiwa, 1815–1896 (Cape Town, 1966), 18–23;Google Scholar and Moffat, R., Kuruman, , 10 01. 1833 (in LMS Archives 13/4/E). See also Moroka's testimony, Bloemhof Report, 138, and Molema's testimony,Google ScholarIbid.. 144.

³² Lemue, P., op. cit.; Moitw's testimony, Bloseinhof Report, 315.Google Scholar

³³ Molema, , Moroka, 42; Matlaba's Evidence,Google ScholarBloemhof Report, 262–3.Google Scholar

³⁴ Lemue, , 28 02 1834, Jal des Miss. X, 15–16. He also fought the Ngwaketse. See Schapera, ‘Bangwaketse’, 8.Google Scholar

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³⁶ Lemue, , 06 1834, Jnl Jul des Miss. X, 14–15;Google ScholarHamilton, R., Moffat, R. and Edwards, R., Kuruman, , 3 09. 1834, in LMS 54/2/F;Google ScholarMoffat, , Matabele Jnls, I, 89–90.Google Scholar The American missionaries expected Mzilikazi to move, should he have the opportunity, because of his fear of Dingane. See Lindley, D. et al. , Mosega, 18 08. 1836, in Kotzé, 540.Google Scholar

³⁷ Harris, , 211; ‘Tribes to the northward’, Graham's Town Journal, v, no. 255 (10 11. 1836).Google Scholar

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³⁹ Anna Elizabeth Steenkamp (née Retief), ‘Record or journal of our migration from our mother country to Port Natal’, in Bird, J., Annals, I, 460;Google ScholarSmith, E. W., The Life and Times of Daniel Lindley, 1801–1880 (London, 1949), 99–100.Google Scholar

⁴⁰ Smith, E. W., 100–102;Google ScholarBird, , ‘Journals of Card Cilliers and others’, Annals, I, 238–40; Lindley et al., 3 05 1837, ABC Archives (American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, Archives held in Houghton Library, Harvard University) 15.l, vol. 1, 53. (This letter is partially published as letter 41 in Kotzé.) Lindley estimated the Ndebele force at 2,000 and said that 184 were killed. He received his information from returning warriors.Google Scholar

⁴¹ Lindley et al., Ibid..; ‘Cilliers Jnl’, I, 240; ‘Pretorius‘ Jnl’, Bird, , 5, 232; Mr and Mrs Daniel Lindley, cited in E. W. Smith, 103–6; Molema, Moroka, 49−5’. Molema estimated the force as follows: 507 Boers, 60 Rolong, 40 Griqua, 5 or 6 Korana, and some Tlokwa of Sekonyela who joined the force as it was moving towards Mosega.Google Scholar

⁴² ‚Mziki, , 59–60;Google ScholarBryant, , 435–8; Bell, A. Gardiner to Colone, 9 09. 1837,Google Scholar in Bird, , 1, 325.Google Scholar

⁴³ Walker, E. A., The Great Trek (3rd ed., London, 1946), 557–8.Google Scholar The Ndebele were not the only nation to go down in defeat before the Boers. Not long after, Dingane contemplated seeking refuge with Mzilikazi beyond the Limpopo. See Pretorius, in Bird, I, 583. The Griqua also attacked Mzilikazi as the Boers were driving them off. Moilwe's testimony, Bloemhof Report, 317.Google Scholar

⁴⁴ Testimony of ‘Cobejaan’, Fokeng captive of Mzilikazi, Bloemhof Report, 318.

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⁵¹ Kotzé cites A. Smith's correspondence in which he estimates Mzilikazi's military force at 1,000–2,000 Ndebele trained warriors, and W. C. Harris, who cites a figure of 5,000, both indicating perhaps an equal number of subject troops besides (Letters, 166 n.). The American Missionaries estimated the total Ndebele force at 3,000. Lindley et at., 18 08. 1836, in Kotzé, 129; Ibid. a May 1837, in Kotzé, 640.

⁵² Bryant, , 425; Fynn, in Bird, 1, 68.Google Scholar

⁵³ Lindley, et al. , 18 08. 1836, in Kotzé, 629; Harris, 140; ‚Mziki’, passim.Google Scholar

⁵⁴ Lemue, , 27 11. 1830, Jnl des Miss. VI, 305; ‘Magaal's Evidence’,Google ScholarBloemhof Report, 326; Smith, A., MS Jnl. 11, 94.Google Scholar

⁵⁵ All accounts indicate the great preponderance of subject peoples compared to the Ndebele.

⁵⁶ For example, see Moffat, , Matabele Jnl, 1, 24;Google ScholarPellissier, J. P., Mosega, 12 05 1832, in Jnl des Miss. VIII, 5, 7.Google Scholar

⁵⁷ Lindley, et al. , 18 08. 1836, in Kotzé, 629–30.Google Scholar

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⁵⁹ A. Smith, MS Jnl, II, 265. Smith recognized a difference in treatment, but still felt the superiors were excessively submissive to the king (Moffat, , Matabele Jnl, 1, 14, 85).Google Scholar Mhlagazanhlansi (Neville Jones) cites Kumalo, a Ndebele chief, to show that Mzilikazi had formal bodies of advisers from among the nobles and the commoners of his kingdom, but this refers to a subsequent period. See My Friend Kumalo (Bulawayo, 1946), 22.Google Scholar

⁶⁰ A., Smith, Diary, 11, 307.Google Scholar

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⁶⁷ Moffat translated the title as ‘Great Under Chiefs’. Moffat refers to ‘principal towns of his dominions’ (Matabele Jnl, 1, 26).Google Scholar See also Thomas, , Eleven Years, 224.Google Scholar

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⁶⁹ Moffat, , Matabele Jnl, I, 26;Google ScholarThomas, , Eleven Years, 225. Thomas names these wives Unina womuzi, ‘mother of the town’. A. Smith uses the term, ‘mother of the kraal’, but suggests that they could be wives of local Zinduna, or unrelated women, MS JnI, II, 215.Google Scholar

⁷⁰ Smith, A., Diary, II, 243.Google Scholar Compare this with Eileen, Krige, The Social System of the Zulu (Pietermaritzburg, 1957), 217–19.Google Scholar

⁷¹ Mzilikazi's districts were organized around military-administrative units under Zinduna, who were commoners. Cf., Hilda Kuper, An African Aristocracy; Rank among the Swazi (London, 1957), chap. v.Google Scholar

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⁷⁵ ‚Mziki’54−6.

⁷⁶ Hughes and van Velsen, 73.

⁷⁷ Tawana was in league with Berends, and had killed the tribute collectors. See Platje, S., Mhudi (Lovedale, 1930),Google Scholar preface; Rolland, S., Lattakou, (Kuruman), 25 09. 1832, in Jnl des Miss. VIII, 100.Google Scholar

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⁷⁹ Macmillan, , 34 n.; Smith, A., MS Jnl, II, 281.Google Scholar

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⁸¹ Arbousset, 269. See also ‘Magaal's Evidence’, Bloemhof Report, 326;Google ScholarSmith, A., Diary, I, 335.Google Scholar

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⁸⁹ Peter, Wright, Griqua, Town, to Philip, J., 15 07 1835, in LMS Archives, 14/4/CGoogle Scholar; ibid., 17 Aug. 1835, LMS Archives, 14/4/D.

⁹⁰ ‘Tribes to the northward’, Graham's Town Journal, V, no. 255 (10 11. 1836). Moultrie was less convinced of Mzilikazi's goodwill. See letter from ‘Investigatus’, Graham's Town Journal, vi, no. 268 (9 02. 1837).Google Scholar

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