Published online by Cambridge University Press: 22 January 2009
In 1800 the Itsekiri kingdom of Warri in the north-western corner of the Niger delta had a highly centralized government. In 1848, the king died, followed shortly by his two principal heirs, and a state of anarchy developed in which order was maintained largely through the balance held between the two largest descent groups or ‘Houses’. The latter part of the century saw the rise, and defeat by the British of Nana Olomu, possibly the greatest of the delta traders, whose power over the Itsekiri derived from his trading monopoly. One cannot divorce these striking changes in Itsekiri social and political structure from the trade in slaves and later in palm oil, for the Itsekiri were by profession the middlemen between the interior peoples—the Urhobo and Isoko and to some extent the Benin—and the European traders.
1 The consular dispatches are mostly contained in the Foreign Office records, series F.O. 84. Many of the Itsekiri legends are contained in Moore, William A., History of the Itsekiri, n.d. but c. 1930.Google ScholarI have myself outlined Itsekiri ethnography in Ethnographic Survey of Africa, Western Africa Part XIII (1957). I am most indebted to Dr Cherry GertzI for introducing me to the records and for sharing with me her unrivalled knowledge of Delta trade; to Dr A. F. C. Ryder for advice on the pre-nineteenth centuries; to Dr J. F. A. Ajayi for giving me the details of Crowther's visit to the Benin river.Google Scholar
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15 As the map shows, the lower Benin river has a much greater hinterland for water-borne produce than either of the two older trading stations—Ughoton or Warri.Google Scholar
16 I puncheon (or cask) = 12½–13 cwt. of palm oil. Oil was purchased from the Itsekiri for about £18 a ton and sold in Liverpool for nearly £40.Google Scholar
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62 Subsidies totalling £500 continued to be paid in the early 1950's to twenty-eight family heads; on the death of the original recipient the rights passed to his heirs; 80 per cent of this total was shared in three almost equal parts between members of the House of Ologbotsere, the House of Emaye and the descendants of Akengbuwa by other wives.Google Scholar
63 F.O. 2/102, Philips to U.S. of S., 16 Nov. and 24 Nov. 1896; Cmd. 7596, African No. 1, 1895, ‘Report on Administration of the Niger Coast Protectorate, Aug. 1891–Aug. 1894’. Holt Papers, Holt to Moor, 24 June 1896.Google Scholar