¹ For the basic policy, see Salisbury's despatch to Cromer No. 109 of 2 Aug. 1898, printed in British Documents on the Origins of the War, I, No. 185. Until 1904 the revenue of the Sudan did not exceed half a million pounds; and it did not exceed expenditure until 1913.Google Scholar

² For instance, the pacification of the Nuer was not seriously attempted until 1927.Google Scholar

³ Holt, P. M., A Modern History of the Sudan (London, 1961), 191.Google Scholar

⁴ Cf., Holt, A Modern History of the Sudan (London, 1961), 105–6;Google Scholar and The Mahdist State in the Sudan (Oxford, 1958), 225–47.Google Scholar

⁵ Trimingham, J. S., Islam in the Sudan (London, 1949), 254.Google Scholar

⁶ The Anglo-Egyptian Sudan from Within, Ed. by Hamilton, J. A. de C. (London, 1935), 344.Google Scholar

⁷ Currie, J., ‘The Educational Experiment in the Anglo–Egyptian Sudan, 1900–33,’ Journal of the African Society, xxxiii (1934), 364.Google Scholar

⁸ Trimingham, op. Cit., 254.Google Scholar

⁹ MacMichael, H., The Sudan (London, 1955), 92.Google Scholar

¹⁰ Wingate, R., Wingate of the Sudan (London, 1955), 147.Google Scholar

¹¹ Cromer to Lansdowne, 15 March 1905 (Report… on Egypt and the Sudan in 1904: Egypt No. 1 (1905), Cd. 2409, 140–1).Google Scholar

¹² The task of resolving this dichotomy was not begun until 1948.Google Scholar

¹³ MacMichael, Op. cit., 91.Google Scholar

¹⁴ Stevenson, R., ‘Linguistic Research in the Nuba Mountains’ (to be published in Sudan Notes and Records, Khartoum).Google Scholar

¹⁵ Trimingham, op. cit., 34.Google Scholar

¹⁶ Barbour, K. M., The Republic of the Sudan (London, 1961), 172.Google Scholar

¹⁷ The Muslim elementary schools were, however, almost unaffected by these changes.Google Scholar

¹⁸ Gillan, J. A., Some Aspects of Nuba Administration, Sudan Government Memoranda No. 1 (Nov. 1931), 13.Google Scholar

¹⁹ The last tribal fight took place in Ilirl in 1930.Google Scholar

²⁰ Gillan, op. cit., 33.Google Scholar

²¹ Henderson, K. D. D., The Making of the Modern Sudan; the Life and Letters of Sir Douglas Newbold (London, 1953), 42.Google Scholar

²² Duncan, J. S. R., The Sudan (London, 1952), 184.Google Scholar

²³ Seligman, , Pagan Tribes of the Nilotic Sudan (London, 1932), 367.Google Scholar

²⁴ The Pharaonic circumcision, an operation of infibulation in which in drastic cases all or parts of the mons veneris, the labia majora, the labia minora and the clitoris are excised, as practised in the northern Sudan, was not practised among the Nuba.Google Scholar

²⁵ Speech by Lord Cromer to Sheikhs and notables of the Sudan, Zetland, Lord Croiner (London, 1932), 249.Google Scholar

²⁶ Provincial Education Office, El Obeid, Kordofan, Government Policy File, 28.6.23.Google Scholar

²⁷ Kuttabs are the government Muslim elementary schools.Google Scholar

²⁸ Gillan, op. cit., 32.Google Scholar

²⁹ Wingate, R., Wingate of the Sudan (London, 1955), 147.Google Scholar

³⁰ Information from MrLunn, W. J., Abri, S.U.M., Sudan.Google Scholar

³¹ Gillan, op. cit., 33.Google Scholar

³² i.e. other than on Muslim northern lines.Google Scholar

³³ In 1928 approximately.Google Scholar

³⁴ Information from MrLunn., W. J.Google Scholar

³⁵ Village centres for simple educational and religious instruction in a simple enclosure.Google Scholar

³⁶ Trimingham, J. S., The Christian Church in the Post-War Sudan (London, 1949), 27.Google Scholar

³⁷ Gillan, op. cit., 33.Google Scholar

³⁸ Provincial Education Office, El Obeid, Kordofan, Policy File, Governor to Director of Education, 23–9–24.Google Scholar

³⁹ Ibid.

⁴⁰ Report on the Administration and Condition of the Sudan in 1929 (Sudan No. 1 (1930): Cmd. 3697, 122).Google Scholar

⁴¹ See map of mission ‘spheres’ in the 1929 Ministry of Education Annual Report.Google Scholar

⁴² Gillan, o. cit., 34.Google Scholar

⁴³ Information from Mr W. J. Lunn.Google Scholar

⁴⁴ Matthews, J. G., Memorandum of Educational Policy in the Nuba Pagan Area (Khartoum, 1930).Google Scholar

⁴⁵ Information from Mr Lunn.Google Scholar

⁴⁶ Matthews, op. cit.Google Scholar

⁴⁷ Trimingham, J. S., The Christian Church in the Post-War Sudan, 27.Google Scholar

⁴⁸ Government agreement with Mr Cash of C.M.S. in 1933.Google Scholar

⁴⁹ This school was closed shortly afterwards.Google Scholar

⁵⁰ Khartoum University Library, Box 58 MU (Sudan Collection), Record of meeting on ‘Language teaching in Nuba schools’ of 7.12.35.Google Scholar

⁵¹ Local tribal chief.Google Scholar

⁵² Province Education Office, El Obeid, Kordofan, Policy File from 1923, Newbold to Director of Education, 23.12.33.Google Scholar

⁵³ Henderson, op. cit., 43.Google Scholar

⁵⁴ Policy File, El Obeid, already cited, Newbold to Secretary for Education, 21.5.34.Google Scholar

⁵⁵ Henderson, op. Cit., 67.Google Scholar

⁵⁶ Policy File, El Obeid, already cited, Newbold to Civil Secretary, 16.6.34.Google Scholar

⁵⁷ Ibid. Secretary for Education to Newbold, 11.6.34.

⁵⁸ Trimingham, J. S., The Christian Church in the Post-War Sudan, 27.Google Scholar

⁵⁹ Policy File, El Obeid, already cited, Newbold to Secretary for Education, 9.3.38.Google Scholar

⁶⁰ The Bakht er Ruda Teacher Training College for elementary school masters was started in 1934 by Mr V. L. Griffiths.Google Scholar

⁶¹ Trimingham, J. S., The Christian Church in the Post-War Sudan, 27.Google Scholar

⁶² Policy File, El Obeid, already cited, District Commissioner of Western Jebels, 2.5.39.Google Scholar

⁶³ Ibid. Notes on Nuba Education, 23.5.39.

⁶⁴ Trimingham, J. S., The Christian Church in the Post-War Sudan, 27.Google Scholar

⁶⁵ Policy File, El Obeid, already cited, Memorandum by Owen, T. R. S. of 16.12.40.Google Scholar

⁶⁶ Trimingham, J. S., The Christian Church in the Post-War Sudan, 28.Google Scholar

⁶⁷ Where there were a few girls only requiring education they attended the boys' schools.Google Scholar

⁶⁸ Information from Mr Lunn.Google Scholar

⁶⁹ Ibid.

⁷⁰ Trimingham, J. S., The Christian Church in the Post-War Sudan, 27.Google Scholar

⁷¹ Girls did not enter the intermediate school because there were no boarding facilities for them.Google Scholar

⁷² C.S. Sudan Government Archives, Ministry of the Interior, Khartoum, Non-Government schools from 1950.Google Scholar

⁷³ Nadel, S. F., The Nuba (ondon, 1947).Google Scholar

⁷⁴ Ibid.,481.

⁷⁵ Ibid.,552.

⁷⁶ Ibid.,487.

⁷⁷ In 1959 when Dr R. Stevenson and his staff left the Katcha school, there were z so boys and 50 girls in the school. 90 per Cent of the inhabitants of the village were Nuba and the rest Arab. 60 per cent were Christian and 40 per cent Muslim. Some of the girls had to leave school on the departure of Miss R. Hassan as there was no longer any boarding provision for girls.Google Scholar

⁷⁸ A personal investigation was made by the writer.Google Scholar

⁷⁹ Gillan, op. cit., 6.Google Scholar

⁸⁰ Ibid.,34.