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Captive and client labour and the economy of the Bida Emirate: 1857–1901
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 22 January 2009
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The purpose of this essay is to discuss a number of aspects relating to the client and captive labour force in the Bida emirate in the immediate pre-colonial period. Using data collected in surveys of 1611 captive and client villages in the 1930s, it has been possible to estimate the origins of a large part of this force and to establish the different periods of its recruitment. Comments are made regarding the role of this labour force in the pre-colonial economy of Nupe, on the position of slaves and clients in the society of the emirate, and on the effects of the extensive population transfer on the ethnic demography of Nupeland. It is hoped that this essay will contribute to the contemporary discussion regarding indigenous slavery in Africa, and will lead to an accelerated abandonment of simplistic notions concerning the nature of African economy and society in the late nineteenth century.
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References
1 This essay was originally presented at the Montreal African Studies Seminar at McGill University in Feb. 1973. It has benefited from suggestions made by Mrs Marion Johnson and A. G. Hopkins at the University of Birmingham, Martin Klein at the University of Toronto, Paul Lovejoy at York University, Patrick Manning and Enid Schildkrout at McGill, and Bertin Webster at Dalhousie.Google Scholar
2 I have here used the term ‘slave’ only because of its familiarity and its currency in discussions of unfree labour in African societies. As I have suggested in the title, ‘captive’ is a more appropriate term, as it is principally the mode of recruitment which the West African ‘slave’ had in common with his brother in Cuba or Brazil.Google Scholar
3 A number of recent studies of the role of ‘slave’ labour in pre-colonial West Africa are to be found in Meillassoux, C. (ed.), The Development of Indigenous Trade and Markets in West Africa (London, 1971).Google Scholar Perhaps the most thorough recent study of the question in the Nigerian area is that presented by Oroge, E. A. in his Ph.D thesis: ‘The Institution of Slavery in Yorubaland with Particular Reference to the Nineteenth Century’ (Birmingham, 1971).Google Scholar Martin Klein's unpublished essay ‘Slavery among the Wolof and Serer of Senegambia’ (1972) has also provided me with useful insights. Victor Low discusses slavery in northeastern Nigeria in his recent book, Three Nigerian Emirates (Evanston, 1972).Google Scholar
4 These Note Books are found in the National Archives, Kaduna, Nigeria (NAK BIDDIST Boxes 19, 20 and 21). They were composed in an attempt to register the founder, reign of foundation, ethnic origins and in some cases the owners of the tungazi in the six districts of the Bida emirate in the colonial period—Lemu, Jima, Kachia, Badeggi, Kutigi and Mokwa.Google Scholar
5 Nadel, S. F., A Black Byzantium (London, 1946), 25.Google Scholar
6 The Lemu District Note Book (NAK BIDDIST Box 21) suggests the existence of thirty rather than a dozen walled Ban towns, all being founded before 1857.Google Scholar
7 The Kede are described more fully by Nadel, S. F. in his article ‘The Kede: A Riverain State in Northern Nigeria’ in Fortes, M. and Evans-Pritchard, E. E. (eds.), African Political Systems, (London, 1940).Google Scholar
8 For classes in Zazzau, the Hausa state which has been studied in greatest detail, see Smith, M. G., Government in Zazzau (London, 1960).Google Scholar
9 Nadel, ibid. 106.
10 For a full description of slaves in Nupe, see Nadel, ibid. 103–8.
11 For a discussion of clientage in Nupeland, see Nadel, S. F., A Black Byzantium, 22–7.Google Scholar
12 Palmer, H. R., Sudanese Memoirs, 1928, III, 102.Google Scholar
13 Laird, M. and Oldfield, R. A. C., Narrative of an Expedition… in 1832, 1833 and 1834, (London, 1837), I, 420.Google Scholar
14 NAK BIDDIST Lemu District Note Book, Box 21.Google Scholar
15 For the Bida campaigns in the south, see my article ‘The Jihad in the South…’ Journal the Historical Society of Nigeria, v (06 1970).Google Scholar
16 F.O. 97/434, Baikie to Russell, 13 Mar. 1862.Google Scholar
17 F.O. 84/1278, Enclosure by McLeod in F.O. to McLeod, 23 June 1866.Google Scholar
18 A total of sixty-five tungazi were known to have been settled by Gbedegi and Ebe in Masaba's reign. This figure might be much higher as many from these areas would have been listed as ‘Nupes’.Google Scholar
19 Recently collected oral tradition has it that Masaba did not actually fight Dasun; suspecting that the people there might side with his enemies to the west, he seized the elders of the town and transported them to Wuya.Google Scholar
20 That is, excluding tungazi founded by Gbedegi and others who were simply recalled as having been ‘Nupe’.Google Scholar
21 These villages were in the Eyagi Doko village unit. NAK BIDDIST Jima District Note Book.Google Scholar
22 As Masaba is the most celebrated of the nineteenth-century etsuzi it is not unlikely that his name attaches itself to the deeds of other kings. On the other hand, he became famous because he did more that is memorable.Google Scholar
23 339 were settled by Nupe other than the indigenous Bini.Google Scholar
24 F.O. 84/1061, Baikie to Malmesbury, 17 Sept. 1858.Google Scholar
25 ‘It should seem that since the visit of his master, the King of Gondu who exhausted his treasures, the king never came to himself.’Google Scholar C.M.S. CA3 O21, John, T. C., ‘A Report of Lokoja Station … 1873’.Google Scholar
26 The same missionary, John, reported that Christians taken captive at Lokoja would be sold to the Hausa from Kano for slaves. C.M.S. CA3 O21, ‘Report for the year 1870’.Google Scholar
27 F.O. 2/32, Baikie to Russell, 2 Sept. 1859.Google Scholar
28 F.O. 84/1351, Simpson to Granville, 21 Nov. 1891, ‘Report of the Niger Expedition, 1871’, Enclosure 3.Google Scholar
29 C.M.S. CA3 M3, ‘Annual Report of Bishop Crowther… 1875’.Google Scholar
30 See Table 2, ‘Ethnic origins of settlers of tungazi’.Google Scholar
31 NAK BIDDIST Jima District Note Book.Google Scholar
32 NAK BIDDIST Mokwa District Note Book.Google Scholar
33 See Table 2, ‘Ethnic origins of settlers of tungazi’.Google Scholar
34 The export of slaves to pay for guns is recalled in Kontagora oral tradition which I recorded in Aug. 1969.Google Scholar
35 Johnson wrote: ‘Excepting under especially pressing circumstances the chiefs do not now sell their slaves or rather captives of war excepting the old and infirm.’ C.M.S. CAZ/049 (a) Hinderer to Venn, 26 Oct. 1855.Google Scholar Cited in Oroge, E. A., ‘The Institution of Slavery in Yorubaland with Particular Reference to the Nineteenth Century’, Ph.D. thesis, Birmingham, 1971.Google Scholar
36 C.M.S. CA3 O28, Rev. C. Paul, ‘Journal for the Year 1878’.Google Scholar
37 Vedova, G. dalla, ‘Pellegrino di Matteucci ed ii suo diario inedito’, Boll. della Società Geographica Italiana, x, 9 (1885), 675.Google Scholar
38 See Table I, ‘Foundation dates of tungazi’. I am grateful to Bertin Webster for the suggestion that slave imports should be considered on an annual rather than a regnal basis.Google Scholar
39 Of the 282 new tungazi, III were settled by ‘Nupe’, 66 by Bini and 49 by Ebe, Benu and other Nupe. There were only thirteen hamlets settled by all types of Yoruba and three by Afenmai.Google Scholar
40 For discussion regarding Bini clients, see below, p. 468. Nadel (ibid. 358) hints at the same pressures on free farmers when he suggests ‘(The) submission to patronage was often the only means by which the peasants in Cis-Kaduna could hope to retain their property’.
41 There had always been a steady flow of Yoruba slaves back to their homelands. As one report pointed out: ‘From the day they reached [Bida] until the year it was broken [1897] we found Yagbas dribbling back to their homes… if escape from Bida had not been so very easy [the Nupes] would have sucked the district dry in an incredibly short time.’ NAK SNP 558P/1913. After the fall of Bida one of the Nupe princes complained ‘all our slaves are running away to the other side of the river’. C.O. 147/124, ‘Report by Sir George Goldie…’, encl. in Morley to Salisbury, 29 Apr. 1899.Google Scholar
42 Klein notes regarding the Senegambia at the beginning of the colonial period: ‘…flight was more attractive to those slaves who remembered another home and could go there’. ibid. 22. Elsewhere (p. 14) he suggests that flight was more likely among the newly enslaved.
43 ‘When slavery was abolished and wars came to an end, when the “absentee” landlords no longer needed [clients] as soldiers for their private armies and could no longer support a large household of henchmen and hangers-on in the town, they offered their land to their [clients] and so new settlers went out into the country, occupying the land and forming new farm settlements’, Nadel, ibid. 196.
44 In late 1857 Bids had an estimated population of 60,000. C.M.S. CA3/O2, ‘Extracts of a letter from Dr. Davies to Consul Campbell, 27 September 1857. Two decades later it was put at I00,000. MMS Yoruba 1877–1882, Milum to Kilner, 24 Oct. 1879.Google Scholar
45 For a study of Nupe cloth and its marketing, see Johnson, Marion, ‘Cloth on the Banks of the Niger’, J. Hist. Soc. Nigerza, forthcoming. I am grateful to the author for permitting me to read the typescript of this essay.Google Scholar
46 F.O. 97/436, Whitford to Hamilton, 19 Dec. 1865, encl, in Hamilton to Wylde, 12 Jan. 1866.Google Scholar
47 The shea fruit is first gathered by women in the rainy season and then dried in a large oven. The nuts are then separated from the flesh and dried separately. After this they are fried, crushed and boiled until they excrete oil. This oil (mikote), is used in Nupe for illumination, cooking and medicine.Google Scholar
48 Oral tradition collected in December 1972 at Bida, Wuyagi, Nyinti, Jima, Evungi, Rabba, Etotsu, Kuchi, Kwakwa and Pici by Abel Yisa.Google Scholar
49 For Sine and Salum see Klein, 12 and for Yoruba, Oroge, 199.Google Scholar
50 Oral tradition, sources as n. 48 above.Google Scholar
51 Klein (ibid. 19) writes of a similar situation in the Senegambia: ‘Above and beyond the services a slave gave, he was a form of capital investment.’
52 NAK BIDDIST Box 19, Kachia District Note Book.Google Scholar
53 NAK BIDDIST Box 21, Badeggi District Note Book.Google Scholar
54 NAK BIDDIST Box 21, Lemu District Note Book.Google Scholar
55 Ibid.
56 NAK BIDDIST, Jima District Note Book.Google Scholar
57 Nadel, ibid. 242.
58 C.M.S. CA3 O28, C. Paul, ‘Journal for… 1878’.Google Scholar
59 As far as I know, there is no reliable means of estimating the population of any part of rural Nupe in the pre-colonial period. The earliest census, that of 1921, estimated the total population of Nupe as 349,008. To what extent the population rose or fell after 1897 is not known.Google Scholar
60 NAK BIDDIST Box 21, Lemu District Note Book.Google Scholar
61 Ibid.
62 See map.Google Scholar
63 NAK BIDDIST Box 21, Lemu District Note Book. The term ‘fief’ is used in this text.Google Scholar
64 Ibid.
65 The figures for the tungazi in Kachia are incomplete.Google Scholar
66 In Badeggi District seventy-nine were founded by Bini, in Kachia seventy but in Kutigi only seventeen.Google Scholar
67 NAK BIDDIST Box 20, Kutigi District Note Book.Google Scholar
68 NAK BIDDIST, Mokwa District Note Book.Google Scholar
69 For a discussion of historical evidence relating to population together with a population map of Nupe, see my article ‘Population Density and “Slave Raiding” …’, J. Afr. Hist. x, 4 (1969), 551–64.Google Scholar
70 See especially the Note Books for Badeggi, Jima and Lemu Districts.Google Scholar
71 For oral tradition regarding the alienation of Bini lands as well as other data, I am grateful to my research assistant, MrYisa, Abel of the Department of Economics, Ahmadu Bello University.Google Scholar
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