¹ This is used in preference to the Swahili term Nyika which has pejorative overtones. Both terms refer collectively to the Digo, Duruma, Chonyi, Giriama, Jibana, Kauma, Rabat and Ribe.

² The term pre-Hawiya was coined by Colucci, M. in his Principi di Diretto Consuetudinario della Società Italiana Meridionale (Florence, 1924), 91.Google Scholar It was designed to describe a Somali clan-family that traced its descent from an ancestor collateral of Irir and to distinguish them from the Hawiya who claim to be descended from Irir himself. The most important of the pre-Hawiya clans are the Garre. See also Lewis, I. M., Peoples of the Horn of Africa (London, 1955), 26–7.Google Scholar

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⁷ This was based partly on the work of Fleming, H. C., ‘Baiso & Rendille: Somali outliers’, Rassegna di Studi Etiopici, xx (1964).Google Scholar See also Murdock, G. P., Africa: its peoples and their culture history (New York, 1959)Google Scholar where the same conclusion is arrived at by other means.

⁸ Both Hawiya and Hawiye are spellings which have long been used interchangeably to describe the same people and they accurately reflect small differences between Somali dialects. I am grateful to Dr Andrzejewski for this information.

⁹ Munro, J. Forbes, ‘Migrations of the Bantu-speaking peoples of the Eastern Kenya highlands: a reappraisal’Google Scholar and Saberwal, Satish C., ‘Historical Notes on the Embu of Central Kenya’, J. Afr. Hist., VIII (1967), 29–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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³⁰ This is not to deny the presence of escaped slave settlements of Bantu-speakers on the river Juba from the end of the eighteenth century. See: Grottanelli, V. L., ‘Il Bantu del Giuba nella tradizione dei Wazegua’, Geographica Helvetica, VIII (1953).Google Scholar

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³⁷ Thompson, C. B., ‘Notes on the Wasegeju of Vanga District, 1918’Google Scholar, KNA/KWA/I. However, there are also some Segeju traditions which refer solely to Galla aggression: Dickson, T. A., ‘Notes on the Wassegeju’, Journal of the East Africa and Uganda Natural History Society, VI, no. II (1917), 167Google Scholar; Krapf, L., ‘Journal of a Journey to Usambara, July to Sept. 1848’Google Scholar, C.M.S. CA5/106 (I am grateful to R. F. Morton for this latter reference). Other traditions refer to joint Galla and Somali aggression: Berg, F. J., ‘The Swahili community of Mombasa 1500–1900’, University of Nairobi History Dept. Seminar Paper, 13 10 1966.Google Scholar

³⁸ Also spelt Gare, Gera, Gurra, Gurreh, Gherra, Gherri.

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⁴² Turnbull, R., ‘The Warden’, The Kenya Police Review (07 1957).Google Scholar This account corresponds closely to material in the Provincial and District Records. Since Turnbull is convinced that the Galla came from central Somaliland he assumes that they attacked Afmadu from the north, but there is no evidence to support this.

⁴³ Ferrari, G., ‘Il basso Giubo Italiano e le possessioni agricole nella Goscia’, Bolletino della Società Geografica Italiana, XI, 4th series (1910), 1226Google Scholar; Maud, P., ‘Exploration in the southern borderland of Abyssinia’, Geog. J., XLIII (1904), 570.Google Scholar Ali Abdi, one of the greatest leaders of the Garre, was Maud's main informant.

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