¹ Wrigley, C. C., ‘Aspects of economic history’, in Roberts, A. D. (ed.), The Cambridge History of Africa, VII (Cambridge, 1986), 77–139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

² Austen's categorization is similar to that suggested by the present writer in ‘Africa's age of improvement’, History in Africa, vii (1980), 141–60.Google Scholar A sample of the research undertaken during the 1980s can be found in Hay, Margaret Jean, ‘Recent trends in African economic history’, Dalhousie African Working Papers, no. 4 (1985).Google Scholar

³ Wilks, Ivor, ‘Land, labour, capital and the forest kingdoms of Asante: a model of early change’, in Friedman, J. and Rowlands, M. J. (eds.), The Evolution of Social Systems (London, 1977), 487–534Google Scholar; Vansina, Jan, ‘Towards a history of lost corners in the world’, Economic History Review, xxxv (1982), 165–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar See also ‘Contributions to a history of agriculture and fishing in Central Africa’, special issue of African Economic History, no. 7 (1979), 1–181.Google Scholar

⁴ Law, Robin, ‘Royal monopoly and private enterprise in the Atlantic trade: the case of Dahomey’, J. Afr. Hist, xviii (1977), 555–77CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Northrup, David, Trade Without Rulers: Pre-Colonial Economic Development in South-East Nigeria (Oxford, 1978)Google Scholar; Latham, A. J. H., Old Calabar, 1600–1861: The Economic Impact of the West Upon a Traditional Society (Oxford, 1978).Google Scholar

⁵ On pp. 101–2, for example.

⁶ Hancock, W. K., Survey of British Commonwealth Affairs, II, pt. 2 (London, 1942).Google Scholar

⁷ ‘World War I and Africa’, Special issue of the J. Afr. Hist, xix (1978), 1–130Google Scholar; Michel, Marc, L'Appel à l'Afrique: contributions et réactions à l'effort de guerre en A.O.F. (1914–1919) (Paris, 1982)Google Scholar; ‘Francophone Africa and the Depression of the 1930s’, special issue of African Economic History, no. 4 (1977), pp. 103–76Google Scholar; ‘L'Afrique et la crise de 1930’, special issue of the Revue française d'histoire d'outre-mer, lxiii (1976), 375–779Google Scholar; Killingray, David and Rathbone, Richard (eds), Africa and the Second World War (London, 1986)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; UNESCO, Africa and the Second World War (Paris, 1985).Google Scholar

⁸ A valuable overview of recent economic developments is now available: Wilson, Francis, ‘Southern Africa’, in Crowder, Michael (ed.), The Cambridge History of Africa, viii c. 1940–c. 1975 (Cambridge, 1984), 251–330.Google Scholar

⁹ Denoon, Donald, Settler Capitalism: The Dynamics of Dependent Development in the Southern Hemisphere (Oxford, 1983).Google Scholar

¹⁰ Fieldhouse, D. K., Black Africa, 1945–1980: Economic Decolonisation and Arrested Development (London, 1986).Google Scholar

¹¹ Fieldhouse, , Black Africa, 231–2.Google Scholar

¹² Marseille, Jacques, Empire colonial et capitalisme française (Paris, 1984)Google Scholar emphasizes how sectoral changes in the French economy, combined with the increasing costs of maintaining political control in the 1950s, brought about a reappraisal of the means of defending French interests in the colonies.

¹³ A valuable recent survey is Hargreaves, J. D., Decolonization in Africa (London, 1988)Google Scholar.

¹⁴ Wickens, Peter, Africa, 1880–1980: An Economic History (Cape Town: Oxford University Press, 1986)Google Scholar adopts a strictly narrative, chronological approach which offers less to discuss – and less to criticize.

¹⁵ For an earlier attempt see Hopkins, A. G., ‘Clio-antics: a horoscope for African economic history’, in Fyfe, Christopher (ed.), African Studies Since 1945: A Tribute to Basil Davidson (London, 1976), 31–48.Google Scholar

¹⁶ Hopkins, A. G., ‘From Hayter to Parker: African economic history at Birmingham University, 1964–86’, African Affairs, LXXXVI (1987), 93–102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹⁷ One possible approach is sketched in Hopkins, A. G., ‘The World Bank in Africa: a historical perspective’, World Development, xiv (1986), 1473–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹⁸ A final indulgence: Hopkins, A. G., An Economic History of West Africa (London and New York, 4th impression, 1988).Google Scholar