¹ Posnansky, M. and McIntosh, R., ‘New Radiocarbon dates for northern and western Africa’ J. Afr. Hist., xvii, 2 (1976), 161–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

² de Maret, P., Cahen, D. and van Noten, F., ‘Radiocarbon dates from central Africa: a synthesis’ J. Afr. Hist., forthcoming.Google Scholar

³ Clark, R. M., ‘A calibration curve for radiocarbon dates’ Antiquity, xlix (1975), 251–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁴ Ibid.

⁵ Antiquity, xlvi (1972), 265.Google Scholar

⁶ This is mentioned in Soper, R. C., ‘New radiocarbon dates for eastern and southern Africa’ J. Afr. Hist., xv, 2 (1974), 175–92CrossRefGoogle Scholar. For a useful review of chronological developments see Clark, J. D., ‘Africa in prehistory: peripheral or paramount?’ Man, x, 2 (1975), 175–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁷ An important review of both the cultural and environmental succession is Klein, R. G., ‘Environment and subsistence of prehistoric man in the southern Cape Province, South Africa’ World Archaeol., v, 3 (1974), 240–84Google Scholar. See also Fairhall, A. W., Young, A. W. and Erickson, J. L., ‘University of Washington dates iv’, Radiocarbon, xviii, 2 (1976), 221–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁸ Carter, P. L. and Vogel, J. C., ‘The dating of industrial assemblages from stratified sites in eastern Lesotho’ Man, ix, 4 (1974), 557–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁹ Wendt, W. E., ‘Preliminary report on an archaeological research program in South West Africa’ Cimbebasia (B), ii (1972), 1–61Google Scholar. Wendt, W. E., ‘“Art Mobilier” from the Apollo 11 Cave, South West Africa: Africa's oldest dated works of art’, S. Afr. archaeol. Bull., xxxi, 121 and 122 (1976), 5–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹⁰ See note 7.

¹¹ Wendorf, F. et al. , ‘Dates for the Middle Stone Age of East Africa’ Science, clxxxvii (1975). 740–2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹² Klein, ‘Environment’ 257Google Scholar; Carter, and Vogel, , ‘Dating’ 570Google Scholar; Wendt, , ‘Art Mobilier’ 7.Google Scholar

¹³ Soper, , ‘Dates’ 178.Google Scholar

¹⁴ Wendt, W. E., ‘“Art Mobilier” aus der Apollo 11—Grotte in Südwest-Afrika: Die ältesten datierten Kunstwerke Afrikas’ Acta Praehist. Arch., v (1974), 1–42Google Scholar. A summary in English is Wendt, , ‘Art Mobilier’ see note 9Google Scholar. The relevant dates are Pta–1040, KN–1–813, KN–2056.

¹⁵ Klein, , ‘Environment’.Google Scholar

¹⁶ Nelson Bay, Kangkara and Melkhoutboom, op. cit., 272. The relevant dates are GrN–5880, 1–6516, UW–175, UW–233.

¹⁷ Carter, and Vogel, , ‘Dating’ 569.Google Scholar

¹⁸ Klein, , ‘Environment’Google Scholar; Fairhall, et al. , ‘Dates’Google Scholar. The relevant dates are from Boomplaas UW–301, Byeneskranskop UW–287, 1–7948, Elands Bay Pta–686, 732, 737, UW–192, 193, Melkhoutboom GaK–1538, Pta–666, Nelson Bay Pta–391, 392, Q–1085, UW–162, 164, 177, 178, 1–2615, 6515, UW–218 (the latter two are attributed to the Robberg Industry in Klein, , ‘Environment’ but more recently to the Albany in Fairhall et al., ‘Dates’).Google Scholar

¹⁹ An important review is Deacon, J., ‘Patterning in the Radiocarbon dates for the Wilton/Smithfield complex in southern Africa’, S. Afr. archaeol. Bull., xxix (1974), 3–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

²⁰ Wendt, , ‘Art Mobilier’ 7Google Scholar. Dates are Pta–1010, Pta–1021, KN–1–612, KN–1–613, KN–I–614, KN–1–811.

²¹ Mason, R. J., ‘Later Stone Age plant remains from Kruger Cave, Olifantsnek, Rustenburg district’ S. Afr. J. Sc., lxx (1974), 376.Google Scholar

²² Cooke, C. K., Summers, R. and Robinson, K. R., ‘Rhodesian prehistory re-examined, Part 1: the Stone Age’ Arnoldia, ii, 12 (1966), 1–8Google Scholar. The relationship between these assemblages is recognized by Sampson in his ‘Oakhurst Complex'—Sampson, C. G., The Stone Age archaeology of southern Africa (New York, 1974).Google Scholar

²³ Klein, , ‘Environment'Google Scholar; Fairhall, et al. , ‘Dates'.Google Scholar

²⁴ Fairhall, et al. , ‘Dates’ 222–3.Google Scholar

²⁵ Ibid., 225.

²⁶ Wendt, , ‘Art Mobilier’ 6.Google Scholar

²⁷ Sandelowsky, B. H., ‘Archaeological investigations at Mirabib Hill Rock Shelter’ S. Afr. archaeol. Soc, Goodwin Ser. ii (1974), 65–72.Google Scholar

²⁸ For discussion and references see Clark, , ‘Africa in prehistory’ 191Google Scholar. Also Gramly, R. M., ‘Upper Pleistocene archaeological occurrences at site GvJM/22, Lukenya Hill, Kenya’ Man, in press.Google Scholar

²⁹ Sheppard, J. G. and Swart, E. R., ‘Rhodesian radiocarbon measurements V’, Radiocarbon, xv, 3 (1973), 545–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

³⁰ Soper, , ‘Dates’.Google Scholar

³¹ Gramly, , ‘Upper Pleistocene’.Google Scholar

³² Deacon, H. J., ‘A review of the post-Pleistocene in South Africa’ S. Afr. archaeol. Soc, Goodwin Ser. i (1972), 26–45Google Scholar. Klein, , ‘Environment’.Google Scholar

³³ Fairhall, et al. , ‘Dates’ 224.Google Scholar

³⁴ , J. and Rudner, I., ‘A note on early excavations at Robberg’ S. Afr. archaeol. Bull., xxviii (1973). 94–6.Google Scholar

³⁵ de Villiers, H., ‘Human skeletal remains from Cape St Francis, Cape Province’Google Scholar; Thackeray, F. and Feast, E. C., ‘A midden burial from Cape St. Francis, eastern Cape Province’ S. Afr. archaeol. Bull., xxix (1974), 89–92.Google Scholar

³⁶ Fairhall, et al. , ‘Dates’ 226Google Scholar; Deacon, H. J. and Brooker, M., ‘The Holocene and Upper Pleistocene sequence in the southern Cape’ Ann. S. Afr. Mus., lxxi (1976), 203–14.Google Scholar

³⁷ Deacon, J., ‘Patterning’.Google Scholar

³⁸ Haynes, V. and Haas, H., ‘Southern Methodist University Radiocarbon Date List I’ Radiocarbon, xvi, 3 (1974), 368–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

³⁹ Phillipson's report is forthcoming in Azania, xii. For other stone bowl dates see Merrick, H. V., ‘Aspects of the size and shape variation of the East African stone bowls’ Azania, viii (1973), 115–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁴⁰ GX–3910. 3911. 3912, 3915 and 3916 are associated with pottery, GX–3913, 3914 are not. GX–3913 is anomalous in view of the sequence.

⁴¹ Soper, , ‘Dates’Google Scholar; Sutton, J. E. G., ‘New radiocarbon dates for Eastern and Southern Africa’ J. Afr. Hist., xiii, 1 (1972), 1–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁴² Rudner, J., ‘Radiocarbon dates from the Brandberg in South West Africa’ S. Afr. archaeol. Bull., xxvii (1973), 164–5Google Scholar; Jacobson, L. and Vogel, J. C., ‘Recent radiocarbon dates from the Brandberg’ S. Afr. J. Sc., lxxi (1975), 349.Google Scholar

⁴³ Ibid.

⁴⁴ , M. J. and Carr, A. C., Jacobson, L. and Vogel, J. C., ‘Radiocarbon dates from the Zerrissene Mountain open station settlement complex’ S. Afr. J. Sci., lxxii (1976), 251–2.Google Scholar

⁴⁵ Sydow, W., ‘Contributions to the history and protohistory of the Topnaar strandloper settlement at the Kuiseb River mouth near Walvis Bay’ S. Afr. archaeol. Bull., xxviii (1973) 73–7CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Jacobson, L. and Vogel, J. C., ‘Radiocarbon dates for a shell midden complex from Wortel, Walvis Bay’ Madoqua, in press.Google Scholar

⁴⁶ Wendt, , ‘Preliminary report’ and ‘Art Mobilier’.Google Scholar

⁴⁷ Parkington, J. and Poggenpoel, C., ‘Excavations at De Hangen, 1968’ S. Afr. archaeol. Bull., xxvi (1971), 3–36CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Soper, , ‘Dates’.Google Scholar

⁴⁸ Avery, G., ‘Discussion on the age and use of tidal fish-traps (visvywers)’ S. Afr. archaeol. Bull., xxx (1975), 105–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁴⁹ Fairhall, et al. , ‘Dates’Google Scholar; Soper, , ‘Dates’.Google Scholar

⁵⁰ Schweitzer, F. R., ‘Archaeological evidence for sheep at the Cape’ S. Afr. archaeol. Bull., xxix (1974), 75–82CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Tankard, A. J. and Schweitzer, F. R., ‘The geology of Die Kelders Cave and environs: a palaeoenvironmental study’ S. Afr. J. Sci., lxx, 12 (1974), 365–9.Google Scholar

⁵¹ Avery, G., ‘Open station shell midden sites and associated features from the Pearly Beach area, south-western Cape’ S. Afr. archaeol, Bull., xxix (1974), 104–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁵² Fairhall, et al. , ‘Dates’Google Scholar; Deacon, H. J. and Brooker, M., ‘The Holocene and Upper Pleistocene sequence in the southern Cape’ Ann. S. Afr. Mus., lxxi (1976), 203–14.Google Scholar

⁵³ Carter, and Vogel, , ‘Dating’.Google Scholar

⁵⁴ Soper, , ‘Dates’Google Scholar; Davies, O., ‘Excavations at Shongweni south cave: the oldest evidence to date for cultigens in southern Africa’ Ann. Natal Mus., xxii, 2 (1975), 627–62.Google Scholar

⁵⁵ Derricourt, R. M., ‘Radiocarbon chronology of the Late Stone Age and Iron Age in South Africa’ S. Afr. J. Sci., lxix (1973), 280–4Google Scholar; Sutton, , ‘Dates’.Google Scholar

⁵⁶ Mason, R. J., ‘The last Stone Age San (Bushman) of the Vaal-Limpopo Basin’ S. Afr. J. Sci., lxx (1974), 375.Google Scholar

⁵⁷ Humphreys, A. J. B., ‘A preliminary report on test excavations at Dikbosch Shelter I, Herbert district, northern Cape’ S. Afr. archaeol. Bull., xxix (1974), 115–9CrossRefGoogle Scholar; ‘Burchell's Shelter: the history and archaeology of a northern Cape rock shelter’ S. Afr. archaeol. Bull, xxx (1975), 3–18.Google Scholar

⁵⁸ Humphreys, A. J. B., ‘A report on excavations carried out on a Type R settlement unit (Khartoum I) in the Jacobsdal district, O.F.S.’ Ann. Cape Prov. Mus., ix, 8 (1973), 23–57Google Scholar; Maggs, T. M. O'C., Iron Age communities of the southern Highveld (Pietermaritzburg, 1976).Google Scholar

⁵⁹ Humphreys, A. J. B., ‘Note on a date for a burial from the Riet River’ S. Afr. J. Sci., lxx (1974). 271.Google Scholar

⁶⁰ Chittick, H. N., ‘Excavations at Aksum: a preliminary report’ Azania, ix (1974), 159–205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁶¹ Soper, , ‘Dates’Google Scholar; Robinson, K. R. ‘The Iron Age of the upper and lower Shire, Malawi’ Department of Antiquities, Publication No. 13 (Zomba, 1973).Google Scholar

⁶² N–1607; N–1440 is from a similar context but the sample appears to be contaminated. Compare with N–1284, Soper, , ‘Dates’Google Scholar. For Bisson's work at Kansanshi see, for example, ‘Prehistoric copper mining in north-western Zambia’ Archaeology, xxvii (1974), iv, 242–7.Google Scholar

⁶³ Clark, J. D. and Fagan, B. M., ‘Charcoals, sands and channel-decorated pottery from Northern Rhodesia’ Amer. Anth., lxvii (1965), 354–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁶⁴ Fagan, B. M., ‘Radiocarbon dates for sub-Saharah Africa: VI’ J. Afr. Hist., x, 1 (1969), 149–69CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Phillipson, D. W., ‘Archaeology and Bantu linguistics’ World Archaeol., viii, 1 (1976), 65–82CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁶⁵ Prinsloo, H. P., ‘Early Iron Age site at Klein Afrika near Wylliespoort, Soutpansberg Mountains, South Africa’ S. Afr. J. Sci., lxx (1974), 271–3.Google Scholar

⁶⁶ Klapwijk, M., ‘A preliminary report on pottery from the north-eastern Transvaal, South Africa’, S. Afr. archaeol. Bull., xxix (1974), 19–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁶⁷ Evers, T. M., ‘Recent Iron Age research in the Eastern Transvaal, South Africa’ S. Afr. archaeol. Bull., xxx (1975), 71–83, and pers. comm.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁶⁸ Sutton, , ‘Dates’.Google Scholar

⁶⁹ Soper, , ‘Dates’Google Scholar; Inskeep, R. R. and Maggs, T. M. O'C., ‘Unique art objects in the Iron Age of the Transvaal, South Africa’ S. Afr. archaeol. Bull., xxx (1975), 114–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁷⁰ Mason, R. J., ‘Background to the Transvaal Iron Age—new discoveries at Olifant-spoort and Broederstroom’ J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Met., lxxiv (1974), 211–16Google Scholar; van Genderen, A. M., ‘Personal ornament in the Early Iron Age of the Transvaal: new discoveries at site 84/73, Broederstroom, Transvaal, South Africa’ S. Afr.J. Sci., lxx (1974), 218.Google Scholar

⁷¹ Mason, R. J. et al. , ‘Early Iron Age settlement of southern Africa’ S. Afr. J. Sci., lxix (1973), 324–6Google Scholar; Inskeep, and Maggs, , ‘Art Objects’.Google Scholar

⁷² Schofield, J. F., Primitive Pottery (Cape Town, 1948).Google Scholar

⁷³ Maggs, T. M. O'C. and Michael, M. A., ‘Ntshekane, an Early Iron Age site in the Tugela Basin, Natal’ Ann Natal Mus., xxii, 3 (1976), 705–39.Google Scholar

⁷⁴ Dutton, T. P., ‘Iron smelting furnace in the Ndumu Game Reserve’ Lammergeyer, xii (1970), 37–40.Google Scholar

⁷⁵ Derricourt, R. M., Prehistoric man in the Ciskei and Transkei (in press).Google Scholar

⁷⁶ Derricourt, R. M., ‘Some coastal shell middens in southern Mozambique’ Azania, x (1975), 135–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁷⁷ Oliver, R. and Fagan, B. M., Africa in the Iron Age (Cambridge, 1975).Google Scholar

⁷⁸ Phillipson, D. W., ‘Archaeology’.Google Scholar

⁷⁹ This review; also Huffman, T. N., ‘Cattle from Mabveni’ S. Afr. archaeol. Bull., xxx (1975), 23–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁸⁰ Ehret, quoted in Phillipson, , ‘Archaeology’, 78.Google Scholar

⁸¹ Robinson, K. R., ‘Iron Age sites in the Dedza district of Malawi, Malawi Department of Antiquities, Publication No. 16 (1975)Google Scholar; Sheppard, and Swart, , ‘Measurements V’.Google Scholar

⁸² Phillipson, D. W., ‘Iron Age history and archaeology in Zambia’, J. Afr. Hist., xv, 1 (1974), 1–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁸³ Bisson, M. S., unpubl. Ph.D. thesis. Anthropology Dept. McGill UniversityGoogle Scholar. See also note 62 above and Bisson, M. S., ‘Copper-currency in Central Africa: the archaeological evidence’ World Archaeology, vi, 3 (1975), 276–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁸⁴ Garlake, P. S., ‘Excavation of a Zimbabwe in Mozambique’ Antiquity, l, 198 (1976), 146–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁸⁵ Summers, R., Zimbabwe: a Rhodesian mystery (Johannesburg, 1963).Google Scholar

⁸⁶ Huffman, T. N., ‘An Arab coin from Zimbabwe’ Arnoldia, v, 32 (1972), 1–7.Google Scholar

⁸⁷ Rudd, S., ‘Lekkerwater Ruins, Tsindi Hill, Theydon, Rhodesia’ Proceedings and Transactions of the Rhodesia Scientific Association, lii, 2 (1968), 38–50.Google Scholar

⁸⁸ Ibid. 49; Phillipson, D. W., ‘Notes on the later prehistoric radiocarbon chronology of eastern and southern Africa’ J. Afr. Hist., xi, 1 (1970), 1–15CrossRefGoogle Scholar; SR–124 of the fifteenth/ sixteenth century, also reported by Phillipson, is perhaps a little late.

⁸⁹ Monro, D. F. and Spies, C. W., ‘Excavations at Musimbira, Bikita district, Rhodesia’, Arnoldia, xxii, 7 (1975). 1–11.Google Scholar

⁹⁰ E.g. Robinson, K. R., Khami Ruins (Cambridge, 1959)Google Scholar; Garlake, P. S., ‘The value of imported ceramics in the dating and interpretation of the Rhodesian Iron Age’, J. Afr. Hist., ix, 1 (1968), 13–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁹¹ Huffman, T. N., ‘A radiocarbon date from Regina Ruins, Rhodesia’, S. Afr. J. Sci., lxxii, 6 (1976), 180Google Scholar. The Lab. No. is given as Pta–1549 but Huffman, pers. comm., has supplied the No. Pta–1553.

⁹² Sheppard, and Swart, , ‘Measurements V’.Google Scholar

⁹³ Pta–605 a.d. I700±50; Soper, , ‘Dates’.Google Scholar

⁹⁴ Huffman, T. N., ‘Radiocarbon date from Zimbiti Ruin, Inyanga, Rhodesia’ S. Afr. J. Sci., lxxi (1975), 247–8.Google Scholar

⁹⁵ Garlake, P. S., Great Zimbabwe (London: 1973)Google Scholar; Huffman, T. N., ‘Ancient mining and Zimbabwe’ J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Met., lxxiv (1974), 238–42.Google Scholar

⁹⁶ Sheppard, and Swart, , ‘Measurements V’.Google Scholar

⁹⁷ Ibid.

⁹⁸ Garlake, P. S., ‘An Iron Age site on the Mukwichi River, Urungwe’, S. Afr. archaeol. Bull., xxvi (1971), 147–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁹⁹ Dickinson, R. W., ‘The archaeology of the Sofala coast’ S. Afr. archaeol. Bull., xxx (1975). 84–104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹⁰⁰ Gilot, E. and Capron, P. C., ‘Louvain natural radiocarbon measurements XII’, Radiocarbon, xv, 1 (1973), 127–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹⁰¹ Vogel, J. C., Radiocarbon, xii (1970), 444–71Google Scholar; Evers, T. M. and van den Berg, R. P., ‘Ancient mining in southern Africa, with reference to a copper mine in the Harmony Block, north-eastern Transvaal’ J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Met., lxxiv (1974), 217–26.Google Scholar

¹⁰² Klapwijk, M., ‘An Early Iron Age site near Tzaneen, NE. Transvaal’, S. Afr.J. Sci., lxix (1973), 324Google Scholar; Evers, T. M., ‘Recent Iron Age research in the eastern Transvaal, South Africa’ S. Afr. archaeol. Bull., xxx (1975), 71–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹⁰³ Mason, R. J., ‘Background to the Transvaal Iron Age—new discoveries at Olifants-poort and Broederstroom’ J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Met., lxxiv (1974), 211–16.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁴ Voigt, E., ‘Preliminary report on Welgegund: an Iron Age burial site’, S. Afr. archaeol. Bull., xviii (1972), 155–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹⁰⁵ Maggs, , ‘Communities’.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁶ Ibid. The Kubung have been referred to incorrectly as Leghoya in much of the earlier literature.

¹⁰⁷ Davies, O., ‘Excavations at the walled early Iron Age site in Moor Park near Estcourt, Natal’, Ann. Natal Mus., xxii, 1 (1974), 289–323.Google Scholar