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¹⁰⁴ Sapon, quoted in Rattray, , Ashanti Law, 111.Google Scholar So far no-one appears to have found evidence of this in the European archives, as Larry Yarak has confirmed after extensive work of his own on Dutch and British sources. As Yarak comments, if pre-emption was exercised in the southern trade it seems surprising that it was not reported in this voluminous documentation (personal communication). In principle it seems likely that the Asante government would have claimed a right of pre-emption in the southern trade, as did the king of Dahomey. See Law, , ‘Royal monopoly and private enterprise in the Atlantic trade’, 561, 568Google Scholar, citing Forbes's account of his 1850 visit.

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¹⁹¹ To use Hopkins' phrase: Economic History, 139.Google Scholar

¹⁹² On the NLM see Allman, Jean Marie, The Quills of the Porcupine: Asante Nationalism in an Emergent Ghana (Madison, Wisconsin, 1993).Google Scholar See also Rathbone, Richard, ‘“The youngmen and the porcupine”’, and Allman's reply, in J. Afr. Hist., XXXII (1991), 333–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹⁹³ Austin, , ‘Capitalists and chiefs’.Google Scholar

¹⁹⁴ Austin, , ‘Rural capitalism’Google Scholar; ‘Class struggle and rural capitalism in Asante history’, paper presented to the annual meeting of the African Studies Association, Chicago, 1988.