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⁴ The calibration used is that of Clark, R. M., ‘A calibration curve for radiocarbon dates’, Antiquity, xlix, 196 (1975), 251–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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⁸ Clark, J. D., Williams, M. A. J. and Smith, A. B., ‘The geomorphology and archaeology of Adrar Bous, Central Sahara: a preliminary report’, Quaternaria, xvii (1973), 245–97,Google Scholar and three papers in the Proceedings of the Panafrican Congress on Prehistory and Quaternary Studies, VIIth session, Abebe, B., Chavaillon, J. and Sutton, J. E. G. (eds) (Addis Ababa, 1976):Google ScholarClark, J. D., ‘Epipalaeolithic aggregates from Greboun Wadi, Aïr, and Adrar Bous, north-western Ténéré, Republic of Niger’, pp. 67–78Google Scholar; Smith, A. B., ‘A microlithic industry from Adrar Bous, Ténéré Desert, Niger’, pp. 181–96Google Scholar; and Williams, M. A. J., ‘Upper Quaternary stratigraphy of Adrar Bous, Republic of Niger, south-central Sahara’, pp. 435–41.Google Scholar

⁹ Clark, , in Abebe et al., Proceedings (1976), 76Google Scholar. See also Camps, G., Les Civilisations préhistoriques de l'Afrique du Nord et du Sahara (Paris, 1974), 157 and 200.Google Scholar

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¹¹ Fairhall, A. W., Young, A. W. and Erickson, J. L., ‘University of Washington Dates IV’, Radiocarbon, xviii (1976), 221–39CrossRefGoogle Scholar. We have not been able to consult two articles by Maître, J.-P. relevant to this locality, ‘Inventaire préhistorique de l'Ahaggar: III’, Libyca, xvi (1968), 29–54,Google Scholar and ‘Inventaire préhistorique de l'Ahaggar: IV’, Libyca, XX (1972), 103–23.Google Scholar

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¹⁴ For these dates we are grateful to M. Henri Lhote.

¹⁵ Roset, J.-P., ‘Une meule néolithique ornée du Ténéré (Sahara Nigérien)’, Archaeologia, lviii (1973), 66–8.Google Scholar

¹⁶ For this date and those reported below from In Talaylen and Teguef-n'Agar and for accompanying notes, we are grateful to Danilo Grébénart. A paper by P. L., Gouletquer and D. Grébénart entitled ‘Figurines en terre cuite du néolithique de la région d'Agadez (République du Niger)’ is in the press (Bull. Soc. préhist. française).

¹⁷ York, R. N., ‘Excavations at Dutsen Kongba, Plateau State, Nigeria’, W. Afr. J. Archaeol., vii (1978Google Scholar), forthcoming, in which difficulties in interpreting the dates are exhaustively discussed.

¹⁸ Four papers, by Fagg, B., Eyo, Ekpo, Rosenfeld, A. and Fagg, A., dealing with the 1944 and 1964 excavations and with the microlithic industries and the pottery respectively, were published together in W. Afr. J. Archaeol. ii (1972), 1–38Google Scholar. More recently the site has been re-excavated by N. David, and the material as a whole reconsidered. Further samples have been sent for radiocarbon dating, but the results had not been received by the time this article went to press.

¹⁹ Hartle, D., ‘Archaeology in eastern Nigeria’, Nigeria Magazine, xciii (1967), 134–43,Google Scholar and, ‘Archaeology east of the Niger, a review of cultural–historical developments’ (Nsukka, 1972)Google Scholar, mimeo.

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²⁴ We are grateful to Dr V. E. Chikwendu, for information on these dates.

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²⁷ Marliac, A. & Gavaud, M., ‘Premiers éléments d'une séquence paléolithique au Cameroun septentrional’, ASEQUA Bull. Liaison, xlvi (1975), 53–66,Google Scholar and personal communication from Alain Marliac.

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⁴⁰ Diop, C. A., ‘Série III’, (1972).Google Scholar

⁴¹ Elouard, P.et al., ASEQUA Bull. (1977), 37, andGoogle ScholarEvin, E. J. et al. , Radiocarbon (1976), 68Google Scholar, and Elouard, P., Evin, J. and Hebrard, L., ‘Observations et résultats des mésures au radiocarbone sur les cordons littoraux coquillers du Lac Retba – Sénégal’, ASEQUA Bull. Liaison, xlvi (1975), 15–20.Google Scholar

⁴² Linares de Sapir, Olga, ‘Shell middens of Lower Casamance and problems of Diola prehistory’, W. Afr. J. Archaeol., i (1971), 23–54.Google Scholar

⁴³ See discussion in de Maret, P., van Noten, F. and Cahen, D., ‘Radiocarbon dates for West Central Africa: a synthesis’, J. Afr. Hist., xviii (1977), 481–505.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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⁴⁵ We are grateful to P. L. Gouletquer of the Programme archéologique d'urgence In Gall – Teguidda n'Tesemt (I.R.S.H., Niamey) for dates and extensive comments on copper-working in the Azelik region.

⁴⁶ Posnansky, and McIntosh, , J. Afr. Hist. (1976), 184.Google Scholar

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⁴⁸ A possible parallel is a date of 2940±120 b.c. from a ‘pre-Islamic’ burial at Hidden Valley, Adrar Bous (Yamasaki, F., Hamada, C. and Hamada, H., ‘Riken natural radiocarbon measurements: VII’, Radiocarbon, xiv (1972), 223–38CrossRefGoogle Scholar. According to J. D. Clark (ibid. 230–1), the charcoal came from a hearth 61 cm. below the base of a ‘chouchet’-type cairn and 30 cm. above and immediately north-east of the burial – ‘Presumably, it dates wood used for probable funeral fire’.

⁴⁹ A date of 90±? b.c. mentioned by Mauny, R. in Nyame Akuma, x (1977), 63Google Scholar, relating to copper mines and furnaces discovered in Niger by P. Gouletquer seems to be in error.

⁵⁰ Burleigh, R., Hewson, A. & Meeks, N., ‘British Museum natural radiocarbon measurements: IX’, Radiocarbon, xix (2) (1977), 154–5.Google Scholar

⁵¹ A sample from a mass of charcoal in the Nok occupation level at Katsina Ala gave the anomalous date of a.d. 1566±45 (ibid. 155). We are grateful to Mr J. Jemkur for providing us with information on the Nok culture thermoluminescence dates. Samples were sent to the Oxford Research Laboratory to date sites for which there were no radiocarbon age determinations; and to determine to what extent there might be mixed cultural material at sites like Katsina Ala where spindle whorls were found, and Taruga which produced a smoking pipe in level 3 (radiocarbon dated 440±140 b.c. and 280±120 b.c.). Most of the Nok culture thermoluminescence dates have been quoted to us in b.p. form. Their translation into a.d./b.c. is calculated from a ‘present’ of 1975. There is, however, some confusion about the Chado dates. On the figures received from Mr Jemkur, the ‘present’ from which the ages of the samples would be calculated in a.d. terms ranges over a decade within the 1960s and 1970s. Dr Fleming of the Oxford Research Laboratory for Archaeology has subsequently requested that these dates should not be published for the time being. They will be incorporated in the next survey of West African dates.

⁵² We are grateful to Dr B. W. Andah for information on these dates. There is some disagreement between the results of the Harwell and Rikagsku dates and HAR-1569 is anomalous.

⁵³ Marliac and Gavaud, op. cit. 55, and personal communication from A. Marliac. Three thermoluminescence samples from the Tsanaga II site gave dates ranging from the 11th to 19th centuries a.d. but showed an unusually high level of inherent radioactivity. The M.A.S.C.A. laboratory of the University of Pennsylvania therefore has no confidence in the series, which should be ignored.

⁵⁴ Connah, Graham, ‘The Daima sequence and the prehistoric chronology of the Lake Chad region of Nigeria’, J. Afr. Hist., xvii (1976), 321–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁵⁵ The site covers several hectares. A 6 m.2 test excavation revealed the presence of a workshop area for the manufacture of stone axes but, as already seen in the case of Tsanaga II, such axes are not necessarily Neolithic. Batalimo was excavated by de Bayle des Hermens, R. and described by him in Recherches préhistoriques en République Centrafricaine (Paris, 1975).Google Scholar

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⁵⁷ Willett, , J. Afr. Hist. (1971), 368.Google Scholar

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⁶⁰ We are grateful to John Sutton for extensive comments on these dates.

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⁶⁸ We are grateful to Bedaux, R. M. A. for information and comments on these and other dates and for his Tellem; een bijdrage tot de geschiednis van de Republiek Mali (Afrika Museum, Berg en Dal, 1977).Google Scholar

⁶⁹ C. Descamps, ‘Le Sénégal de l'Age de la Pierre à l'Age des Métaux, L'Archéologie et l'Histoire en l'Afrique de l'Ouest, Documents pédagogiques audiovisuels (Paris, Audecam).

⁷⁰ He defines the ‘protohistoric’ period (Descamps, Sénégal, 22Google Scholar) as lasting from the 1st millennium B.C. to the 10th to 14th centuries A.D.

⁷¹ Linares de Sapir, Olga, W. Afr. J. Archaeol. (1971).Google Scholar

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⁸⁰ Diop, , ‘Radiocarbon dates II’, 1977, 161.Google Scholar

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⁸⁹ We thank R. M. A. Bedaux for dates and comments. See also Barth, H. K., ‘Zum Alter der Grab- und Siedlungshügel im Binnendelta des Niger, Mali’, Paideuma, xxii (1976), 231–5.Google Scholar

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⁹⁹ See, for example, Ozanne, P. C., ‘Notes on the early historic archaeology of Accra’, Trans. Hist. Soc. Ghana, vi (1962), 51–70.Google Scholar

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¹⁰⁵ Ozanne, ., J. Hist. Soc. Nigeria, (1964).Google Scholar

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¹⁰⁷ We are grateful to M. R. Talbot for this date.

¹⁰⁸ Shaw, Thurstan, ‘Preliminary report on archaeological work carried out in the Wushishi area, Dec. 1975 to March 1976’, Nyame Akuma, ix (1976), 35–7,Google Scholar gives a brief account of the first season's work at Rafin Ndoko. We are grateful to Professor Shaw for further information on these dates and on those from Kongon Makeri. There are disagreements between the series of dates processed by the Teledyne Isotopes and Rikagaku laboratories.

¹⁰⁹ There are again differences between the results of the two laboratories.

¹¹⁰ Fagan, B. M., ‘Radiocarbon dates for sub-Saharan Africa: VI’, J. Afr. Hist., x (1969), 149–69,CrossRefGoogle Scholar and Willett, , J. Afr. Hist. (1971Google Scholar), and Posnansky, & McIntosh, , J. Afr. Hist. (1976).Google Scholar

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¹¹² The last of these is believed by Willett to be contaminated.

¹¹³ Thermoluminescence dates for the terracotta sculpture and the associated pottery have been published in an earlier survey (Willett, , J. Afr. Hist. (1971), 367Google Scholar), but have been modified because of incorrect application of dose absorption factors arising from water retention in the clay fabric's pores; Willett, & Fleming, , Archaeometry (1976), 138.Google Scholar

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¹¹⁵ Willett, & Fleming, , Archaeometry (1976), 139.Google Scholar

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¹¹⁹ We are grateful to Dr F. N. Anozie for information on there dates.

¹²⁰ We are grateful to Dr V. E. Chikwendu for information on these dates.

¹²¹ We thank Alain Marliac for these dates and the following references: Delibrias, G., Muller, J.-P., Paris, F. & Siefferman, G., ‘Datation par la méthode du C14 d'un volcan situé près de Foumbot (Ouest-Cameroun) et du rajeunissement géomorphologique de cette région’, Communication au Colloque géomorphologique volcanique (Paris, 1975), andGoogle Scholar A. Marliac, ‘Prospections dessites néolithiques et postnéolithiques au Diamaré (Cameroun)’, Cah. O.R.S.T.O.M. (Sci. Hum.), à paraître.

¹²² See footnote 45. Another sample which gave a modern reading is presumably either contaminated or does not relate to the ancient copper workings, see série, Diop III, 1972, 696.Google Scholar

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