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The Lagos Consulate, 1851–1861: An outline

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 January 2009

Robert Smith
Robert Smith
Affiliation:
University of Ibadan
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Extract

The British reduction of Lagos in 1851, their establishment of a semi-protectorate under the consuls, and the annexation of 1861 were due to a complex of causes, partly British, partly African: the movement to suppress the slave trade and to prevent its revival under the guise of contract labour; the encouragement of legitimate trade; the need to protect British and immigrant interests; missionary ambition; French rivalry; the rift in and subsequent weakness of the monarchy; the disordered state of the interior; the Dahomean threat to Abeokuta. Benjamin Campbell, the first substantive consul, laid the foundations of British rule, while his short-lived successors Brand and Foote helped to persuade the British Government that it was desirable and feasible to effect the transition to a colony. The consular decade at Lagos was a time of change which foreshadowed many of the issues of the Partition and was the first step in the making of Nigeria.

Type
Research Article
Information
The Journal of African History , Volume 15 , Issue 3 , July 1974 , pp. 393 - 416
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1974

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References

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7 The organization and precedence of the Lagos chieftancies are disputed, and confusion has been increased rather than mitigated by the Ward–Price Commission of Inquiry into the headship of ‘the House of Docemo’ of 1933 and the Lagos State Inquiry into the selection and appointment of chiefs of 1967. Seniority of chiefs within their order is fairly clearly based, however, on the date of their installation, the Iwoye ceremony.

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32 FO84/886, Granville, to Beecroft, , 24 01 1852.Google Scholar

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34 The Lagos treaty is printed by Burns, History, as Appendix C. For the other treaties, see FO84/893, Wilmot, to Bruce, , 11 02 1852.Google Scholar FO84/894, Wilmot, to Bruce, , 28 02 1852. FO84/920,Google ScholarWodehouse, to Campbell, , 28 02 1853.Google Scholar Also CMI, III (1852), 131.Google Scholar

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36 PP. 1862, LXI, no. 2, 214. It was signed by two Britons, a Hungarian and a Portuguese.

37 CMI, III (1852), 125–6, White's journal.

38 Ibid. 131–3. During this visit Gollmer cultivated the acquaintance of the chiefs from Ijebu Ode who had come to sign the anti-slaving treaty.

39 A copy of the grant was enclosed in FO84/976, Campbell, to Clarendon, , 28 05 1855.Google Scholar

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44 FO84/886, Russell, to Frazer, , 20 12 1852;Google ScholarRussell, to Beecroft, , 22 12 1852.Google Scholar FO847sol;920, Frazer, to Russell, , 13 01 1853;Google ScholarClarendon, to Frazer, , 28 02 1853.Google Scholar FO2/9, Frazer, to Gollmer, , 27 01 1853;Google ScholarGollmer, to Frazer, , 1 02 1853.Google Scholar CA2/087(a), White, to Straith, , 18 04 1854.Google Scholar

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46 PP. 1854 LXXIII, Phillips, to Bruce, , 23 06 1853Google Scholar and enclosures. Scala, , Memorie, 61–4, gives a rather different, probably less accurate, version of this involved affair. Frazer was himself suspected of holding four young Africans ‘in servitude‘: FO84/920,Google ScholarCampbell, to Clarendon, , 23 07 1853, 19 09 1853.Google Scholar

47 FO2/9, Wodehouse, to Beecroft, and Fraser, , both 19 02 1853;Google ScholarWodehouse, to Campbell, (1, 2), 28 02 1853.Google Scholar FO2/10, Admiralty to Wodehouse, , 20 01 1853; FO to Treasury, 19 02 1853;Google Scholar FO to Bruce, , 28 02 1853. There is more correspondence from and to Frazer on FO84/920 and FO2/12.Google Scholar

48 FO84/895, minute of 28 08. on Admiralty to Stanley, , 26 08 1852.Google Scholar

49 The earlier career of Campbell in Sierra Leone and elsewhere on the West Coast is of considerable interest. The writer acknowledges here the generous hep of Mr Christopher Fyfe in tracing Campbell's background and descendants, a tangled story.

50 FO847sol;895, Admiralty to FO, 26 Aug. 1852, enclosing correspondence with Townsend and Abeokuta chiefs, minuted by Malmesbury, on 29 08 1852.Google Scholar See also FO84/891, Stanley, to Hamilton, , 30 08 1852.Google Scholar FO84/886, Malmesbury, to Beecroft, , 14 09 1852.Google Scholar

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52 The change must have taken place between writing his despatch about te kidnapping of the Egba traders, FO84/920, Campbell, to Clarendon, , no 12 1853, and the first week of 01 1854,Google Scholar at the end of which he set off for his first meeting with a representative of Kosoko, which took place at ‘the port of Jabu’, probably Palms: FO84/950, Campbell, to Clarendon, , 29 01 1854.Google Scholar

53 FO84/1061, copy of a report of 23 March 1858 to the French Minister of Marine; Malmesbury, to Campbell, , 21 12 1858;Google ScholarCampbell, to Malmesbury, , 23 12 1858.Google Scholar FO84/1088, Campbell, to Malmesbury, , 28 01 1859.Google Scholar

54 FO8/950, Campbell, to Clarendon, , 21 12 1854,Google Scholar reports ‘a decided attempt’ to revive the trade at Lagos, but it seems to have been a false alarm. See also FO84/1002, Campbell, to Clarendon, , 6 01 1856.Google Scholar

55 FO84/950, Campbell, to Clarendon, , 27 03 1854.Google Scholar FO84/950, Campbell, to Clarendon, , 2 02 1855;Google ScholarClarendon, to Campbell, , 8 05 1855.Google Scholar FO84/1002, Campbell, to Clarendon, , 16 08 1856.Google Scholar

56 FO84/1031, Campbell, to Clarendon, , 10 08 1857, 31 08 1857, 20 10 1857.Google Scholar For the horrifying episode of the Regina Coeli, see FO84/1061, Campbell, to Malmesbury, , 30 04 1858, 3 08 1858.Google Scholar

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58 FO84/1031, minutes by Palmerston, of 25 06 1857 and 6 10 1857Google Scholar on Campbell, to Clarendon, , 4 04 1857 and 1 08 1857 respectively. FO84/1061, Campbell to Clarendon, 6 02 1858.Google Scholar

59 FO84/976, Campbell, to Clarendon, , 2 02 1855, 12 02 1855.Google Scholar FO84/1002, Campbell, to Clarendon, , 26 03 1856.Google Scholar For a general account of Tinubu's career, see Biobaku, S. O. in Dike, K. O. (ed.) Eminent Nigerians of the Nineteenth Century (Cambridge, 1960), 33–41.Google Scholar

60 FO84/1002, Campbell, to Clarendon, , 1 10 1856, 4 11 1856.Google Scholar

61 FO84/1002, Campbell, to Clarendon, , 29 11 1856,Google Scholar with numerous enclosures. FO84/1115, memorandum enclosed in Brand, to Russell, , 5 04 1860.Google Scholar

62 FO84/1031, Clarendon, to Campbell, . 3 10 1857;Google ScholarCampbell, to Clarendon, , 7 04 1857, 4 08 1857, 22 12 1857.Google Scholar

63 FO84/1031, Campbell, to Clarendon, , 5 01 1857.Google Scholar FO84/1061, Campbell, to Clarendon, , 2 02 1858. There was also much smuggling, especially of ivory.Google Scholar

64 Campbell received a stream of directives on this subject, for which see FO84/1031, FO2/20, and FO2/24.

65 See CA2/1031(a), Crowther, to Venn, , 28 11 1853 for an early complaint.Google Scholar

66 FO84/950, Campbell, to Clarendon, , 1 06 1854.Google Scholar

67 FO84/1002, Campbell, to Clarendon, , 14 05 1856, 25 09 1856, 29 11 1856.Google Scholar See also CA2/031(a), Crowther, to Venn, , 25 03 1856, 3 05 1856. Campbell identified the ringleader of his opponents as Grote, O'Swald's agent. For the attempt by the Sierra Leone merchants to summon Scala before their committee because of non-payment of debts and for the campaign in London against Campbell by a Mr Gregory, see FO2/20, FO2/22 and FO2/24.Google Scholar

68 FO84/976, Campbell, to Clarendon, , 30 07 1855.Google Scholar

69 FO84/976, Campbell, to Clarendon, , 4 04 1855;Google ScholarSkene, to Campbell, , 10 04 1855;Google ScholarSkene, to Irving, , 11 04 1855,Google Scholar enclosed in Campbell, to Clarendon, , 28 05 1855;Google ScholarClarendon, to Campbell, , 24 05 1855;Google ScholarCampbell, to Clarendon, , 3 10 1855, 7 12 1855 (36).Google Scholar FO84/1002, Campbell, to Clarendon, , 28 05 1856.Google Scholar CA2/031(a), Crowther, to Venn, , 25 03 1856, 28 07 1856.Google Scholar

70 FO84/950, Campbell, to Clarendon, , 1 06 1854, 12 08 1854 (and FO minute of 22 11 1854), 14 08 1854, 6 12 1854;Google ScholarClarendon, to Campbell, , 21 09 1854(12, 13).Google Scholar FO84/976, Clarendon, to Campbell, , 21 02 1855;Google ScholarCampbell, to Clarendon, , 17 10. 1855.Google Scholar FO84/1061, Campbell, to Clarendon, , 20 04 1858.Google Scholar

71 FO84/976, Campbell, to Clarendon, , 15 02 1855 30 08 1855. FO84/1002, Campbell to Clarendon 26 06 and enclosures. FO84/1031, Campbell to Clarendon, 7 03 1857 and enclosures. FO84/1061, Campbell to Malmesbury, 3 03 1858, 7 04 1858.Google Scholar

72 See FO84/976, Campbell, to Clarendon, , 15 09 1855Google Scholar for a projected visit, also Clarendon, to Campbell, , 5 12. 1855, 29 12 1855.Google Scholar

73 FO2/20, Campbell, to FO, 7 03 1857, 7 04 1857, 30 07 1857; FO to Campbell, 20 04 1857. FO84/1031, Campbell to Clarendon, 30 05 1857.Google Scholar

74 FO84/976, Campbell, to Clarendon, , 2 10 1855, 7 12 1855, 8 12 1855. FO84/1031,Google ScholarCampbell, to Clarendon, , 1 07 1857.Google Scholar FO84/1061, Campbell, to Clarendon, , 3 03 1858.Google Scholar

75 FO84/976, Campbell, to Clarendon, , 30 08 1855,Google Scholar enclosing copy of McCoskry, to Campbell, , 19 08 1855.Google ScholarMcCoskry, thought that a revival of slaving was the main cause of Egba obstacles to trade.Google Scholar

76 FO84/976, Campbell, to Clarendon, , 7 12 1855, 8 12 1855.Google Scholar FO84/1061, Campbell (in Manchester) to Malrnesbury, , 30 07 1858, enclosing a copy of the agreement of 22 05 1858.Google Scholar The second visit followed the burning of Scala's premises in Abeokuta by a hostile crowd: see Scala, , Memorie, 131–9.Google Scholar

77 See CA2/028 for a letter of 2 Nov. 1852 from the Awujale of Ijebu Ode to Forbes, virtually repudiating the anti-slaving treaty signed by his chiefs at Lagos earlier that year.

78 FO84/976, Campbell, to Clarendon, , 16 10 1855.Google Scholar FO84/1061, Campbell, to Clarendon, , 24 03 1856, 26 06 1856 (25). FO847sol;1031,Google ScholarCampbell, to Clarendon, , 2 02 1857, 10 11 1857.Google Scholar FO84/1061, Campbell, to Malmesbury, , 1 03 1858.Google Scholar

79 FO2/20, Campbell, to FO, 2 12 1857. FO84/1061,Google ScholarCampbell, to Malmesbury, , 29 07 1858; 18 10 1858;Google ScholarMalmesbury, to Campbell, , 4 09 1858.Google Scholar FO2/24, Campbell, to FO, 7 08 1858, 1 11 1858;Google ScholarFO to Campbell, , 10 11 1858;Google ScholarCampbell, to FO, 20 12 1858 and FO minutes.Google Scholar

80 FO84/1088, Campbell, to Malmesbury, , 28 01 1859, 4 02 1859 (2, 3), 7 02 1859.Google Scholar

81 FO84/1061, minute by Wylde, , 11 05 1858, on a report of 23 03 1858 from Gorée to the French Minister of Marine. See note 53 above.Google Scholar

82 FO2/28, Lodder, to FO, 30 03 1859. FO2/3, Brand to FO, 12 01 1860, enclosing a memorandum of the conference in 02 1859.Google Scholar

83 FO84/1088, Campbell, to Malmesbury, , 4 03 1859 (6), 03 1859, 6 03 1859, 22 03 1859.Google Scholar

84 FO84/1088, Campbell, to Malmesbury, , 5 04 1859.Google Scholar

85 FO2/28, Lodder to FO, a May 1859.

86 PP. 1865, 68, Q. 1458, McCoskry's evidence.

87 Church Missionary Record (CMR), XXVII (1856), 55–7, XXVIII (1857), 71–3. CMR, V (NS, 1860), 109.Google Scholar See also Ajayi, J. F. A., ‘The Development of Secondary Grammar School Education in Nigeria’, J. Hist. Soc. Nigeria, II, 4 (1963).Google Scholar

88 Burton, , Wanderings, 212–3.Google Scholar

89 Memorie, 224. There are many references in consular accounts and elsewhere to the loss of human lives and material on the bar in these years.Google Scholar

90 Lieutenant, E. F.Lodder, R.N., Acting Consul from 11 1859; George Brand, formerly Vice-Consul at Loanda, Consul from 11 1859 until his death in 06 1860;Google Scholar Lieutenant-Commander Hand, H., R.N., , Acting Consul from 06 1860;Google ScholarFoote, H. G., formerly Consul at Salvador, Consul from 12 1860 to his death in 05 1860.Google Scholar

91 FO84/1088, Brand, to Russell, , 9 04 1860, 16 04 1860, 8 05 1860 enclosing Lodder's report of 7 05 1860.Google Scholar

92 FO84/1088, Lodder, to Russell, , 3 11 1859Google Scholar enclosing a petition by 38 ‘native traders’ against the rumoured stationing of a French gunboat in the Lagos river. The dates for the opening of the Regis factories are from Schnapper, B., La Politique et le Commerce francais dons le Golfe de Guinée de 1838 à 1871 (Paris, 1961), 172–3.Google Scholar

93 FO84/1115, Brand, to Russell, , 9 04 1860 (16). In a despatch of 18 04 1860 Brand told Russell that the king of Dahomey was unpopular at Whydah and it needed little to bring about a revolt there.Google Scholar

94 FO84/1115, Hand, to Russell, , 8 07 1860 and minute of 14 08 1860.Google ScholarGavin, , Palmerston's Policy, 244, seems to attribute this minute to Russell, but the signature is clearly ‘W’.Google Scholar

95 FO2/35, Hand, to FO, 16 06 1860. FO2/36, Admiralty to FO, 13 08 1860. Brand's death took place on board H.M.S. Alecto to which he had been transferred, and he was buried at Badaui-v in a brick vault built, ironically, by Jambo, the Brazilian ex-siaver.Google Scholar

96 For Foote's background and appointment, see FO2/35, Foote, to FO, 14 08 1860, 1 09 1860. His wife gave an account of the domestic side of life at the consulate in her Recollections of Central America and the West Coast of Africa (London, 1869).Google Scholar

97 FO84/1115, Brand, to Russell, , 7 02 1860, 14 05 1860. FO84/1114, Russell to Brand, so 04 1860. FO84/1141, Foote to Russell, 8 01 1861 (3, 4), 8 02 1861.Google Scholar

98 FO84/1141, Foote, to Russell, , 9 02 1861 (6, 9), 8 03 1861 (11), 8 05 1861;Google ScholarFoote, to Wylde, , 10 03 1861;Google ScholarRussell, to Foote, , 23 03 1861 (12).Google Scholar See Folayan, K., ‘The Career of Thomas Tickel in the Western District of Lagos, 1854–1886’, J. Hist. Soc. Nigeria, v, 1 (1969).Google Scholar

99 FO84/1141, Foote, to Russell, , 9 02 1861. (10), and minute of 20 07 1861.Google Scholar

100 FO84/1141, Foote, to Wylde, , 6 04 1861;Google ScholarFoote, to Russell, , 8 05 1861 (20, 21).Google Scholar

101 FO84/1141, Foote, to Russell, , 9 01 1861, 9 03 1861, 1 04 1861,Google Scholar enclosing Edmondstone, to Foote, , 12 03 1861;Google ScholarRussell, to Foote, , 23 01 1861, 23 02 1861.Google Scholar

102 Capt. Jones's report is printed as Appendix I to Ajayi, J. F. A. and Smith, R., Yoruba Warfare in the Nineteenth Century (Cambridge, 1964; 1970 ed.).Google Scholar

103 FO84/1141, Foote, to Russell, , 8 03 1861;Google ScholarFoote, to Wylde, , 10 03 1861.Google Scholar For the protests by some local merchants, see Russell, to Foote, , 23 04 1861 (15, 16);Google ScholarMcCoskry, to Russell, , 30 05 1861. An unsigned and undated minute on the file, probably by Palrnerston, castigates the Royal Navy for their uncooperative attitude in the suppression of the slave trade: ‘… if left to themselves they would take no adequate means to accomplish the object. They look upon the West Coast with the same vague apprehension with which our Fleet in the Bosphorus looked upon the Black Sea before they entered it.’Google Scholar

104 FO84/1141, Foote, to Russell, , 9 05 1861 (22), with minutes by Russell and Palmerston expressing strong approval;Google ScholarFoote, to Wylde, , 10 05 1861. FO2/39, Foote to FO, 7 05 1861. An account by Burton in Wanderings, 194, mentions criticism of the action by ‘a portion of the Manchester press, from which officers and gentlemen have nought to fear save praise’.Google Scholar

105 CO96/58, Russell, to Newcastle, , 7 02 1861;Google ScholarGavin, , Palmerston's Policy, 243–6.Google Scholar

106 Cell, J. W., British ColonialAdministration in the Mid-Nineteenth Century: the Policy Making Process (Yale, 1970), 281–2.Google Scholar

107 FO84/1141, Foote, to Russell, , 9 01 1861, 9 02 1861.Google Scholar See also CO147/1. Freeman, to Newcastle, , 1 07 1862.Google Scholar

108 Cell, , Colonial Administration, chap. viii.Google Scholar See also a review of Cell by Metcalfe, G. E., J. Afr. Hist. XI (1970), 615–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

109 CO96/58, Russell, to Newcastle, , 7 02 1861.Google Scholar

110 FO84/1141, minutes of 3 March 1861 and 4 April 1861, following Foote, to Russell, , 7 01 1861Google Scholar but probably misplaced and referring to Foote, to Russell, , 9 01 1861.Google Scholar

111 FO84/1141, Palmerston's minute of 20 March 1861 on Foote, to Russell, , 9 02 1861.Google Scholar

112 CO96/58, Rogers, to Wodehouse, , 19 01 1861.Google Scholar

113 FO84/1141, Russell, to Foote/McCoskry, , 22 06 1861, and minute of so June 1861 on the draft.Google Scholar

114 McCoskry, known to the Lagosians as Oba Apongbon, ‘Chief Redbeard’, had a long career on the coast and, like Campbell, is ripe for biography. While visiting Britain early in 1861 he bought the Clyde tug Advance which did yeoman service across the Lagos bar. It was McCoskry who as first (Acting) Governor of Lagos laid down the roadway along the waterfront, famous as the Marina.

115 FO84/1141, McCoskry, to Russell, , 508 1861, 7 08 1861;Google ScholarBedingfield, to McCoskry, , 8 08 1861.Google Scholar For the protests against the annexation and for the annexation proceedings, see PP. 1862, LXI (2982) (3003). There is an entertaining description by Burton, , Wanderings, 216–17, probably based on information from McCoskry.Google Scholar

116 CO147/2, McLeod, to Newcastle, , 21 11 1861, suggesting the opening up of the Lagos hinterland by a timber tram road from Lagos to Rabba. Scala, too, speculated in the last chapter of his Memorie on the possibility of linking Lagos with Abeokuta by a railway.Google Scholar

117 Ajayi, J. F. A. and Austen, R. A., ‘Hopkins on Economic Imperialism in West Africa’, Econ. Hist. Rev. XXV, 2 (1972), 304.Google Scholar

118 CO147/6, minute by Barrow, on Freeman, to Newcastle, , 9 03 1864.Google Scholar See also CO147/2, minute on McCoskry, to Russell, , 7 08 1861.Google Scholar

119 Robinson, R. and Gallagher, J., Africa and the Victorians (London, 1961), 39–40.Google Scholar

120 The article derives from a seminar paper given at the Institute of Commonwealth Studies, Oxford in Nov. 1972 and is based on a much longer manuscript concerning the consular period at Lagos.