¹ Coleman, James, Nigeria: Background to Nationalism (Berkeley, 1963), p. 191;Google ScholarKimble, David, A Political History of Ghana, 1850–1928 (Oxford, 1963), p. 375.Google Scholar

² Fage, John D., An Introduction to the History of West Africa (Cambridge, 1962), pp. 209–11;Google ScholarAzikiwe, Nnamdi, Renascent Africa (Lagos, 1937), pp. 28, 98;Google ScholarColeman Nigeria, pp. 222–3;Google ScholarNkrumah, Kwame, Autobiography (Edinburgh, 1957), pp. 55–60.Google Scholar

³ Nkrumah, Kwarne, Africa Must Unite (London, 1963), pp. 140–1;Google Scholar also Legun, Cohn, Pan-Africanism (London, 1962), pp. 75–7.Google Scholar

⁴ I am, of course, referring to recognized, secular sovereign states, and not to the theocratic states which resulted from the Muslim jihads of the late eighteenth and nineteenth century, or any other native African state system.Google Scholar

⁵ See Lynch, Hollis R., Edward W. Blyden, Pan-Negro Patriot (London, 1966), forthcoming.Google ScholarJuly, Robert W., ‘Nineteenth-century Negritude: Edward W. Blyden’, Journal of African History, V (1964), 1, 73–86.Google Scholar

⁶ Blyden, Edward W., West Africa Before Europe (London, 1905), pp. 11, 106.Google Scholar

⁷ Johnston, H. H., Liberia, I (London, 1906), 241.Google Scholar

⁸ For the early history of the colony see Journal of the Maryland Colonization Society, (Feb. 1850), 129–52.Google Scholar

⁹ Lynch, Blyden, Ch. 2.Google Scholar

¹⁰ Fiftieth Annual Report of the American Colonization Society (Washington, 1867), p. 15;Google ScholarBlyden, Edward V., ‘The Negro in Ancient History’, Methodist Quarterly Review,, LI (Jan. 1869), 92.Google Scholar

¹¹ Blyden, Edward W., Liberia's Offering (New York, 1862), see introduction;Google ScholarAfrican Repository, xxxix (May 1863), 140.Google Scholar

¹² The Forty-ninth Annual Report of the American Colonization Society (Washington, 1866), p. 7.Google Scholar

¹³ Johnston, Liberia, p. 238.Google Scholar

¹⁴ Anderson, Benjamin, Narrative of a Journey to Musardu, the capital of the Western Mandingoes (New York, 1870), p. 5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹⁵ Johnston, Liberia, p. 252.Google Scholar

¹⁶ Anderson, Journey to Musardu, see Appendix.Google Scholar

¹⁷ Blyden, Edward W., ‘Mohammedanism in Western Africa’, Methodist Quarterly Review, I, III (Jan. 1871), 74.Google Scholar

¹⁸ The People of Africa, A Series of Papers … (New York, 1871), p. 103;Google Scholar also Reade, W. Winwood (who accompanied Blyden), The African Sketch-Book, 11 (London, 1873), 253.Google Scholar

¹⁹ New York Colonization Journal, xii (07, 1862);Google ScholarC.O. 267/283, Blackall to Cardwell, 2 Feb. i86. In fact, most of the leading Liberians did not wish to encourage talented Africans from the British colonies for fear that they would compete for top positions in the Republic. For instance, whereas citizenship for American emigrants was automatic, West African emigrants had to spend a three-year naturalization period, see C.O. 267/313, W. W. Reade to Granville, Feb. 1870.Google Scholar

²⁰ See Lynch, Hollis R., ‘The Native Pastorate Controversy and Cultural EthnoCentrism in Sierra Leone, 1871–1874’, Journal of African History, V, 3 (1964), 400–2.Google Scholar

²¹ West African Reporter, IV (24 Jan. 1877).Google Scholar

²² Blyden, Edward W., Christianity, Islam and the Negro Race (London, 1888), 231.Google Scholar

²³ Blyden to Coppinger, William, 23 April 1879, American Colonization Society (hereafter A.C.S.) Papers, xix.Google Scholar

²⁴ See Lynch, Blyden, Cn. 7.Google Scholar

²⁵ C.O. 267/312, Blyden to Kennedy, 21 Oct.. 1871. C.O. 267/312, Blyden to Kennedy, 21 Dec.. 1871.Google Scholar

²⁶ C.O. z67/312, Blyden to Pope-Hennessv, 4 Mar. 1872: Report of the expedition to Falaba: C.O. 267/320, No. 6209: Report on the Timbo Expedition.Google Scholar

²⁷ C.O. 267/324 Blyden to Kimberley, 22 Oct. 1873; C.O. 879/8, African No. 82, Blyden to Berkeley, 12 Feb. 1874;Google ScholarHargreaves, John D., Prelude to the Partition of West Africa (London, 1963), p. 169.Google Scholar

²⁸ African Repository, L (Oct. 1874), p. 300.Google Scholar

²⁹ C.O. 267/362, Blyden to Rowe, 22 Oct.. 1885.Google ScholarCf. Fyfe, Christopher, History of Sierra Leone (London, 1962), pp. 401, 455–2.Google Scholar

³⁰ ‘The Diary of a Liberian in America’, Monrovia Observer, III (II 11. 1880).Google Scholar

³¹ Blyden, Edward W., Christianity, Islam and the Negro Race, p. 148.Google Scholar

³² Ibid. p. 124.

³³ Blyden, Edward W., West Africa Before Europe (London, 1905), pp. 106. 116.Google Scholar See, too, Roberts, Stephen H., The History of French Colonial Policy, 1870–1925 (London, 1963), pp. 318–36.Google Scholar

³⁴ Blyden, Edward W., Africa and the Africans… (London, 1907), pp. 8, 34;Google ScholarBlyden to Coppinger, to July 1886, A.C.S. Papers, xxiii+ I.Google Scholar

³⁵ Blyden, West Africa Before Europe, passim.Google Scholar

³⁶ Her major works are Travels in West Africa (London, 1897),Google Scholar and West African Studies (London, 1899).Google Scholar

³⁷ See Journal of the African Society, I (10. 1901), No. I.Google Scholar

³⁸ Blyden's writings specifically on Islam in West Africa are as follows: ‘Mohammedanism in West Africa’, Methodist Quarterly Review, LIII (01. 1871), 62–78:Google Scholar‘Mohammedanism and the Negro Race’, Fraser' Magazine, New Series, XII (11. 1875), 598–675:Google Scholar‘Islam and Race Distinction and The Mohammedans of Nigeria’, Christianity, Islam and the Negro Race, pp. 277–97, and pp. 350–82 respectively,Google Scholar‘Islam in the Western Soudan’, Jour. Afr., Soc., II (10. 1902), 11–37;Google Scholar and ‘The Koran in Africa’, Jour. Afr. Soc., XIV (01. 1905), 157–71.Google Scholar

³⁹ Blyden to Walter Lowrie, 6 Jan. 1877, Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions (hereafter P.B.F.M.), XI.Google Scholar

⁴⁰ Report of the President to the Board of Trustees, Liberia College, Monrovia (Cambridge, Mass., 1882), p. 6.Google Scholar

⁴¹ C.O. 147/242, Blyden to Denton, 10 Apr.. 1899; also C.O. 267/472, Blyden to Antrobus, 4 July 1903.Google Scholar

⁴² Lagos Weekly Record, IX (14 May 1898).Google Scholar

⁴³ C.O. 147/242, Blyden to Denton, 10 Apr.. 1899.Google Scholar

⁴⁴ C.O. 267/47!, Blyden to Antrobus, 4 July 1903.Google Scholar

⁴⁵ Ibid.

⁴⁶ In his writings Blyden frequently referred to the character of the Negro race, but the phrase ‘African Personality’ was actually first used by him in a lecture entitled ‘Race and Study’ delivered in Freetown on 59 May 5893. See Sierra Leone Times (27 May 1893).Google Scholar

⁴⁷ For a full discussion of this question see Lynch, Hollis R., ‘The Native Pastorate Controversy, and Cultural Ethno-Centrism in Sierra Leone, 1871–1874’, Jour. Afr. Hut., v (1964), 3, 395–453.Google Scholar

⁴⁸ Quoted in Ajayi, J. F. A., Christian Missions and the Making of Nigeria (unpublished London Ph.D. Thesis, 1958), p. 611.Google Scholar

⁴⁹ See Lynch, Blyden, 368–4.Google Scholar

⁵⁰ Church Missionary Society Archives G3/A3/o4: Davies, J. L. S., Chairman of Lagos Public meeting to Secretaries of the C.M.S., 2. Oct. 1890.Google Scholar

⁵¹ Blyden, Edward W., The Return of the Exiles and the West African Church (London, 1898), p. 28.Google Scholar

⁵² Agbebi, Majola, Inaugural Sermon (New York, 1903), p. 17.Google Scholar See also Webster, James B., The African Churches among the Yoruba (Oxford, 1964), pp. 65–8.Google Scholar

⁵³ West African Reporter, III (26 Dec. 1876).Google Scholar

⁵⁴ ‘Mohammedanism and the Negro Race’, Fraser's Magazine, New Series, XII (11. 1875), 598–615:Google Scholar‘Christianity and the Negro Race’, XIII (May 1876), 554–68, ‘Christian Missions in West Africa’, XIV (Oct. 1876), 504–22, ‘Africa and the Africans’, XVIII (Aug. 1878), 298–325Google Scholar

⁵⁵ West African Reporter, IV ( Nov. 1887).Google Scholar

⁵⁶ See Horton, James A. B., West African Countries and Peoples (London, 1868).Google Scholar

⁵⁷ Fyfe, Sierra Leone, p. 472.Google Scholar

⁵⁸ Coleman, Nigeria, p. 183.Google Scholar

⁵⁹ See, e.g., Athenaeum, No. 3122 (27 Aug.. 1887), p. 277;Google ScholarC.M.S. Intelligencer (Nov. 1887), p. 650Google Scholar and Notes and Queries, IV (1887), 429.Google Scholar

⁶⁰ Blyden to Coppinger, 14 May. 1887, A.C.S. Papers, XXIV.Google Scholar

⁶¹ Memorial of the Celebration of the Jubilee of Her Majesty's Reign and of the Centenary of Sierra Leone, 1887 (London, 1887), Appendix 5: pp. 93–108.Google Scholar

⁶² Blyden, Edward W., African Life and Customs (London, 1908), see Preface.Google Scholar

⁶³ Ibid. 37.

⁶⁴ West African Reporter, VII (19 02. 1881).Google Scholar

⁶⁵ Blyden, Edward W., ‘Aims and Methods of a Liberal Education for Africans’, Christianity, Islam and the Negro Race, p. 82.Google Scholar

⁶⁶ Stevens, J. C. to Wilson, J. C., 18 June 1901, A.C.S. Papers, XXVIII.Google Scholar

⁶⁷ Liberia Bulletin, No. 9 (Nov. 1896), p. 81.Google Scholar

⁶⁸ C.O. 147/110/16219, Minutes by Read, H. J., 13 Aug. 1896.Google Scholar

⁶⁹ Ibid. Blyden to Carter, 10 Nov. 1896.

⁷⁰ Blyden, Edward W., West Africa Before Europe, introductionGoogle Scholar, and Hayford, J. C. Casely, Ethiopia Unbound: Studies in Race Emancipation (London, 1911), p. 163. In the former Casely Hayford wrote: ‘Edward W. Blyden has sought … to reveal everywhere the African Unto himself; to fix his attention upon original ideas and conceptions, as to his place in the economy of the world; to point out to him his work as a race among races of men; lastly, and most important of all, to lead him back to self-respect. He has been the voice of one crying in the wilderness of all these years calling upon all thinking Africans to go back to the rock whence they were hewn by the common fathers of the nations— to drop metaphor, to learn to unlearn all that foreign sophistry has encrusted upon the intelligence of the African. In the latter he wrote that Blyden was a god descended upon earth to teach the Ethiopians anew the way of life. He came not in thunder, or with sound, but in the garb of a humble teacher, a John the Baptist among his brethren, preaching rational and national salvation. From land to land and shore to shore his message was the self-same one, which, interpreted in the language of Christ was: “what shall it profit a race if it shall gain the whole world and lose its soul”.’Google Scholar

⁷¹ Azikiwe, Nnamdi, Renascent Africa, p. 98,Google Scholarlsquo;The future of Pan-Africanism’; Presence Africaine, XII (1962), 11.Google Scholar