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The Republic at the Table, with Decolonisation on the Agenda: The United Nations Security Council and the Question of Indonesian Representation, 1946–1947
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 15 March 2021
Abstract
This article examines a formative episode in the history of both the United Nations Security Council and Indonesian decolonisation. In August of 1947, Council members authorised an ad hoc delegation from the Republic of Indonesia to participate in its discussions concerning the ongoing Dutch–Indonesian conflict. Focusing on the series of developments that led to the Indonesians taking their seats at the table, this article reveals how Security Council procedures and practices could be used to facilitate the decolonisation process. The Council's involvement in the Dutch–Indonesian conflict—and, in particular, the decision to allow the Indonesians to present their case in this international arena—demonstrates that Europeans’ claims of “domestic jurisdiction” over their colonial territories remained subject to negotiation, and that non-European actors could successfully contest these claims in Council chambers.
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- Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Research Institute for History, Leiden University
Footnotes
*
Jennifer L. Foray is Associate Professor of History at Purdue University. Her publications include Visions of Empire in the Nazi-Occupied Netherlands (Cambridge, 2012) and numerous articles focusing on imperialism, Nazism, and decolonisation. Her current book project examines those groups and individuals who opposed the Dutch–Indonesian decolonisation conflict of 1945–1949.
References
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McMillan, Richard. The British Occupation of Indonesia 1945–1946: Britain, the Netherlands and the Indonesian Revolution. London: Routledge, 2005.Google Scholar
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Mrázek, Rudolf. Sjahrir: Politics and Exile in Indonesia. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell Southeast Asia Program Publications, 1994.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pearson, Jessica Lynne. “Defending Empire at the United Nations: The Politics of International Colonial Oversight in the Era of Decolonization.” The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 45 (2017): 525–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pedersen, Susan. “Empires, States and the League of Nations.” In Internationalisms: A Twentieth-Century History, ed. Sluga, Glenda and Clavin, Patricia, 113–38. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017.Google Scholar
Reid, Anthony J. S. The Indonesian National Revolution 1945–1950. Hawthorn, Australia: Longman Australia, 1974.Google Scholar
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Romijn, Peter. “Learning on ‘the Job’: Dutch War Volunteers Entering the Indonesian War of Independence, 1945–1946.” Journal of Genocide Research 13:3–4 (2012): 317–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sayward, Amy. The United Nations in International History. London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2017.Google Scholar
Scholte, Jan Aart. “The International Construction of Indonesian Nationhood.” In Imperial Policy and Southeast Asian Nationalism 1930–1957, ed. Antlöv, Hans and Tønnesson, Stein, 191–226. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press, 1995.Google Scholar
Sluga, Glenda, and Clavin, Patricia. “Rethinking the History of Internationalism.” In Internationalisms: A Twentieth-Century History, ed. Sluga, Glenda and Clavin, Patricia, 3–14. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017.Google Scholar
Taylor, Alastair M. Indonesian Independence and the United Nations. London: Stevens and Sons, 1960.Google Scholar
Terretta, Meredith. “‘We Had Been Fooled into Thinking that the UN Watches Over the Entire World’: Human Rights, UN Trust Territories, and Africa's Decolonization.” Human Rights Quarterly 34:2 (2012): 329–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thakur, Vineet. “An Asian Drama: The Asian Relations Conference, 1947.” The International History Review (2018): https://doi.org/10.1080/07075332.2018.1434809 .Google Scholar
Weitz, Eric D. “Self-Determination: How a German Enlightenment Idea Became the Slogan of National Liberation and a Human Right.” American Historical Review 120:2 (April 2015): 462–96.Google Scholar
Wiebes, Cees, and Zeeman, Bert. “United States ‘Big Stick’ Diplomacy: The Netherlands between Decolonization and Alignment, 1945–1949.” International History Review 14:1 (1992): 45–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Historisch Documentatiecentrum [HDC] voor het Nederlands Protestantisme (1800–heden), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam:Google Scholar
–Gesina van der Molen Papers (Collection 268).Google Scholar
Library of Congress (LoC) Manuscript Division, Washington, D.C:Google Scholar
–Jeanne, S. Mintz Papers [LoC-JSM].Google Scholar
United Nations Digital Resources and Database Collections, accessible via http://www.un.org/en/index.html:Google Scholar
–Charter; Photo Collection; Official Document System; Security Council Resolutions; DAG Digital Repository of Documents [DAG] of the Dag Hammarskjöld Library.Google Scholar
Serial publications: Examiner (Launceston, Tasmania; Australia); Netherlands News (Netherlands Information Bureau; New York); New York Times; The Times (London)Google Scholar
“Admission of Indian States to the United Nations.” The American Journal of International Law 43:1 (1949): 144–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS) 1945, Volume 6: The British Commonwealth, the Far East. Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1969.Google Scholar
Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS) 1946, Volume 8: The Far East. Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1971.Google Scholar
van Kleffens, Eelco. “The Democratic Future of the Netherlands Indies.” Foreign Affairs 21:1 (1942): 87–102CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Mook, Hubert. The Stakes of Democracy in South-East Asia. London: George Allen and Unwin, 1950.Google Scholar
Rengers, Wilco Julius van Welderen, and Kortenhorst, L. G., eds., Schets eener parlementaire geschiedenis van Nederland. Vol. 5 (1940–1946). ‘s-Gravenhage: Martinus Nijhoff, 1956.Google Scholar
Repertory of Practice of United Nations Organs. Vol. 2 (1945–1954). New York: United Nations, 1955.Google Scholar
Romulo, Carlos P., with Romulo, Beth Day. Forty Years: A Third World Soldier at the UN. New York: Greenwood Press, 1986.Google Scholar
Sastroamidjojo, Ali, and Delson, Robert. “The Status of the Republic of Indonesia in International Law.” Columbia Law Review 49:3 (1949): 344–61.Google Scholar
Security Council Official Records / Procès-verbaux officiels / Nations unie, Conseil de sécurité [SCOR]. New York: s.n., 1946–.Google Scholar
Sjahrir, Soetan. Out of Exile. Trans. and intro. Wolf, Charles Jr. New York: The John Day Company, 1949.Google Scholar
van der Wal, S. L., ed. Officiële bescheiden betreffende de Nederlands-Indonesische Betrekkingen 1945–1950 [NIB]. Derde deel. ‘s-Gravenhage: Martinus Nijhoff, 1973.Google Scholar
Wolf, Charles Jr.. The Indonesian Story: The Birth, Growth, and Structure of the Indonesian Republic. New York: The John Day Company, 1948.Google Scholar
Yearbook of the United Nations, 1946–1947. Lake Success, N.Y.: Dept. of Public Information, United Nations, 1947.Google Scholar
Yearbook of the United Nations, 1947–1948. Lake Success, N.Y.: Dept. of Public Information, United Nations, 1949.Google Scholar
Yearbook of the United Nations, 1948–1949. Lake Success, N.Y.: Dept. of Public Information, United Nations, 1950.Google Scholar
Amrith, Sunil, and Sluga, Glenda. “New Histories of the United Nations.” Journal of World History 19:3 (2008): 251–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bayly, Christopher, and Harper, Tim. Forgotten Wars: Freedom and Revolution in Southeast Asia. Cambridge, Mass.: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2007.Google Scholar
Bhagavan, Manu. The Peacemakers: India and the Quest for One World. New Delhi: Harper Collins Publishers India, 2012.Google Scholar
Bosco, David L. Five to Rule Them All: The UN Security Council and the Making of the Modern World. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Buettner, Elizabeth. Europe after Empire: Decolonization, Society, and Culture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burke, Roland. Decolonization and the Evolution of International Human Rights. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Byrne, Jeffrey James. Mecca of Revolution: Algeria, Decolonization, and the Third World Order. New York: Oxford University Press, 2016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cheong, Yong Mun. H. J. van Mook and Indonesian Independence: A Study of His Role in Dutch–Indonesian Relations, 1945–1948. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1982.Google Scholar
Colbert, Evelyn. “The Road Not Taken: Decolonization and Independence in Indonesia and Indochina.” Foreign Affairs 51:3 (1973): 608–28.Google Scholar
Connelly, Matthew. A Diplomatic Revolution: Algeria's Fight for Independence and the Origins of the Post-Cold War Era. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.Google Scholar
Crowl, Samuel E. “Indonesia's Diplomatic Revolution: Lining Up for Non-Alignment, 1945–1955,” in Connecting Histories: Decolonization and the Cold War in Southeast Asia, 1945–1962 ed. Goscha, Christopher E. and Ostermann, Christian F., 238–257. Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Day, David, ed. Brave New World: Dr. H. V. Evatt and Australian Foreign Policy, 1941–1949. Queensland, Australia: University of Queensland Press, 1996.Google Scholar
Eckel, Jan. “Human Rights and Decolonization: New Perspectives and Open Questions.” Humanity 1:1 (2010): 111–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Friend, Theodore. Indonesian Destinies. Cambridge, Mass.: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2003.Google Scholar
Gardner, Paul F. Shared Hopes, Separate Fears: Fifty Years of U.S.-Indonesian Relations. Boulder, Colo: Westview Press, 1997.Google Scholar
George, Margaret. Australia and the Indonesian Revolution. Melbourne, Australia: Melbourne University Press, 1980.Google Scholar
Glendon, Mary Ann. A World Made New: Eleanor Roosevelt and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. New York: Random House, 2001.Google Scholar
Gordenker, Leon. “The Role of the United Nations in Indonesian Independence.” In The Decolonization of Indonesia: International Perspectives, ed. van Minnen, Cornelis A., 55–71. Middleburg, the Netherlands: Roosevelt Study Center/Stichting VOC-Publicaties Zeeland, 1998.Google Scholar
Gorman, Daniel. “Britain, India, and the United Nations: Colonialism and the Development of International Governance, 1945–1960.” Journal of Global History 9 (2014): 471–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gouda, Frances, with Zaalberg, Thijs Brocades. American Visions of the Netherlands East Indies/Indonesia: US Foreign Policy and Indonesian Nationalism, 1920–1949. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grimal, Henri. Decolonization: The British, French, Dutch and Belgian Empires, 1919–1963. Trans. de Vos, Stephan. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1978.Google Scholar
Homan, Gerlof D. “The United States and the Netherlands East Indies: The Evolution of American Anticolonialism.” Pacific Historical Review 53:4 (1984): 423–46.Google Scholar
Ibhawoh, Bonny. “Testing the Atlantic Charter: Linking Anticolonialism, Self-Determination and Universal Human Rights.” International Journal of Human Rights 18:7–8 (2014): 842–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kahin, George McT. Nationalism and Revolution in Indonesia. Repr., Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell Southeast Asia Program Publications, 2003.Google Scholar
Kahin, George McT., and Barnett, Milton L.. “In Memoriam: Soedjatmoko, 1922–1989.” Indonesia 49 (1990): 133–9.Google Scholar
Kay, David A. “The United Nations and Decolonization.” In The United Nations: Past, Present, and Future, ed. Barros, James. 143–70. New York: The Free Press, 1972.Google Scholar
Legge, J. D. Intellectuals and Nationalism in Indonesia: A Study of the Following Recruited by Sutan Sjahrir in Occupation Jakarta. Ithaca N.Y.: Cornell Modern Indonesia Project Monograph Series, 1988.Google Scholar
Lloyd, Lorna. “‘A Most Auspicious Beginning’: The 1946 United Nations General Assembly and the Question of the Treatment of Indians in South Africa.” Review of International Studies 16:2 (1990): 131–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luard, Evan. A History of the United Nations. Volume 1, The Years of Western Domination, 1945–1955. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1982.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luard, Evan. A History of the United Nations. Volume 2, The Age of Decolonization, 1955–1965. Houndmills: Palgrave, 1989.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mazower, Mark. Governing the World: The History of an Idea, 1815 to the Present. New York: Penguin Books, 2012.Google Scholar
Mazower, Mark. No Enchanted Palace: The End of Empire and the Ideological Origins of the United Nation. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McMahon, Robert J. Colonialism and Cold War: The United States and the Struggle for Indonesian Independence, 1945–1949. Ithaca,N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1981.Google Scholar
McMillan, Richard. The British Occupation of Indonesia 1945–1946: Britain, the Netherlands and the Indonesian Revolution. London: Routledge, 2005.Google Scholar
McNeely, Connie L. Constructing the Nation-State: International Organization and Prescriptive Action. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1995.Google Scholar
Mires, Charlene. Capital of the World: The Race to Host the United Nations. New York: New York University Press, 2013.Google Scholar
Mower, A. Glenn Jr.. “Observer Countries: Quasi Members of the United Nations.” International Organization 20:2 (1966): 266–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moyn, Samuel. The Last Utopia: Human Rights in History. Cambridge, Mass.: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2010.Google Scholar
Mrázek, Rudolf. Sjahrir: Politics and Exile in Indonesia. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell Southeast Asia Program Publications, 1994.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pearson, Jessica Lynne. “Defending Empire at the United Nations: The Politics of International Colonial Oversight in the Era of Decolonization.” The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 45 (2017): 525–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pedersen, Susan. “Empires, States and the League of Nations.” In Internationalisms: A Twentieth-Century History, ed. Sluga, Glenda and Clavin, Patricia, 113–38. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017.Google Scholar
Reid, Anthony J. S. The Indonesian National Revolution 1945–1950. Hawthorn, Australia: Longman Australia, 1974.Google Scholar
Ricklefs, M. C. A History of Modern Indonesia since c. 1200. 4th ed. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2008.Google Scholar
Roehrlich, Elizabeth. “State of the Field Essay on the History of the United Nations and Its Organizations.” H-Diplo Essay No. 153, published April 20, 2018: https://networks.h-net.org/system/files/contributed-files/e153_0.pdf.Google Scholar
Romijn, Peter. “Learning on ‘the Job’: Dutch War Volunteers Entering the Indonesian War of Independence, 1945–1946.” Journal of Genocide Research 13:3–4 (2012): 317–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sayward, Amy. The United Nations in International History. London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2017.Google Scholar
Scholte, Jan Aart. “The International Construction of Indonesian Nationhood.” In Imperial Policy and Southeast Asian Nationalism 1930–1957, ed. Antlöv, Hans and Tønnesson, Stein, 191–226. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press, 1995.Google Scholar
Sluga, Glenda, and Clavin, Patricia. “Rethinking the History of Internationalism.” In Internationalisms: A Twentieth-Century History, ed. Sluga, Glenda and Clavin, Patricia, 3–14. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017.Google Scholar
Taylor, Alastair M. Indonesian Independence and the United Nations. London: Stevens and Sons, 1960.Google Scholar
Terretta, Meredith. “‘We Had Been Fooled into Thinking that the UN Watches Over the Entire World’: Human Rights, UN Trust Territories, and Africa's Decolonization.” Human Rights Quarterly 34:2 (2012): 329–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thakur, Vineet. “An Asian Drama: The Asian Relations Conference, 1947.” The International History Review (2018): https://doi.org/10.1080/07075332.2018.1434809 .Google Scholar
Weitz, Eric D. “Self-Determination: How a German Enlightenment Idea Became the Slogan of National Liberation and a Human Right.” American Historical Review 120:2 (April 2015): 462–96.Google Scholar
Wiebes, Cees, and Zeeman, Bert. “United States ‘Big Stick’ Diplomacy: The Netherlands between Decolonization and Alignment, 1945–1949.” International History Review 14:1 (1992): 45–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar