^* The authors want to thank participants in the panel on Forced Labour and Labour Markets, XI Congress, International Economic History Association, Milan, September 1994, for their comments and observations. Pastore is particulary indebted to Stanley Engerman, Lynn Hollen Lees, and Michael Gonzalez for their encouragement and suggestions. Responsibility for remaining errors or omissions are the authors' alone.

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²⁷ Indigenous slavery existed in Brazil in defiance of government regulations but became legal in São Paulo towards the late seventeenth century — according to Nazzari, Muriel, ‘Transitions Toward Slavery: Changing Legal Practice Regarding Indians in Seventeenth Century Sāo Paulo’, The Americas 49/2 (1993) 131–155 — as a result of the fact that rights of creditors began to receive more emphasis than those of borrowers, a transition characteristic of the general movement towards commercial society. Indigenous enslavement was not abolished in Brazil until the eighteenth century.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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³² Mōner, ‘African Slavery’, 66.

³³ Ibid., 62.

³⁴ Ibid., 63.

³⁵ Ibid., 62.

³⁶ Mōrner, ‘African Slavery’, 57–58. Comparable amounts were sent to Arabia and the Middle East over the ten centuries that those trades existed. Engerman, ‘The Economics of Slavery’, 6.

³⁷ Ibid., 58.

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⁴⁸ Confino, Domaines et seigneurs.

⁴⁹ Tiryakian, ‘Campillo's Pragmatic New System’.

⁵⁰ Fogel, Robert and Engerman, Stanley, Time on the Cross: The. Economics of American Negro Slavery (Boston 1974).Google Scholar

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⁵⁴ Ibid.

⁵⁵ Batchelder and Freudenberger, ‘On the Rational Origins’.