Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dk4vv Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-22T13:38:21.911Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Killing with Kindness The Benevolent Roots of Violence in Early Virginia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 May 2014

Alan S. Rome
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Virginia was founded with a certainty of common humanity that had disastrous consequences for its native peoples. The English established Jamestown in 1607—in what was to become their first permanent settlement in America—with all the mixed motivations of benevolence and grasping desire of any colonial enterprise. Yet they firmly believed the peoples that they found there, whom they called Indians, were as human as themselves. Convinced that they possessed an absolute truth valid for all peoples in all times and places, they desired to embrace and mould these Indians into their own ideal vision of humanity. It was this inclusive embrace of the Indians, and not any cynical attempts to exploit them or to denigrate them as “other,” which led to the destruction of their way of life. The tragedy of the colony was due to the most benevolent of intentions.

Type
Articles
Information
Itinerario , Volume 38 , Issue 1 , April 2014 , pp. 57 - 80
Copyright
Copyright © Research Institute for History, Leiden University 2014 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Bibliography of Works Cited

Primary Sources

Secondary Sources

Adams, Thomas. Mystical Bedlam, or The World of Mad-Men. London, 1615.Google Scholar
Barbour, Philip L., ed. The Jamestown Voyages under the First Charter, 1606-1609…, vol. 1. London: Cambridge University Press, 1969.Google Scholar
Benson, George. A Sermon Preached at Paules Crosse. London, 1609.Google Scholar
Brinsley, John. A Consolation for our Grammar Schooles. London, 1622.Google Scholar
Brooke, Christopher. A Poem on the Late Massacre in Virginia, With Particular Mention of Those Men of Note That Suffered in That Disaster (1622). In The White Man's Indian: Images of the American Indian from Columbus to the Present, edited by Berkhofer, Robert, 20/21. New York: Vintage, 1978,Google Scholar
Broadside, , “A Declaration for the Certaine Time of Drawing the Great Standing Lottery. London, 1615.” In Genesis of the United States, edited by Brown, Alexander, vol. 2: after 760. New York: Russell and Russell, 1964.Google Scholar
Brown, Alexander. The Genesis of the United States. 2 vols. New York: Russell and Russell, 1964.Google Scholar
Chapman, George, et al.Eastward Ho, edited by Fossen, R. W Van. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1979.Google Scholar
Copland, Patrick. Virginia's God Be Thanked. London, 1622.Google Scholar
Council in Virginia, “Letter from Council in Virginia to Virginia Company of London, January, 1621/22.” In Records of the Virginia Company, edited by Kingsbury, Susan, vol. 3: 583–4. Washington, D.C., 1905–1935.Google Scholar
Crakanthorpe, Richard. A Sermon at the Solemnizing of the Happie Inauguration of our most Gracious and Religious Soveraigne. London, 1609.Google Scholar
Crashaw, William. A Sermon Preached in London Before the Right Honorable the Lord Lawarre. London, 1610.Google Scholar
Crashaw, William. “Epistle Dedicatorie.” In Good Newes From Virginia, by Whitaker, Alexander, sigs. A2-D. London, 1613.Google Scholar
Dale, Thomas, “Letter from Dale to Salisbury, Aug 17, 1611.” In Genesis of the United States, edited by Brown, Alexander, vol. 1: 503–6. New York: Russell and Russell, 1964.Google Scholar
De la Warre, Lord. The Relation of the Right Honourable the Lord De-La-Warre, Lord Governour and Captaine Generall of the Colonie, Planted in Virginea. London, 1611.Google Scholar
Donne, John. “A Sermon Preached to the Honourable Company of the Virginian Plantation.” In Five Sermons upon Special Occasions. London, 1626.Google Scholar
Eburne, Richard. A Plaine Pathway to Plantations. London, 1624.Google Scholar
Gentili, Alberico. De jure belli libri tres, edited by Rolfe, John C.. Oxford, 1933.Google Scholar
Gray, Robert. A good speed to Virginia. London, 1609.Google Scholar
Hakluyt, Richard. The Principall Navigations of the English Nation. 6 vols. London: Everyman's Library, 1962.Google Scholar
Hakluyt, Richard. “Pamphlet for the Virginia Enterprise 1585.” In The Original Writings & Correspondence of the Two Richard Hakluyts, edited by Taylor, E. G. R., vol 2: 332–8. London: Printed for the Hakluyt Society, 1935.Google Scholar
Hakluyt, Richard. “Instructions for the Virginia Colony of 1606.” In The Original Writings & Correspondence of the Two Richard Hakluyts, edited by Taylor, E. G. R., vol 2: 492–6. London: Printed for the Hakluyt Society, 1935.Google Scholar
Hakluyt, Richard. “Epistle Dedicatory to the Council of Virginia,” 1609. In The Original Writings & Correspondence of the Two Richard Hakluyts, edited by Taylor, E. G. R., vol, 2: 502/3. London: Printed for the Hakluyt Society, 1935.Google Scholar
Hall, Joseph. The Discovery of a New World or A Description of the South Indies Hetherto Unknowne by an English Mercury. London, 1613.Google Scholar
Hariot, Thomas. Briefe and True Report of the New Found Land of Virginia. Frankfurt, 1590.Google Scholar
Johnson, Robert. Nova Britannia. London, 1609.Google Scholar
-. The New Life of Virginea. New York: Da Capo Press, 1971.Google Scholar
Kingsbury, Susan, ed. Records of the Virginia Company. 4 vols. Washington, D.C., 1905–1935. Las Casas, Bartolomé de. The Spanish Colonie.… Translated by London, M. M. S., 1583.Google Scholar
Mayor, Lord, “Precept of the Lord Mayor to the London Companies.” In Genesis of the United States, edited by Brown, Alexander, vol. 1: 254. New York: Russell and Russell, 1964.Google Scholar
Miguel, Frances, “Report of Francis Miguel…on Virginia to the [Spanish] council of State, July 1, 1610.” In Genesis of the United States, edited by Brown, Alexander, vol. 1: 396. New York: Russell and Russell, 1964.Google Scholar
N. N., A True Declaration of the Estate of the Colonie in Virginia. London, 1610.Google Scholar
-. A True and Sincere Declaration of the Purpose and Ends of the Plantation Begun in Virginia. London, 1610.Google Scholar
Nicholls, Mark. “George Percy's ‘Trewe Relacyon’: A Primary Source for the Jamestown Settlement.” The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 113:3 (2005): 212–75.Google Scholar
Peckham, George, “A True Report of the Late Discoveries…of the Newfound Lands.” In The Principall Navigations of the English Nation, edited by Hakluyt, Richard, vol. 6: 46–71. London; Everyman's Library, 1962.Google Scholar
Percy, George. “Discourse.” In The Jamestown Voyages under the First Charter…, edited by Barbour, Philip, vol.1: 130–145. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1969.Google Scholar
Pory, John, “A Reporte of the Manner of Proceeding in the General Assembly Convented at James City.” In Records of the Virginia Company, edited by Kingsbury, Susan, vol. 3: 157–75. Washington, D.C., 1905–1935.Google Scholar
Rolf, John. A True Relation of the state of Virginia lefte by Sir Thomas Dale, Knight, in May last 1616. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1971.Google Scholar
-. “Letter from John Rolfe to Sir Edwin Sandys, June 8, 1617.” In Records of the Virginia Company, edited by Kingsbury, Susan, vol. 3: 71. Washington, D.C., 1905–1935.Google Scholar
Rosier, James. A True Relation of the most prosperous Voyage…. London, 1605.Google Scholar
Shakespeare, William. The Tempest. In The Norton Shakespeare, edited by Greenblatt, Stephen, et al.New York: W. W. Norton, 1997, 3047–3107.Google Scholar
Smith, John. A true relation of such occurrences and accidents of noate as hath hapned in Virginia since the first planting. London, 1608.Google Scholar
Smith, John. Map of Virginia. Oxford, 1612.Google Scholar
Smith, John. The Generall Historie of Virginia, New-England, and the Summer Isles. London, 1624.Google Scholar
Speed, John. The History of Great Britaine under the Conquests of ye Romans, Saxons, Danes and Normans. London, 1611.Google Scholar
Strachey, William. The Historie of Travell into Virginia Britania, edited by Wright, Louis and Freund, Virginia. London: Printed for the Hakluyt Society, 1953.Google Scholar
Strachey, William, ed. For the colony in Virginea Britannia. Lavves diuine, morall and martiall, &c. London, 1612.Google Scholar
Strachey, William. “A true reportory of the wracke, and redemption of Sir Thomas Gates Knight…July 15. 1610.” In Purchas, Samuel, Purchas his pilgrimes in Five Books. London, 1625.Google Scholar
Symonds, William. Virginia: A Sermon Preached at White-Chappel. London, 1609.Google Scholar
Strachey, William. “The Proceedings of the English Colonie in Virginia since their first beginning from England in the yeare of our Lord 1606, till this present 1612.” In Smith, John, Map of Virginia. Oxford, 1612.Google Scholar
Taylor, E. G. R., ed. The Original Writings & Correspondence of the Two Richard Hakluyts. 2 vols. London: Printed for the Hakluyt Society, 1935.Google Scholar
Thorpe, George and Pory, John. “Letter from George Thorpe and John Pory to Sir Edwin Sandys, May 15 and 16, 1621.” In Records of the Virginia Company, edited by Kingsbury, Susan, vol. 3: 446. Washington, D.C., 1905–1935.Google Scholar
Treasurer and Council for Virginia. “A letter to Sir George Yeardley, June 21, 1619.” In Records of the Virginia Company, edited by Kingsbury, Susan, vol. 3: 147/8. Washington, D.C., 1905–1935.Google Scholar
Virginia Company. “Instructions…to Sir Thomas Gates.” In Records of the Virginia Company, edited by Kingsbury, Susan, vol. 3: 14–21. Washington, D.C., 1905–1935.Google Scholar
Virginia Company. “Instructions to George Yeardley, November 18, 1618.” In Records of the Virginia Company, edited by Kingsbury, Susan, vol. 3: 99–102. Washington, D.C., 1905–1935.Google Scholar
Virginia Company. “A Note of the Shipping, Men, and Provisions, Sent to Virginia, by the Treasurer and Company in the Yeere 1619.” In Records of the Virginia Company, edited by Kingsbury, Susan, vol. 3: 117. Washington, D.C., 1905–1935.Google Scholar
Virginia Company. “Instructions to the Governor and Council of State in Virginia, July 24, 1621.” In Records of the Virginia Company, edited by Kingsbury, Susan, vol. 3: 468–70. Washington, D.C., 1905–1935.Google Scholar
Virginia Company. “Letter from Treasurer and Company to Governor and Council in Virginia, July 26, 1621.” In Records of the Virginia Company, edited by Kingsbury, Susan, vol. 3: 487. Washington, D.C., 1905–1935.Google Scholar
Waterhouse, Edward. A Declaration of the State of the Colony and Affaires in Virginia. London, 1622.Google Scholar
Whitaker, Alexander. Good Newes From Virginia. London, 1613.Google Scholar
Whitbourne, Richard. A Discourse and Discovery of New-found-land with Many Reasons to Prooue how Worthy and Beneficiall a Plantation may There be Made. London, 1620.Google Scholar
Yeardley, George. “A Letter to Edwin Sandys, 1619.” In Records of the Virginia Company, edited by Kingsbury, Susan, vol. 3: 128–9. Washington, D.C., 1905–1935.Google Scholar
Albanese, Denise. New Science, New World. Durham: Duke University Press, 1996.Google Scholar
Andrews, K. R.Trade, Plunder, and Settlement: Maritime Enterprise and the Genesis of the British Empire, 1480-1630. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984.Google Scholar
Anghie, Anthony. Imperialism, Sovereignty and the Making of International Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.Google Scholar
Armitage, David. The Ideological Origins of the British Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.Google Scholar
Axtell, James. The Invasion Within: The Contest of Cultures in Colonial North America. New York: Oxford University Press, 1985.Google Scholar
Bailyn, Bernard. The Barbarous Years: The Conflict of Civilizations, 1600-1675. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2013.Google Scholar
Banner, Stuart. How the Indians Lost their Land: Law and Power on the Frontier. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2005.Google Scholar
Bhabha, Homi K.The Location of Culture, 2nd ed. New York: Routledge, 2004.Google Scholar
Brown, Kathleen M.Good Wives, Nasty Wenches, & Anxious Patriarchs: Gender, Race, and Power in Colonial Virginia. Chapel Hill: Published for the Institute of Early American History and Culture University of North Carolina Press, 1996.Google Scholar
Cannadine, David. Ornamentalism: How the British Saw Their Empire. London: Penguin Books, 2001.Google Scholar
Canny, Nicholas. “The Ideology of English Colonisation: From Ireland to America.” The William and Mary Quarterly 30 (1973): 575–98.Google Scholar
Canny, Nicholas. “The Permissive Frontier: The Problem of Social Control in English Settlements in Ireland and Virginia 1550-1650.” In The Westward Enterprise: English Activities in Ireland, the Atlantic, and America, 1480-1650, edited by Andrews, K. R., et al.Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1979, 17–44.Google Scholar
Chakrabarty, Dipesh. Provincializing Europe: Postcolonial Thought and Historical Difference. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000.Google Scholar
Chaplin, Joyce. Subject Matter: Technology, the Body, and Science on the Anglo-American Frontier, 1500-1676. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001.Google Scholar
Clendinnen, Inga. Dancing with Strangers. Melbourne: Text Publishing, 2003.Google Scholar
Craven, Wesley Frank. “Indian Policy in Early Virginia.” William and Mary Quarterly 1 (1944): 65–82.Google Scholar
Craven, Wesley Frank. Dissolution of the Virginia Company: The Failure of a Colonial Experiment. Gloucester, MA: Peter Smith, 1964.Google Scholar
Cronon, William. Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England. New York: Hill and Wang, 1983.Google Scholar
Donagan, Barbara. “Atrocity, War Crime and Treason in the English Civil War.” American Historical Review 99: 4 (1994): 1137–66.Google Scholar
Edwards, Jess. “Between 7Plain Wilderness’ and ‘Goodly Corn Fields’: Representing Land Use in Early Virginia.” In Envisioning an English Empire: Jamestown and the Making of the North Atlantic World, edited by Applebaum, Robert and Sweet, John Wood, 217–35. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005.Google Scholar
Esmeir, Samera. Juridical Humanity: A Colonial History. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2012.Google Scholar
Faulkner, William. Absalom, Absalom! London: Vintage Books, 2005.Google Scholar
Fausz, Fred. “England's First Indian War, 1609-1614.” Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 98:1 (1990): 3–56.Google Scholar
Ferguson, Arthur. Clio Unbound: Perception of the Social and Cultural Past in Renaissance England. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1979.Google Scholar
Fitzmaurice, Andrew. “Moral Uncertainty in the Dispossession of Native Americans.” In The Atlantic World and Virginia, 1550-1624, edited by Mancall, Peter C.. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007, 383–409.Google Scholar
Fitzmaurice, Andrew. “Powhatan Legal Claims.” In Native Claims: Indigenous Law against Empire, 1500-1920, edited by Belmessous, Saliha, 85–106. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.Google Scholar
Gleach, Frederic W.Powhatan's World and Colonial Virginia: A Conflict of Cultures. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1997.Google Scholar
Green, L. C., and Dickason, Olive P.. The Law of Nations and the New World. Edmonton: University of Alberta Press, 1989.Google Scholar
Guha, Ranajit, and Spivak, Gayatri Chakravarty, eds. Selected Subaltern Studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988.Google Scholar
Hall, Catherine. Civilising Subjects: Metropole and Colony in the English Imagination 1830-1867. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002.Google Scholar
Hatfield, April Lee. “Spanish Colonization Literature, Powhatan Geographies, and English Perceptions of Tsenacommacah/Virginia.” The Journal of Southern History 69:2 (2003): 245–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horn, James. A Land as God Made It: Jamestown and the Birth of America. New York: Basic Books, 2005.Google Scholar
Jaenen, Cornelius J. “Amerindian Views of French Culture in the Seventeenth Century.” Canadian Historical Review 55 (1974): 261–91.Google Scholar
Jennings, Francis. The Invasion of America: Indians, Colonialism, and the Cant of Conquest. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1975.Google Scholar
Kelso, William. Jamestown: The Buried Truth. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Kingsbury, Benedict and Straumann, Benjamin, eds. The Roman Foundations of the Law of Nations: Alberico Gentili and the Justice of Empire. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.Google Scholar
Kosellek, Reinhardt. Futures Past: On the Semantics of Historical Time. New York: Columbia University Press, 2004.Google Scholar
Kupperman, Karen Ordahl. “English Perceptions of Treachery, 1583-1640: The Case of American ‘Savages’,” Historical Journal 20 (1977): 263–87.Google Scholar
Kupperman, Karen Ordahl. Settling with the Indians: The Meeting of English and Indian Cultures in America, 1580-1640. Totowa, New Jersey: Rowman and Littlefield, 1980.Google Scholar
Kupperman, Karen Ordahl. Indians and English: Facing Off in Early America. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2000.Google Scholar
Lukacs, John. Historical Consciousness: or the Remembered Past. New York: Harper and Row, 1968.Google Scholar
MacMillan, Ken. Sovereignty and Possession in the English New World: The Legal Foundations of Empire, 1576-1640. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Mallios, Seth. The Deadly Politics of Giving: Exchange and Violence at Ajacan, Roanoke, and Jamestown. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Mazower, Mark. “The Strange Triumph of Human Rights, 1933-1950.” The Historical Journal 47:2 (2004): 379–98.Google Scholar
Mignolo, Walter D.The Darker Side of the Renaissance: Literacy, Territoriality, and Colonization. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1995.Google Scholar
Morgan, Edmund. American Slavery, American Freedom. New York: W. W. Norton, 1975.Google Scholar
Moyn, Samuel. The Last Utopia: Human Rights in History. Cambridge: Belknap Press, 2010.Google Scholar
Oberg, Michael Leroy. Dominion and Civility: English Imperialism and Native America, 1585-1685. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1999.Google Scholar
Pagden, Anthony. The Fall of Natural Man: The American Indian and the Origins of Comparative Ethnology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986Google Scholar
Pagden, Anthony. Lords of all the World: Ideologies of Empire in Spain, Britain and France c. 1500-1800. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995.Google Scholar
Parker, John. Books to Build an Empire. Amsterdam: N. Israel, 1965.Google Scholar
Pearce, Roy H.Savagism and Civilization: A Study of the Indian and the American Mind. 2nd ed. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1965.Google Scholar
Porter, H. C.The Inconstant Savage: England and the North American Indian 1500-1660. London: Duckworth, 1979.Google Scholar
Potter, Stephen R. “Early English Effects on Virginia Algonquian Exchange and Tribute in the Tidewater Potomac.” In Powhatan's Mantle: Indians in the Colonial Southeast, edited by Wood, Peter, et al.Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 1989, 151–72.Google Scholar
Pratt, Mary Louise. Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and Transculturation. London: Routledge, 1992.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Quitt, Martin H. “Trade and Acculturation at Jamestown, 1607-1609: The Limits of Understanding.” William and Mary Quarterly 52 (1995): 227–58.Google Scholar
Rice, James D. “Escape from Tsenacommacah: Chesapeake Algonquians and the Powhatan Menace.” In The Atlantic World and Virginia, 1550-1624, edited by Mancall, Peter C., Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007, 97–140.Google Scholar
Richter, Daniel K. “Tsenacommacah and the Atlantic World.” In The Atlantic World and Virginia, 1550-1624, edited by Mancall, Peter C., 29–65. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007.Google Scholar
Rountree, Helen C.The Powhatan Indians of Virginia: Their Traditional Culture. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1989.Google Scholar
Rountree, Helen C.. Pocahontas's People: The Powhatan Indians of Virginia Through Four Centuries. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1990.Google Scholar
Rountree, Helen C.. Pocahontas, Powhatan, Opechancanough: Three Indian Lives Changed by Jamestown. Virginia: University of Virginia Press, 2005.Google Scholar
Sacks, David Harris. “The True Temper of Empire: Dominion, Friendship and Exchange in the English Atlantic, c. 1575-1625.” Renaissance Studies 26:4 (2012): 531–58.Google Scholar
Said, Edward. Orientalism. London: Penguin Books, 1978.Google Scholar
Steele, Ian. Warpaths: Invasions of North America. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994.Google Scholar
Todorov, Tzvetan. The Conquest of America: The Question of the Other. New York, 1984.Google Scholar
Tomlins, Christopher. Freedom Bound: Law, Labor, and Civic Identity in Colonizing English America, 1580-1825. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.Google Scholar
Townshend, Camilla. Pocahontas and the Powhatan Dilemma. New York: Hill and Wang, 2004.Google Scholar
Vaughan, Alden. New England Frontier: Puritans and Indians, 1620-1675. Boston: Little, Brown, 1965.Google Scholar
Vaughan, Alden T. “Powhatans Abroad: Virginia Indians in England.” In Envisioning an English Empire: Jamestown and the Making of the North Atlantic World, edited by Applebaum, Robert and Sweet, John Wood. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005, 49–67.Google Scholar
Vaughan, Alden, and Vaughan, Virginia. Shakespeare's Caliban: A Cultural History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.Google Scholar
Vico, Giambattista. New Science. London: Penguin Books, 2001.Google Scholar
White, Richard. The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650-1815. Cambridge University Press: New York, 1991.Google Scholar
Williams, Robert A. Jr.The American Indian in Western Legal Thought: The Discourse of Conquest. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990.Google Scholar
Williamson, Margaret Holmes. Powhatan Lords of Life and Death. London: University of Nebraska Press, 2003.Google Scholar
Wright, Louis. Religion and Empire: The Alliance Between Piety and Commerce in English Expansion, 1558-1625. New York, 1965.Google Scholar
Adams, Thomas. Mystical Bedlam, or The World of Mad-Men. London, 1615.Google Scholar
Barbour, Philip L., ed. The Jamestown Voyages under the First Charter, 1606-1609…, vol. 1. London: Cambridge University Press, 1969.Google Scholar
Benson, George. A Sermon Preached at Paules Crosse. London, 1609.Google Scholar
Brinsley, John. A Consolation for our Grammar Schooles. London, 1622.Google Scholar
Brooke, Christopher. A Poem on the Late Massacre in Virginia, With Particular Mention of Those Men of Note That Suffered in That Disaster (1622). In The White Man's Indian: Images of the American Indian from Columbus to the Present, edited by Berkhofer, Robert, 20/21. New York: Vintage, 1978,Google Scholar
Broadside, , “A Declaration for the Certaine Time of Drawing the Great Standing Lottery. London, 1615.” In Genesis of the United States, edited by Brown, Alexander, vol. 2: after 760. New York: Russell and Russell, 1964.Google Scholar
Brown, Alexander. The Genesis of the United States. 2 vols. New York: Russell and Russell, 1964.Google Scholar
Chapman, George, et al.Eastward Ho, edited by Fossen, R. W Van. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1979.Google Scholar
Copland, Patrick. Virginia's God Be Thanked. London, 1622.Google Scholar
Council in Virginia, “Letter from Council in Virginia to Virginia Company of London, January, 1621/22.” In Records of the Virginia Company, edited by Kingsbury, Susan, vol. 3: 583–4. Washington, D.C., 1905–1935.Google Scholar
Crakanthorpe, Richard. A Sermon at the Solemnizing of the Happie Inauguration of our most Gracious and Religious Soveraigne. London, 1609.Google Scholar
Crashaw, William. A Sermon Preached in London Before the Right Honorable the Lord Lawarre. London, 1610.Google Scholar
Crashaw, William. “Epistle Dedicatorie.” In Good Newes From Virginia, by Whitaker, Alexander, sigs. A2-D. London, 1613.Google Scholar
Dale, Thomas, “Letter from Dale to Salisbury, Aug 17, 1611.” In Genesis of the United States, edited by Brown, Alexander, vol. 1: 503–6. New York: Russell and Russell, 1964.Google Scholar
De la Warre, Lord. The Relation of the Right Honourable the Lord De-La-Warre, Lord Governour and Captaine Generall of the Colonie, Planted in Virginea. London, 1611.Google Scholar
Donne, John. “A Sermon Preached to the Honourable Company of the Virginian Plantation.” In Five Sermons upon Special Occasions. London, 1626.Google Scholar
Eburne, Richard. A Plaine Pathway to Plantations. London, 1624.Google Scholar
Gentili, Alberico. De jure belli libri tres, edited by Rolfe, John C.. Oxford, 1933.Google Scholar
Gray, Robert. A good speed to Virginia. London, 1609.Google Scholar
Hakluyt, Richard. The Principall Navigations of the English Nation. 6 vols. London: Everyman's Library, 1962.Google Scholar
Hakluyt, Richard. “Pamphlet for the Virginia Enterprise 1585.” In The Original Writings & Correspondence of the Two Richard Hakluyts, edited by Taylor, E. G. R., vol 2: 332–8. London: Printed for the Hakluyt Society, 1935.Google Scholar
Hakluyt, Richard. “Instructions for the Virginia Colony of 1606.” In The Original Writings & Correspondence of the Two Richard Hakluyts, edited by Taylor, E. G. R., vol 2: 492–6. London: Printed for the Hakluyt Society, 1935.Google Scholar
Hakluyt, Richard. “Epistle Dedicatory to the Council of Virginia,” 1609. In The Original Writings & Correspondence of the Two Richard Hakluyts, edited by Taylor, E. G. R., vol, 2: 502/3. London: Printed for the Hakluyt Society, 1935.Google Scholar
Hall, Joseph. The Discovery of a New World or A Description of the South Indies Hetherto Unknowne by an English Mercury. London, 1613.Google Scholar
Hariot, Thomas. Briefe and True Report of the New Found Land of Virginia. Frankfurt, 1590.Google Scholar
Johnson, Robert. Nova Britannia. London, 1609.Google Scholar
-. The New Life of Virginea. New York: Da Capo Press, 1971.Google Scholar
Kingsbury, Susan, ed. Records of the Virginia Company. 4 vols. Washington, D.C., 1905–1935. Las Casas, Bartolomé de. The Spanish Colonie.… Translated by London, M. M. S., 1583.Google Scholar
Mayor, Lord, “Precept of the Lord Mayor to the London Companies.” In Genesis of the United States, edited by Brown, Alexander, vol. 1: 254. New York: Russell and Russell, 1964.Google Scholar
Miguel, Frances, “Report of Francis Miguel…on Virginia to the [Spanish] council of State, July 1, 1610.” In Genesis of the United States, edited by Brown, Alexander, vol. 1: 396. New York: Russell and Russell, 1964.Google Scholar
N. N., A True Declaration of the Estate of the Colonie in Virginia. London, 1610.Google Scholar
-. A True and Sincere Declaration of the Purpose and Ends of the Plantation Begun in Virginia. London, 1610.Google Scholar
Nicholls, Mark. “George Percy's ‘Trewe Relacyon’: A Primary Source for the Jamestown Settlement.” The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 113:3 (2005): 212–75.Google Scholar
Peckham, George, “A True Report of the Late Discoveries…of the Newfound Lands.” In The Principall Navigations of the English Nation, edited by Hakluyt, Richard, vol. 6: 46–71. London; Everyman's Library, 1962.Google Scholar
Percy, George. “Discourse.” In The Jamestown Voyages under the First Charter…, edited by Barbour, Philip, vol.1: 130–145. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1969.Google Scholar
Pory, John, “A Reporte of the Manner of Proceeding in the General Assembly Convented at James City.” In Records of the Virginia Company, edited by Kingsbury, Susan, vol. 3: 157–75. Washington, D.C., 1905–1935.Google Scholar
Rolf, John. A True Relation of the state of Virginia lefte by Sir Thomas Dale, Knight, in May last 1616. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1971.Google Scholar
-. “Letter from John Rolfe to Sir Edwin Sandys, June 8, 1617.” In Records of the Virginia Company, edited by Kingsbury, Susan, vol. 3: 71. Washington, D.C., 1905–1935.Google Scholar
Rosier, James. A True Relation of the most prosperous Voyage…. London, 1605.Google Scholar
Shakespeare, William. The Tempest. In The Norton Shakespeare, edited by Greenblatt, Stephen, et al.New York: W. W. Norton, 1997, 3047–3107.Google Scholar
Smith, John. A true relation of such occurrences and accidents of noate as hath hapned in Virginia since the first planting. London, 1608.Google Scholar
Smith, John. Map of Virginia. Oxford, 1612.Google Scholar
Smith, John. The Generall Historie of Virginia, New-England, and the Summer Isles. London, 1624.Google Scholar
Speed, John. The History of Great Britaine under the Conquests of ye Romans, Saxons, Danes and Normans. London, 1611.Google Scholar
Strachey, William. The Historie of Travell into Virginia Britania, edited by Wright, Louis and Freund, Virginia. London: Printed for the Hakluyt Society, 1953.Google Scholar
Strachey, William, ed. For the colony in Virginea Britannia. Lavves diuine, morall and martiall, &c. London, 1612.Google Scholar
Strachey, William. “A true reportory of the wracke, and redemption of Sir Thomas Gates Knight…July 15. 1610.” In Purchas, Samuel, Purchas his pilgrimes in Five Books. London, 1625.Google Scholar
Symonds, William. Virginia: A Sermon Preached at White-Chappel. London, 1609.Google Scholar
Strachey, William. “The Proceedings of the English Colonie in Virginia since their first beginning from England in the yeare of our Lord 1606, till this present 1612.” In Smith, John, Map of Virginia. Oxford, 1612.Google Scholar
Taylor, E. G. R., ed. The Original Writings & Correspondence of the Two Richard Hakluyts. 2 vols. London: Printed for the Hakluyt Society, 1935.Google Scholar
Thorpe, George and Pory, John. “Letter from George Thorpe and John Pory to Sir Edwin Sandys, May 15 and 16, 1621.” In Records of the Virginia Company, edited by Kingsbury, Susan, vol. 3: 446. Washington, D.C., 1905–1935.Google Scholar
Treasurer and Council for Virginia. “A letter to Sir George Yeardley, June 21, 1619.” In Records of the Virginia Company, edited by Kingsbury, Susan, vol. 3: 147/8. Washington, D.C., 1905–1935.Google Scholar
Virginia Company. “Instructions…to Sir Thomas Gates.” In Records of the Virginia Company, edited by Kingsbury, Susan, vol. 3: 14–21. Washington, D.C., 1905–1935.Google Scholar
Virginia Company. “Instructions to George Yeardley, November 18, 1618.” In Records of the Virginia Company, edited by Kingsbury, Susan, vol. 3: 99–102. Washington, D.C., 1905–1935.Google Scholar
Virginia Company. “A Note of the Shipping, Men, and Provisions, Sent to Virginia, by the Treasurer and Company in the Yeere 1619.” In Records of the Virginia Company, edited by Kingsbury, Susan, vol. 3: 117. Washington, D.C., 1905–1935.Google Scholar
Virginia Company. “Instructions to the Governor and Council of State in Virginia, July 24, 1621.” In Records of the Virginia Company, edited by Kingsbury, Susan, vol. 3: 468–70. Washington, D.C., 1905–1935.Google Scholar
Virginia Company. “Letter from Treasurer and Company to Governor and Council in Virginia, July 26, 1621.” In Records of the Virginia Company, edited by Kingsbury, Susan, vol. 3: 487. Washington, D.C., 1905–1935.Google Scholar
Waterhouse, Edward. A Declaration of the State of the Colony and Affaires in Virginia. London, 1622.Google Scholar
Whitaker, Alexander. Good Newes From Virginia. London, 1613.Google Scholar
Whitbourne, Richard. A Discourse and Discovery of New-found-land with Many Reasons to Prooue how Worthy and Beneficiall a Plantation may There be Made. London, 1620.Google Scholar
Yeardley, George. “A Letter to Edwin Sandys, 1619.” In Records of the Virginia Company, edited by Kingsbury, Susan, vol. 3: 128–9. Washington, D.C., 1905–1935.Google Scholar
Albanese, Denise. New Science, New World. Durham: Duke University Press, 1996.Google Scholar
Andrews, K. R.Trade, Plunder, and Settlement: Maritime Enterprise and the Genesis of the British Empire, 1480-1630. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984.Google Scholar
Anghie, Anthony. Imperialism, Sovereignty and the Making of International Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.Google Scholar
Armitage, David. The Ideological Origins of the British Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.Google Scholar
Axtell, James. The Invasion Within: The Contest of Cultures in Colonial North America. New York: Oxford University Press, 1985.Google Scholar
Bailyn, Bernard. The Barbarous Years: The Conflict of Civilizations, 1600-1675. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2013.Google Scholar
Banner, Stuart. How the Indians Lost their Land: Law and Power on the Frontier. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2005.Google Scholar
Bhabha, Homi K.The Location of Culture, 2nd ed. New York: Routledge, 2004.Google Scholar
Brown, Kathleen M.Good Wives, Nasty Wenches, & Anxious Patriarchs: Gender, Race, and Power in Colonial Virginia. Chapel Hill: Published for the Institute of Early American History and Culture University of North Carolina Press, 1996.Google Scholar
Cannadine, David. Ornamentalism: How the British Saw Their Empire. London: Penguin Books, 2001.Google Scholar
Canny, Nicholas. “The Ideology of English Colonisation: From Ireland to America.” The William and Mary Quarterly 30 (1973): 575–98.Google Scholar
Canny, Nicholas. “The Permissive Frontier: The Problem of Social Control in English Settlements in Ireland and Virginia 1550-1650.” In The Westward Enterprise: English Activities in Ireland, the Atlantic, and America, 1480-1650, edited by Andrews, K. R., et al.Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1979, 17–44.Google Scholar
Chakrabarty, Dipesh. Provincializing Europe: Postcolonial Thought and Historical Difference. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000.Google Scholar
Chaplin, Joyce. Subject Matter: Technology, the Body, and Science on the Anglo-American Frontier, 1500-1676. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001.Google Scholar
Clendinnen, Inga. Dancing with Strangers. Melbourne: Text Publishing, 2003.Google Scholar
Craven, Wesley Frank. “Indian Policy in Early Virginia.” William and Mary Quarterly 1 (1944): 65–82.Google Scholar
Craven, Wesley Frank. Dissolution of the Virginia Company: The Failure of a Colonial Experiment. Gloucester, MA: Peter Smith, 1964.Google Scholar
Cronon, William. Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England. New York: Hill and Wang, 1983.Google Scholar
Donagan, Barbara. “Atrocity, War Crime and Treason in the English Civil War.” American Historical Review 99: 4 (1994): 1137–66.Google Scholar
Edwards, Jess. “Between 7Plain Wilderness’ and ‘Goodly Corn Fields’: Representing Land Use in Early Virginia.” In Envisioning an English Empire: Jamestown and the Making of the North Atlantic World, edited by Applebaum, Robert and Sweet, John Wood, 217–35. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005.Google Scholar
Esmeir, Samera. Juridical Humanity: A Colonial History. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2012.Google Scholar
Faulkner, William. Absalom, Absalom! London: Vintage Books, 2005.Google Scholar
Fausz, Fred. “England's First Indian War, 1609-1614.” Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 98:1 (1990): 3–56.Google Scholar
Ferguson, Arthur. Clio Unbound: Perception of the Social and Cultural Past in Renaissance England. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1979.Google Scholar
Fitzmaurice, Andrew. “Moral Uncertainty in the Dispossession of Native Americans.” In The Atlantic World and Virginia, 1550-1624, edited by Mancall, Peter C.. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007, 383–409.Google Scholar
Fitzmaurice, Andrew. “Powhatan Legal Claims.” In Native Claims: Indigenous Law against Empire, 1500-1920, edited by Belmessous, Saliha, 85–106. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.Google Scholar
Gleach, Frederic W.Powhatan's World and Colonial Virginia: A Conflict of Cultures. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1997.Google Scholar
Green, L. C., and Dickason, Olive P.. The Law of Nations and the New World. Edmonton: University of Alberta Press, 1989.Google Scholar
Guha, Ranajit, and Spivak, Gayatri Chakravarty, eds. Selected Subaltern Studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988.Google Scholar
Hall, Catherine. Civilising Subjects: Metropole and Colony in the English Imagination 1830-1867. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002.Google Scholar
Hatfield, April Lee. “Spanish Colonization Literature, Powhatan Geographies, and English Perceptions of Tsenacommacah/Virginia.” The Journal of Southern History 69:2 (2003): 245–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horn, James. A Land as God Made It: Jamestown and the Birth of America. New York: Basic Books, 2005.Google Scholar
Jaenen, Cornelius J. “Amerindian Views of French Culture in the Seventeenth Century.” Canadian Historical Review 55 (1974): 261–91.Google Scholar
Jennings, Francis. The Invasion of America: Indians, Colonialism, and the Cant of Conquest. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1975.Google Scholar
Kelso, William. Jamestown: The Buried Truth. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Kingsbury, Benedict and Straumann, Benjamin, eds. The Roman Foundations of the Law of Nations: Alberico Gentili and the Justice of Empire. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.Google Scholar
Kosellek, Reinhardt. Futures Past: On the Semantics of Historical Time. New York: Columbia University Press, 2004.Google Scholar
Kupperman, Karen Ordahl. “English Perceptions of Treachery, 1583-1640: The Case of American ‘Savages’,” Historical Journal 20 (1977): 263–87.Google Scholar
Kupperman, Karen Ordahl. Settling with the Indians: The Meeting of English and Indian Cultures in America, 1580-1640. Totowa, New Jersey: Rowman and Littlefield, 1980.Google Scholar
Kupperman, Karen Ordahl. Indians and English: Facing Off in Early America. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2000.Google Scholar
Lukacs, John. Historical Consciousness: or the Remembered Past. New York: Harper and Row, 1968.Google Scholar
MacMillan, Ken. Sovereignty and Possession in the English New World: The Legal Foundations of Empire, 1576-1640. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Mallios, Seth. The Deadly Politics of Giving: Exchange and Violence at Ajacan, Roanoke, and Jamestown. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Mazower, Mark. “The Strange Triumph of Human Rights, 1933-1950.” The Historical Journal 47:2 (2004): 379–98.Google Scholar
Mignolo, Walter D.The Darker Side of the Renaissance: Literacy, Territoriality, and Colonization. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1995.Google Scholar
Morgan, Edmund. American Slavery, American Freedom. New York: W. W. Norton, 1975.Google Scholar
Moyn, Samuel. The Last Utopia: Human Rights in History. Cambridge: Belknap Press, 2010.Google Scholar
Oberg, Michael Leroy. Dominion and Civility: English Imperialism and Native America, 1585-1685. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1999.Google Scholar
Pagden, Anthony. The Fall of Natural Man: The American Indian and the Origins of Comparative Ethnology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986Google Scholar
Pagden, Anthony. Lords of all the World: Ideologies of Empire in Spain, Britain and France c. 1500-1800. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995.Google Scholar
Parker, John. Books to Build an Empire. Amsterdam: N. Israel, 1965.Google Scholar
Pearce, Roy H.Savagism and Civilization: A Study of the Indian and the American Mind. 2nd ed. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1965.Google Scholar
Porter, H. C.The Inconstant Savage: England and the North American Indian 1500-1660. London: Duckworth, 1979.Google Scholar
Potter, Stephen R. “Early English Effects on Virginia Algonquian Exchange and Tribute in the Tidewater Potomac.” In Powhatan's Mantle: Indians in the Colonial Southeast, edited by Wood, Peter, et al.Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 1989, 151–72.Google Scholar
Pratt, Mary Louise. Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and Transculturation. London: Routledge, 1992.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Quitt, Martin H. “Trade and Acculturation at Jamestown, 1607-1609: The Limits of Understanding.” William and Mary Quarterly 52 (1995): 227–58.Google Scholar
Rice, James D. “Escape from Tsenacommacah: Chesapeake Algonquians and the Powhatan Menace.” In The Atlantic World and Virginia, 1550-1624, edited by Mancall, Peter C., Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007, 97–140.Google Scholar
Richter, Daniel K. “Tsenacommacah and the Atlantic World.” In The Atlantic World and Virginia, 1550-1624, edited by Mancall, Peter C., 29–65. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007.Google Scholar
Rountree, Helen C.The Powhatan Indians of Virginia: Their Traditional Culture. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1989.Google Scholar
Rountree, Helen C.. Pocahontas's People: The Powhatan Indians of Virginia Through Four Centuries. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1990.Google Scholar
Rountree, Helen C.. Pocahontas, Powhatan, Opechancanough: Three Indian Lives Changed by Jamestown. Virginia: University of Virginia Press, 2005.Google Scholar
Sacks, David Harris. “The True Temper of Empire: Dominion, Friendship and Exchange in the English Atlantic, c. 1575-1625.” Renaissance Studies 26:4 (2012): 531–58.Google Scholar
Said, Edward. Orientalism. London: Penguin Books, 1978.Google Scholar
Steele, Ian. Warpaths: Invasions of North America. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994.Google Scholar
Todorov, Tzvetan. The Conquest of America: The Question of the Other. New York, 1984.Google Scholar
Tomlins, Christopher. Freedom Bound: Law, Labor, and Civic Identity in Colonizing English America, 1580-1825. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.Google Scholar
Townshend, Camilla. Pocahontas and the Powhatan Dilemma. New York: Hill and Wang, 2004.Google Scholar
Vaughan, Alden. New England Frontier: Puritans and Indians, 1620-1675. Boston: Little, Brown, 1965.Google Scholar
Vaughan, Alden T. “Powhatans Abroad: Virginia Indians in England.” In Envisioning an English Empire: Jamestown and the Making of the North Atlantic World, edited by Applebaum, Robert and Sweet, John Wood. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005, 49–67.Google Scholar
Vaughan, Alden, and Vaughan, Virginia. Shakespeare's Caliban: A Cultural History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.Google Scholar
Vico, Giambattista. New Science. London: Penguin Books, 2001.Google Scholar
White, Richard. The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650-1815. Cambridge University Press: New York, 1991.Google Scholar
Williams, Robert A. Jr.The American Indian in Western Legal Thought: The Discourse of Conquest. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990.Google Scholar
Williamson, Margaret Holmes. Powhatan Lords of Life and Death. London: University of Nebraska Press, 2003.Google Scholar
Wright, Louis. Religion and Empire: The Alliance Between Piety and Commerce in English Expansion, 1558-1625. New York, 1965.Google Scholar