No CrossRef data available.
We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.
We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 22 June 2011
The reason to compare the recent histories of India and Indonesia was that they were the scenes of the two most extensive and populous colonial empires of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The decision to push back the comparison to the pre-colonial era meant loosing track of the vital focus of the enterprise. Moreover, pre-colonial India presents a unity in only some respects whereas Indonesia as a territorial concept did not even exist then. The tendency of Indonesianists to focus, for convenience's sake, on the island of Java seems to become inescapable. This confronts those on the Indian wing of the comparison with the dilemma to what extent they are entitled to give up Indian unity and if they do, what part of India compares best with insular Java. Especially fit for comparison seem the regional states of South India: Vijayanagar, Madurai etc. Both the rice-based economies of the South Indian states and their size suggests this. Although Java became the core region of one of the colonial empires, whereas the South Indian states would stay at the periphery of the other, such a comparison could well be fruitful.
1 Khan, Nawwab Samsam-ud-Daula Shah Nawaz and his son ‘Abdul Hayy, The Maathir-ul-Umara. transl. Baini Prashad, H. Beveridgeand (3 vols. repr. Patna 1979) (henceforth M.U.) 713, 441.Google Scholar
2 van den Berg, L.W.C., ‘De Mohammedaanse vorsten in Nederlandsch-Indië’, Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde (BKI) 53 (1901) 1–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
3 de Graaf, H.J., De Vijf Cezantschapsreizen van Rijklof van Goensns naar het hof van Mataram 1648–1654 ('s-Gravenhage 1956) 222.Google Scholar
4 Claessen, H.J., ‘Kingship in the Early State’,.BKI 142(1986) 113–128.Google Scholar
5 Moertono, S., State and Statecraft in Old Java (Cornell 1968) passim.Google Scholar
6 B. MacDonald, The Serat Rama of Yasadipura (B.A. thesis A.N.U. 1979) 94–95.
7 See Wilkens', J.A. edition of the Serat Séwaka in: Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch-Indiē (TNI) 12, 2 (1850) 289–304Google Scholar; 381 –461; Idem 13,1 (1851) 464–486. Quote from v. 76.
8 Drewes, G.W.J., ‘Autobiografieën van Indonesiërs’, BKI 107 (1951) 226–264Google Scholar; Reid, A., ‘On the Importance of Autobiography’, Indonesia 13 (Apr. 1972) 1–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
9 Richards, J.F., ‘The Formulation of Imperial Authority under Akbar and Jahangir’ in: Richards, J.F. ed., Kingship and Authority in South Asia (Madison 1978) 254.Google Scholar
10 M.U. 1,295,447.
11 Richards, ‘The Formulation’, 254.
12 M.U. I, 133.
13 Ibidem, 299,300.
14 Ibidem, 283, 185,565.
15 Ibidem, 245,49,50.
16 Ibidem, 648,64,270.
17 Ibidem, 591,404.
18 Ibidem, 332,386.
19 Ibidem, 513,514.
20 Ibidem, 662,616,99.
21 Ali, M. Athar, The Mughal Nobility under Aurangzeb (Bombay etc. 1968) 12.Google Scholar
22 M.U. 1,399.
23 Athar Ali, Mughal Nobility, 35.
24 M.U. 1,51,137,383,465,687.
25 Ibidem, 354, 347, 664. Seep. 365 for another succession at a ‘tender ager’. An amir who died in 1656, though he had many sons, was officially succeeded by his brother's son, because in the king's view, he ‘was the best for preserving the property’, Ibidem, 597.
26 Ibidem, 695, 700.
27 Ibidem, 229–230,319,527–528.
28 Ibidem, 710.
29 Ibidem, 652.
30 Soebardi, The Book of Cabolek (The Hague 1975) 98; on the association of priyayi with abangan, see: Geertz, C., Religion of Java (Glencoe 1960).Google Scholar
31 de Jonge, J.K.J. and van Deventer, M.L., De opkomst van het Nederlandsch gezag in Oost-Indiē (13 vols.; The Hague 1862–1909) VII, 58Google Scholar; ‘Reis van den Gouverneur-Generaal Van Imhoff, over Java, in het jaar 1746’, BKI 1 (1853) 397.Google Scholar
32 B.J.O. Schrieke, Indonesian Sociological Studies (2 vols.; The Hague/Bandung 1955–1957) II, 207; H.J. de Graaf ed., De expeditie van Anthonio Hurdt […] naar de binnenlanden van Java ('s-Gravenhage 1971) 70; Idem, De regering van Sunan Manku-rat I Tegal-Wangi ('s-Gravenhage 1961)16.
33 De Jonge and Van Deventer, Opkomst X, 353.
34 Sutherland, H., The Making of a Bureaucratic Elite. The Colonial Transformation of the Javanese Priyayi (Singapore 1979) 16Google Scholar; Algemeen Rijksarchief, The Hague (ARA) 1636, Verbaal 6 June 1845 no. 3.
35 de Graaf, H.J., De regering van Sultan Agung, vorst van Mataram 1613–1645 ('s-Gravenhagc 1958) 119Google Scholar; L. Nagtegaal, ‘Diamonds are a Regent's Best Friend’ (Paper delivered to the Fifth Dutch-Indonesian Historical Conference, Lage Vuursche, June 1986) 2ff.
36 See: H. Sutherland, ‘Notes on Java's Regent’ Families', Indonesia 16 and 17 (1973–1974,) 113–148, 1–43; R.A.A.A. Djajadiningrat, Herinniringen (Amsterdam/Batavia 1936) 192 already observed the existence of major differences between the status and power of individual bupati.
37 De jonge and Van Deventer, Opkomst Vl, 105–116,183–184.
38 Nagtegaal, L., ‘The Dutch East India Company and the Relations between Kartasura and the Javanese North Coast, c. 1690 - c. 1740’ in: van Goor, J. ed., Trading Companies in Asia 1600–1830 (Utrecht 1986) 61.Google Scholar
39 Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, Leiden (KITLV) H 696 h no. 1, ft 15–25.
40 KITLV H 696 h no. 1, List of Mataram officials of 1744 from the patih of Kartasura, as transcribed and commented upon by G.P. Rouffaer; KITLV H 460 Collection Hageman, pre-1744 data.
41 KITLV H 460.
42 De jonge and Van Deventer, Opkomst VII, xx, 156–157.
43 Ibidem VIII, cx-cxi; Sutherland,‘Noteson Regent’ Families', 135.
44 ‘Reis Gouverneur-Generaal Van Imhoff’, 350, 375, 412; W.L. Olthof, Babad Tanah jawi (2 vols.;'s-Gravenhage 1941) 11,378–379.
45 Ricklefs, M.C., Modern Javanese Historical Tradition (London 1978) 82–83Google Scholar. The Javanese reads: Wong Mataram pan kerigan / miwah ma(n)canagara / tiyang ing pasisir tumut / balane tanpa wilangan.
46 Olthof, Babad Tanah jawi 11,163–164.
47 De Graaf, Expeditie Anthonio Hurdt, 99; 100; mardika = (mostly Batavian) descendants of Portuguese-speaking Asians from the Indian subcontinent.
48 Olthof,.Babad Tanah Jawi II, 197–198.
49 Ibidem, 191.
50 P.J.F. Louw and E.S. de Klerck, De Java-oorlog van 1825–30 V (Batavia/'s-Gravenhage 1908) Appendix III, 628.
51 The single exception was the legion of Mangkunagara, installed in 1808 and trained by a Dutch officer. See: V. Houben, ‘The Position of the Mangkunagara’ in: Grijns, CD. and Robsoneds, S.O.., Cultural Contact and Textual Interpretation (Dordrecht/Cinnaminson 1986) 183.Google Scholar
52 De Graaf, Gezantschapsreizen, 229–233.
53 TNI 3, 2 (1840) 246–249;J.W. Winter in BKIbi (1902) 43.
54 D.H.A. Kolff, An Armed Peasantry and its Allies (Leiden Ph.D. 1983); S. Inayat A. Zaidi, ‘Rozindar Troopers under Sawaijai Singh ofjaipur (A.D. 1700–1743)’, The Indian Historical Review 10(1983) 45–65.
55 Alam, M., The Crisis of Empire in Mughal North India, Awadh and Punjab, 1707–48 (Delhi 1986).Google Scholar
56 Chandra, Satish, Parties and Politics at the Mughal Court, 1707–1740 (3rd ed.; New Delhi 1979) 264, 268.Google Scholar
57 M.U.I, 441,610,630,631,701,702.
58 Ibidem, 368.
59 D.H.A. Kolfr, ‘The End of an Ancien Regime: Colonial War in India, 1798–1818’ in: J.A. de Moor and H.L. Wesseling eds., Imperialism and War: Essays on Colonial Wars in Asia and AfrSica. Comparative Studies in Overseas History 8 (Leiden forthcoming).