1 Howe, Daniel W., American History in an Atlantic Context (Oxford 1993)Google Scholar; Games, Alison F., ‘Venturers, Vagrants and Vessels of Glory: Migration from England to the Colonies under Charles I’ (Doctoral Dissertation, University of Pennsylvania 1992)Google Scholar; ‘Games, Migration and the Evolution of the British Atlantic World under Charles I’ (paper presented to the American Historical Association, 1995) 10–11.Google Scholar

2 The New Republic (17 February 1917) 60Google Scholar; Steel, Ronald, Walter Lippmann and the American Century (Boston 1980) 111Google Scholar; Knock, Thomas J., To End All Wars: Woodrow Wilson and the Quest for a New World Order (Princeton 1992) 119–120, 127, 201.Google Scholar

3 Davis, Forrest, The Atlantic System (New York 1941) xi.Google Scholar

4 Lippmann, Walter, US War Aims (Boston 1944) 78, 87; Steel, Lippmann, 339, 380, 404 ff.Google Scholar

5 Hoffman, Ross, ‘Europe and the Atlantic Community’, Thought 20 (1945) 25CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 34. For his approach to the formulation of 1945, see his The Great Republic (New York 1942)Google Scholar chap. 6. On Hoffman, see Allitt, Patrick, Catholic Intellectuals and Conservative Politics in America, 1950–1985 (Ithaca 1993) 49–58. I wish to thank Professor John McGreevy for suggestions on the role of Catholic intellectuals in the public policy debates of this era and Professor Allitt for allowing me to see the manuscript of his forthcoming book, The Convert Era in Catholic Intellectual History; Britain and America, 1825–1962, which includes valuable information on Carlton Hayes.Google Scholar

6 Hayes, Carlton J.H., ‘The American Frontier – Frontier of What?’, American Historical Review 51/2 (1946) 206, 210, 208, 213.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

7 Allitt, Convert Era (MS), chap. 8, 36.

8 Bellot, H. Hale, ‘Atlantic History’, History 31 (1946) 61–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

9 Palmer, Robert R., ‘American Historians Remember Jacques Godechot’, French Historical Studies 61 (1990) 882Google Scholar; Godechot, , Histoire de L'Atlantique (Paris 1947) 1Google Scholar, 2, 332–333; Parkinson, C.N., History 34 (n.s.; 1949) 260.Google Scholar Five years later Godechot was still thinking of the Atlantic in narrow terms, as the source of economic problems for French coastal towns that led to grievances and appeals for help from the national government on the eve of the Revolution. Godechot, , ‘La France et les Problèmes de l'Atlantique à la Veille de la Revolution’, Revue du Nord 39/142 (1954) 231–244.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

10 Kraus, Michael, The Atlantic Civilization: Eighteenth-Century Origins (Ithaca 1966) viii, 308–314Google Scholar; Godinho, Vitorino Margalhaes, ‘Problèmes d'Economie Atlantique: Le Portugal, les Flottes du Sucre et les Flottes de l'Or (1670–1770)’, Annales ESC 5/2 (1950) 184–197CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Silberschmidt, Max, “Wirtschaftshistorische Aspekte der Neueren Geschichte: Die Atlantische Gemeinschaft’, Historische Zeitschrifi 171 (1951) 245–261Google Scholar; Huguette, and Chaunu, Pierre, ‘Economie Atlantique. Economie Mondiale (1504–1650): Problèmes de Fait et de Mélhode’, Journal of World History 1 (1953) 91–104Google Scholar (English translation in Earle, Peter ed., Essays in European History, 1500–1800 (Oxford 1974) 113–126)Google Scholar; Huguette, and Chaunu, Pierre, Séville et l'Atlantique (1504–1650) I (Paris 1955) ix.Google Scholar

11 Verlinden, Charles, ‘Les Origines Coloniales de la Civilisation Atlantique’, Journal of World History 1 (1953) 378, 398, 383.Google Scholar

12 Culminating in his comprehensive work, Les Origines de la Civilisation Atlantique, de la Renaissance à l'Age des Lumierès (Paris 1966).Google Scholar

13 Palmer, ‘American Historians Remember Godechot’, 882; Palmer, , ‘The World Revolution of the West, 1763–1801’, Political Science Quarterly 69 (1954) 4CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Palmer, ‘Reflections on the French Revolution”, ibid., 57 (1952) 66.

14 Godechot, Jacques and Palmer, Robert R., ‘Le Problème de l'Atlantique du XVIIIème au XXème Siècle’, Relazioni del X Congresso Inlenazionale di Scienze Storiche, Storia Contemporanea V (Florence 1955) 175–177, 180, 202, 208, 207, 204, 216–219, 238.Google Scholar

15 Palmer, “American Historians Remember Jacques Godechot’, 882–883.

16 After noting that ‘each generation finds its historical questions set, to an extent, by its current problems’ and that ‘the history of the West Indies in the nineteenth century is brought into a new focus by the experience of Africa in the twentieth’, Curtin introduced his dissertation on Jamaica by explaining how the ‘South Atlantic System’ had operated for two centuries and what its breakup meant. But in its substance the book is a model of monographic scholarship, free of any tendentious ‘relevance’. Curtin, Philip, Two Jamaicas: The Role of Ideas in a Tropical Colony, 1830–1865 (Cambridge MA 1955) viii, 4–6.Google Scholar

17 Bailyn, , ‘The Challenge of Modern Historiography’, American Historical Review 87/1 (1982) 11–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

18 Chaunu, , Séville et l' Atlantique VlII/I (Paris 1959) xiii, 5Google Scholar, 7–8, 12–16; Cardozo, Manoel review, American Historical Review 68/2 (1963) 437–438CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Roland Hussey review, ibid., 63/3 (1958) 731.

19 Bailyn, , Voyagers to the West (New York 1986) 24–26Google Scholar; Choquette, Leslie, ‘Frenchmen into Peasants: Modernity and Tradition in the Peopling of French North America”, Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society 104/1 (1994) 30.Google Scholar

20 Bailyn, , The Peopling of British North America (New York 1986) chap. 1.Google Scholar

21 Menard, Russell R., ‘British Migration to the Chesapeake Colonies in the Seventeenth Century’, Carr, Lois G. et al. eds, Colonial Chesapeake Society (Chapel Hill 1988) 99–132Google Scholar; Galenson, David W., While Servitude in Colonial America (Cambridge UK 1981) esp. appendixes H—I.Google Scholar

22 Bailyn, Voyagers, esp. chap. 5.

23 Choquette, , “French Emigration to Canada in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries’ (Doctoral dissertation; Harvard University 1988)Google Scholar, summarized in Choquette, ‘Frenchmen into Peasants’; Peter Boyd-Bowman, ‘Spanish Emigrants to the Indies, 1595–1598: Á Profile’, and Magnus Mōrner, ‘Spanish Migration to the New World prior to 1810: A Report on the State of the Research’ in: Fredi Chiappelli, ed., First Images of America: The Impact of the New World on the Old II (Berkeley 1976) 723–782Google Scholar; Bowman, Boyd, Patterns of Spanish Emigration to the New World (1493–1580) (Buffalo 1973).Google Scholar

24 Walker, Mack, The Salzburg Transaction: Expulsion and Redemption in Eighteenth-Century Germany (Ithaca 1992) 140Google Scholar; Jones, George F., The Salzburger Story (Athens GA 1984).Google Scholar

25 Menard, ‘British Migration’, 116 and Table 5; McCusker, John J. and Menard, Russell R., The Economy of British America, 1607–1789 (Chapel Hill 1985) 119–128Google Scholar, 135; Lovejoy, Paul E. and Nicholas, Rogers eds, Unfree Labour in the Development of the Atlantic World (Ilford 1994).Google Scholar

26 Gemery, Henry A. and Hogendorn, Jan S. eds, The Uncommon Market: Essays in the Economic History of the Atlantic Slave Trade (New York 1979)Google Scholar; Solow, Barbara L. ed., Slavery and the Rise of the Atlantic System (Cambridge UK 1991) 1. Cf. Curtin, Two Jamaicas.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

27 Bailyn, , The New England Merchants in the Seventeenth Century (Cambridge MA 1955) 87–91Google Scholar; Tolles, Frederick B., Meeting House and Counting House: The Quaker Merchants of Colonial Philadelphia, 1682–1763 (reprint; New York 1963) 89–95Google Scholar; Doerflinger, Thomas M., A Vigorous Spirit of Enterprise: Merchants and Economic Development in Revolutionary Philadelphia (Chapel Hill 1986) 61.Google Scholar

28 Rink, Oliver A., Holland on the Hudson: An Economic and Social History of Dutch New York (Ithaca 1986) chap. 7.Google Scholar

29 Davis, , Rise of the Atlantic Economies (London 1973)Google Scholar; Hancock, , Citizens of the World (Cambridge UK 1995).Google Scholar

30 Price, Jacob M., The Tobacco Adventure to Russia: Enterprise, Politics, and Diplomacy in the Quest for a Northern Market for English Colonial Tobacco, 1676–1722, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society LI/I (n.s.; 1961).Google Scholar

31 Clark, John G., La Rochelle and the Atlantic Economy during the Eighteenth Century (Baltimore c. 1981)Google Scholar; Clemens, Paul G., The Atlantic Economy and Colonial Maryland's Eastern Shore: From Tobacco to Grain (Ithaca 1980)Google Scholar; Sacks, David H., The Widening Gate: Bristol and the Atlantic Economy, 1450–1700 (Berkeley 1991)Google Scholar; Morgan, Kenneth, Bristol and the Atlantic Trade in the Eighteenth Century (Cambridge UK 1993)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Knight, Franklin W. and Liss, Peggy K. eds, Atlantic Port Cities: Economy, Culture, and Satiety in the Atlantic World, 1650–1850 (Knoxville 1991).Google Scholar

32 Sarfatti, Magali, Spanish Bureaucratic-Palrimonialism in America (Berkeley 1966)Google Scholar; Bailyn, , The Origins of American Politics (New York 1968) esp. vii–ix.Google Scholar

33 Haring, Clarence H., The Spanish Empire in America (New York 1947)Google Scholar chaps. 4–8, 345–347; Lockhart, James and Schwartz, Stuart B., Early Latin America: A History of Colonial Spanish America and Brazil (Cambridge UK 1983) 102–106Google Scholar, 125–132, 315–327; Burkholder, Mark A. and Johnson, Lyman L., Colonial Latin America (New York 1990) 71–83, 301–306, 325–326, 329–331.Google Scholar

34 Henretta, James A., ‘Salutary Neglect’: Colonial Administration under the Duke of Newcastle (Princeton 1972) 220–221.Google Scholar

35 Olson, Alison G., Making the Empire Work: London and American Interest Groups, 1690–1790 (Cambridge MA 1991) xiii.Google Scholar

36 Webb, Stephen S., The Governors-General: The English Army and the Definition of the Empire, 1569–1681 (Chapel Hill 1979) xviiiGoogle Scholar; Cf. Webb, , Lord Churchill's Coup: The Anglo-American Empire and the Glorious Revolution Reconsidered (New York 1995).Google Scholar

37 For a vivid example of the influence of European foreign relations on domestic affairs in America, see Higonnet, Patrice Louis-René, ‘The Origins of the Seven Years’ War’, Journal of Modern History 40 (1968) 57–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar For the general loss of American influence on the eve of the Revolution, see Kammen, Michael G., A Rope of Sand: The Colonial Agents, British Politics, and the American Revolution (Ithaca 1968) chaps. 10–15.Google Scholar For an early example of ambitions frustrated, see Lockridge, Kenneth A., The Diary, and Life, of William Byrd II of Virginia, 1674–1744 (Chapel Hill 1987)Google Scholar; for later examples, Schutz, John A., ‘Succession Politics in Massachusetts, 1730–1741’, William and Mary Quarterly 15 (3rd series; 1958) 508–520CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Schutz, , William Shirley (Chapel Hill 1961) esp. 168 ff.Google Scholar

38 Pocock, J.G.A., ‘British History: A Plea for a New Subject’, Journal of Modern History 47 (December 1975) 606Google Scholar; Pocock, , ‘The Limits and Divisions of British History: In Search of an Unknown Subject’, American Historical Review 87/2 (1982) 336CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Schochet, Gordon J. ed., Empire and Revolutions: Papers Presented at lite Folger Seminar ‘Political Thought in the English-Speaking Atlantic, 1760–1800’ (Washington DC 1993).Google Scholar

39 Steele, Ian K., The English Atlantic 1675–1740 (New York 1986) viii–ixGoogle Scholar, 273, 278; Horn, James, Adapting to a New World: English Society in the Seventeenth-Century Chesapeake (Chapel Hill 1994) viii, 16.Google Scholar For an earlier example of Horn's theme, applied to Massachusetts, see Allen, David G., In English Ways: The Movement of Societies and the Transferal of English Local Law and Custom to Massachusetts Bay in the Seventeenth Century (Chapel Hill 1981).Google Scholar

40 Meinig, D.W., The Shaping of America: A Geographical Perspective on 500 Years of History I: Atlantic America, 1492–1800 (New Haven 1986) 4, 65.Google Scholar

41 Altman, Ida, Emigrants and Society: Extremadura and America in the Sixteenth Century (Berkeley 1989) 276Google Scholar; Roeber, A.G., Palatines, liberty, and Property: German Lutherans in Colonial British America (Baltimore 1993) 46 ff.Google Scholar