No CrossRef data available.
Article contents
The Expansion of Europe: A View from America
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 24 June 2011
Extract
A couple of generations ago the historical process known as “the expansion of Europe” was regarded as a blessing for the whole human race. This, at least, was the majority view. Nationalists in the colonies held contrary opinions, hut what they said carried little weight in Europe. For four hundred years, the historians of the age of classical imperialism believed, Europe had been the giver, the colonial world the receiver. The mother-lands had “wrestled with the task of sharing their own civilization with the backward races of the globe”. A good start had been made, but there was much still to be done, and the duty of the colonized peoples was plain: they must continue to serve their apprenticeship until such time as they were ready to join the family of nations. Europe alone held the keys to law and order, advanced technology, efficiency in government, and the potential for progress. In its hand lay the future of the world. In the imperial age, few European historians, even those opposed to imperialism, doubted that the colonies would be ruled for a long time, perhaps indefinitely, by Europe.
- Type
- Articles
- Information
- Copyright
- Copyright © Research Institute for History, Leiden University 1983
References
Notes
1. Muir, Ramsay, The Expansion of Europe: The Culmination of Modern History (3rd ed.; London: Constable, 1922), p. 97.Google Scholar
2. Hargreaves, John D., ed., The Expansion of Europe: A Selection of Articles (Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd, 1968), p. 2.Google Scholar
3. The Cambridge Modern History, vol. I (New York: Macmillan, 1907), pp. 59, 62–3.
4. Hussey, W.D., Discovery, Expansion and Empire (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1956), p. 3.Google Scholar
5. Parry, J.H., ed., The European Reconnaissance; Selected Documents (New York: Harper and Row, 1968), pp. 2, 4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
6. Wesseling, H.L., ed., Expansion and Reaction (Leiden: Leiden University Press, 1978), p. 4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
7. Washington's Farewell Address, September 17, 1796, in Commager, Henry Steele, ed., Documents of American History (3rd ed.; New York: Crofts, 1943), p. 174.Google Scholar
8. Barnes, Harry Elmer, World Politics in Modern Civilization (New York: Knopf, 1930), p. 381.Google Scholar
9. Muir, , Expansion of Europe, p. 354.Google Scholar
10. Abbott, Wilbur Cortez, The Expansion of Europe: A History of the Foundations of the Modern World (New York: Holt, 1918), vol. I, pp. 3, 4.Google Scholar
11. Koebner, Richard and Schmidt, Helmut Dan, Imperialism: The Story and Significance of a Political Word, 1840–1960 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1964) p. 238.Google Scholar
12. Ibid., p. 242.
13. Bryce, James, The American Commonwealth (New York: Macmillan, 1901), vol. II, p. 528.Google Scholar
14. Koht, Halvdan, The American Spirit in Europe: A Survey of Transatlantic Influences (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1949), p. 244.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
15. Curti, Merle, The Growth of American Thought (2nd ed.; New York: Harper and Brothers, 1951), p. 660.Google Scholar
16. Morison, Samuel Eliot and Commager, Henry Steele, The Growth of the American Republic (3rd ed.; New York: Oxford University Press, 1942), vol. II, p. 314.Google Scholar
17. Commager, Henry Steele, The American Mind (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1950), p. 47.Google Scholar
18. Williams, William Appleman, The Contours of American History (Cleveland: World Publishing, 1961), p. 349.Google Scholar
19. Andrews, Charles M., Contemporary Europe, Asia, and Africa (2nd ed.; Philadelphia: Lee, 1905), p. 472.Google Scholar
20. Harris, Norman Dwight, Intervention and Colonization in Africa (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1914), pp. xvi, xvii.Google Scholar
21. Salwyn Schapiro, J., Modern and Contemporary European History (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1918), p. 683.Google Scholar
22. Moon, Parker T., Imperialism and World Politics (New York: Macmillan, 1928), pp. 1, 566.Google Scholar
23. Etherington, Norman, “Reconsidering Theories of Imperialism”, History and Theory, XXI, 1 (1982), pp. 19–20.Google Scholar
24. Clark, Grover, The Balance Sheets of Imperialism: Facts and Figures on Colonies (New York: Columbia University Press, 1936).Google ScholarClark, Grover, A Place in the Sun (New York: Macmillan, 1937).Google Scholar
25. Clark, , Balance Sheets, pp. 18–19.Google Scholar
26. Winslow, E.M., The Pattern of Imperialism: A Study in the Theories of Power (New York: Columbia University Press, 1948), p. 57.Google Scholar
27. Priestley, Herbert Ingram, France Overseas: A Study of Modern Imperialism (New York: Appleton-Century, 1938), pp. 396, 435.Google Scholar
28. “Shepherd, William Robert,” Dictionary of American Biography, vol. 21, Supplement One, 1944.
29. New York: Holt, 1914.
30. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1919.
31. New York: Barnes and Noble, 1964.
32. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1907.
33. Dictionary of American Biography, loc. oit.
34. Papers of William Robert Shepherd, 1973 Gift, Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University.
35. “William Robert Shepherd”, Political Science Quarterly, XLIX, 3 (1934), facing p. 480.
36. Shepherd, William R., “The Expansion of Europe-I”, Political Science Quarterly, XXXIV, 1 (1919), pp. 44–5.Google Scholar
37. Ibid., p. 46.
38. Ibid., p. 50.
39. Ibid., p. 52.
40. Shepherd, William R., “The Interaction of Europe and Asia”, World Unity, I, 3 (1927), pp. 166–9Google Scholar; I, 6 (1925), p. 404; II, 1 (1928), pp. 36–40.
41. Shepherd, William R., “The Expansion of Europe-II”, Political Science Quarterly, XXXIV, 2 (1919), pp. 214–23Google Scholar, and “The Expansion of Europe-III”, Political Science Quarterly XXXIV, 3 (1919), pp. 392–405.
42. Shepherd, William R., “Common Sense in Foreign Policy”, Political Science Quarterly, XXXI, 1 (1916), p. 141.Google Scholar
43. Shepherd, , “Expansion of Europe-III”, pp. 410–11.Google Scholar
44. As an instructional course at Columbia University, “The Expansion of Europe” lapsed between Shepherd's death in 1934. and 1942. In the latter year it was announced as “to be given” by Charles W. Cole (the historian of French mercantilism), hut Cole was absent on war service until 1945–46, when he offered it, though apparently only once. Between 1947–48 and 1961–62 “Expansion” was taught by Garrett Mattingly and has been continued, from 1965–66 to date, by the present writer. Thus, allowing for gaps, a course entitled “The Expansion of Europe” has been offered at Columbia University for the past seventy years. It would be interesting to know (a) if any other institution of higher learning can match this, and (b) if an instructional course on European expansion as a whole was given anywhere in the world before 1911. See Curtin, Philip D., “The British Empire and Commonwealth in Recent Historiography”, American Historical Review, LXV, 1 (1959), p. 73Google Scholar, where it is suggested that “the expansion of Europe” was a post-World War II instructional rubric introduced because of the “balkaniza-tion” of imperial history following decolonization and because of a new awareness on the part of imperial historians of other peoples' empires.
45. Columbia University. Bulletin of Information. Courses offered by the Faculty of Political Science. Announcements. 1923–24.
46. Personal communication.
47. “The reminiscences of Stanley Isaacs”, Oral History Project files, Columbia University.
48. Barnes, Harry Elmer, World Politics in Modern Civilization: The Contributions of Nationalism, Capitalism, Imperialism, and Militarism to Human Culture and International Anarchy (New York: Knopf, 1930).Google Scholar
49. Gillespie, James Edward, The Influence of Oversea Expansion of England to 1700 (Hew York: Columbia University Press, 1920).Google ScholarBotsford, Jay Barrett, English Society in the 18th Century, as Influenced from Oversea (New York: Macmillan, 1924).Google Scholar
50. Diffie, Bailey W., “Wise Man from the West: An Interview with Bailey Diffie”, Itinerario, VI, 2 (1982), p. 35.Google Scholar
51. “The reminiscences of William Wilson Cumberland”, Oral History Research Office files, Columbia University.
52. “The reminiscences of James T. Williams, Jr.”, Oral History Research Office files, Columbia University.
53. Gordon Hoxie, R., ed., A History of the Faculty of Political Science, Columbia University (New York: Columbia University Press, 1955), p. 1143.Google Scholar
54. SirSeeley, John Robert, The Expansion of England: Two Courses of Lectures (London: Macmillan, 1900), p. 93. 1st ed. published in 1883.Google Scholar