Published online by Cambridge University Press: 22 April 2010
In India under the English East India Company, it was said: “Necessity is the mother of invention and the father of the Eurasian”. This saying is based on the widespread belief that, during the first centuries of their presence in Asia, European men were to a large extent dependent on “non-white” women for their sexual contacts. The character of these early colonial settlements is therefore often described as non-European. Their population is characterised as a melting-pot of ethnic groups, dependent on the uneuropean institution of slavery. The cultural values this entailed were far from those of the mother countries, certainly not those of the (Calvinist) Netherlands.
1. Boxer, C.R.: The Dutch Seaborne Empire 1600–1800 (London, 1977 4), p. 229.Google Scholar
2. Fr. Valentijn, : Oud en Níeuw Oost-Indiën (Dordrecht, 1724–1726), part 5.1. Ceylon, pp. 25–26.Google Scholar
3. Coolhaas, W.Ph. (ed.): Generale missiven van gouverneurs-generaal en raden aan Heren XV11 der Verenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie, part V ('s-Gravenhage, 1975), p. 799Google Scholar
4. Brohier, R.L.: Links between Sri Lanka and the Netherlands (Colombo, 1978), p. 64.Google Scholar
5. , Coolhaas (ed.) part III (1968), p. 267.Google Scholar
6. A.R.A. catalogue Leupe 950: map of Colombo and environment in the 2nd half of the 17th century, probably after 1681.Google Scholar
7. A.R.A. catalogue Leupe 946: map of the Castle in 1697.Google Scholar
8. Chr. , Schweitzer: Seise nach Java und Ceylon 1675–1682 ('s-Gravenhage, 1931), edited by Naber, S.P. l'Honore, pp. 127–128.Google Scholar
9. Memoir of Goens, Rijklof van for Hustaerdt, Jacob 1663, in extract in Valentijn part 5.1, Ceylon, pp. 165, 175.Google Scholar
10. A.R.A. V.O.C. 1544 fol. 820–832.Google Scholar
11. A.R.A. V.O.C. 1544 fol. 833–847.Google Scholar
12. Jaffnapatnam and Manaar (Sri Lanka) 1691, 1694, 1696. The results from the research on these settlements are not given here, because the registration is different from that of Colombo. The report on Jaffnapatnam 1694 is entirely published by H.A.E. de Vos tot Nederveen Cappel: De dienaren van de V.O.C. teelden in Ceylon vele kinderen bij Europese, Mestiese, Castiese, Toepasse, Swarte, Bandanese, Maleise en Singalese vrouwen, in: Gens Hostra XXXIII (1978), pp. 308–315. I am currently studying a similar source for the composition of the population of Kota Ambon (Indonesia).Google Scholar
13. A.R.A. V.O.C. 692 fol. 147.Google Scholar
14. de Haan, F.: Oud Batavia (Batavia, 1919), part I, p. 542. J.C.M. Warnsinck (ed.): Reisen van Nicolaus de Graaff gedaan naar alle gewesten des wereIds 1637–1687 ('s-Graveuhage, 1930); Oost-Indische Spieghel (1703), p. 13.Google Scholar
15. De Haan part I, pp. 512–513.Google Scholar
16. Saar, J.J.: Reise nacn Java, Banda, Ceylon und Persiën 1644–2660, ('s-Graven-hage, 1930) edited by Naber, S.P. l'Honore, p. 148.Google Scholar
17. Sivaratnam, C.: The Tamils in early Ceylon (Colombo, 1968), pp. 82–83.Google Scholar
18. Information from drvan Goor, J., University of Utrecht.Google Scholar
19. Bartz, F.: Fischer auf Ceyion (Bonn, 1959), pp. 66, 68. H. W. Tambiah: Sinhala Laws and Customs (Colombo, 1968), p. 17.Google Scholar
20. A.R.A. V.O.C. 1544 fol. 1224–1227.Google Scholar
21. Anthonisz, S., Pieters, S.: Memoirs and instructions of Dutch governors, commanders, etc. (Colombo, 1905–1915), Memoir of Thomas van Rhee (1697), p. 50, gives for Colombo 1741 company slaves.Google Scholar
22. Registrated explicitly as Portuguese female.Google Scholar
23. The criterion for the division in higher, middle and lower rank is the salary. As higher rank is considered the rank that gets more than f 50,--/month, middle rank f 26,-- to f 50,--/month and lower rank f 25,-- or less/month. This division is made with the help of the muster-roll of Colombo for the year 1694, A.R.A. V.O.C. fol. 1103–1161, and Appendix II in Boxer, pp. 300–302.Google Scholar
24. , Warnsinck (ed.), p. 13.Google Scholar
25. Schweitzer, , p. 126.Google Scholar
26. van Dam, P.: Beschryvinge van de Oostindische Compagnie ('s-Gravenhage, 1927–1954), part II, edited by Stapel, F.W., p. 198.Google Scholar
27. A.R.A. V.O.C. 1396 fol. 620r-621v.Google Scholar
28. Arasaratnam, S.: Dutch Power in Ceylon (Amsterdam, 1958), p. 131.Google Scholar
29. A.R.A. V.O.C. 1544 fol. 805r.Google Scholar
30. De Haan, part I, p. 461. Warnsinck (ed.), p. 14.Google Scholar
31. De Haan, part I, p. 461.Google Scholar
32. Schweitzer, , p. 127.Google Scholar
33. Anthonisz, Pieters: Memoir of Thomas van Rhee, p. 50.Google Scholar
34. A.R.A. V.O.C. 1396 fol. 620r–621v.Google Scholar
35. A.R.A. V.O.C. 1544 fol. 1224–1227.Google Scholar
36. Meilink-Roelofsz, M.A.P.: “De Europese expansie in Azië”, in: Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 135 (1979), p. 421.Google Scholar
37. De Haan, part I, p. 535.Google Scholar
38. Warnsinck, (ed.), p. 16.Google Scholar