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The Recuperation of Sovereign Rights by Asian Countries, circa 1870–1945: From Capitulations to Equal Relations, the Dutch Experience

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 June 2011

N. A. Bootsma
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Extract

Western expansion in Asia during the nineteenth and early twentieth century resulted in two different groups of Asian countries: those which fell victim to European colonialism and those which managed to maintain the basis of their sovereign rights. This contribution will concentrate on the second group, including not only the countries of the so-called Far East but those of the Middle Eastern Ottoman Empire as well. The link between these two otherwise separate worlds is the concept of consular jurisdiction. It originated in the Islamic world and was transplanted by the West to China, Japan and Siam in the second half of the nineteenth century. In the twentieth, it became the touchstone in the relations of the Asian countries with the West in their struggle for equality.

Type
Conference Papers
Information
Itinerario , Volume 29 , Issue 2 , July 2005 , pp. 53 - 72
Copyright
Copyright © Research Institute for History, Leiden University 2005

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References

Bibliography of Works Cited

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FAA: Foreign Affairs Archives.Google Scholar
A. Col: Archives Ministry Colonies.Google Scholar
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A-files 1919–1940, A 200, numbers 1696, 1699, 1700, 1701, 1702.Google Scholar
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Kabinet en Protocol 1871–1940. Stamboeken en registers van dienststaten van bezoldigde ambtenaren BZ, 1845–1945, box 499. (Genealogical and service registers of salaried FA officials, 1845–1945.)Google Scholar
NA, A. Col: A 7478 (1/2).Google Scholar
Bosmans, C.J.E., Nederlandsche Consulaire Wetgeuing (The Hague, 1927).Google Scholar
Coates, P.D., The China Consuls: British Consular Officers, 1843–1943 (Hong Kong, 1988).Google Scholar
Fishel, W.R., The End of Extraterritoriality in China (Berkeley-Los Angeles, 1952).Google Scholar
Gilbert, Rodney, The Unequal Treaties: China and the Foreigner (London, 1929).Google Scholar
Hunt, Michael, The Making of a Special Relationship: The United States and China to 1914 (New York, 1983).Google Scholar
Kramers, J.H., Strafrechtspraak over Nederlanders in Turkije (Amsterdam, 1915).Google Scholar
Miège, Jean-Louis, Le Maroc et l' Europe, 1830–1894, II: L' Ouverture (Paris, 1961).Google Scholar
Mommsen, W.J. and de Moor, J.A., eds, European Expansion and Law: The Encounter of European and Indigenous Law in 19th and 20th Century Africa and Asia (Oxford and New York, 1992).Google Scholar
Nederlands Adelsboek, 85 (1995), Hei-Hu.Google Scholar
Oudendijk, W.J., Ways and By-ways in Diplomacy (London, 1939).Google Scholar
Strupp, Karl, Wörterbuch des Völkerrechts und der Diplomatie 3 vols (Leipzig, 1924–1929).Google Scholar
Tseng, Yu-Hao, The Termination of Unequal Treaties in International Law (Shanghai, 1933).Google Scholar
Van Oordt, J., De privaatrechterlijke toestand van den Nededandschen koopman in de landen van den Islam (Leiden, 1899).Google Scholar
Verdross, Alfred, Vötkerrecht (Wien, 1955).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blussé, L., ‘Van compagniesloge naar legatiekwartier’, in Tweehonderd jaar Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken (Den Haag, 1998), 165–187.Google Scholar
Bootsma, N.A., ‘Herstel van souvereine rechten: Semi-koloniale landen en Europese expansie in Azië, 1890–1945’, Tijdschrift voor Geschiedenis 104/1 (1991), 24–44.Google Scholar
Chan, K.C., The Abrogation of British Extraterritoriality in China, 1942–1943: A Study of Anglo-American-Chinese Relations', Modern Asian Studies 11/2 (1977), 257–291.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Groot, Alexander, H., ‘The Historical Development of the Capitulatory Regime in the Ottoman Middle East from the Fifteenth to the Nineteenth Century’, in Maurits H. van den Boogert and Kate Fleet, eds, The Ottoman Capitulations: Text and Context. Oriente Moderno 21 (83) n.s. 3 (2003), 575–604.Google Scholar
Fasseur, C., ‘Cornerstone and Stumbling Block: Racial Classification and the Late Colonial State in Indonesia’, in Cribb, Robert, ed., The late Colonial State in Indonesia: Political and Economic Foundations of the Netherlands Indies, 1880–1942 (Leiden, 1994), 31–56.Google Scholar
Olnon, Merlijn, ‘A Most Agreeable and Pleasant Creature? Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Paca in the Correspondance of Justinus Colyer (1668–1682)’, in Boogert and Fleet, Ottoman Capitulations, 649–669.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Osterhammel, J., ‘Semi-Colonialism and Informal Empire in Twentieth-Century China: Towards a Framework of Analysis’, in Mommsen, W.J. and Osterhammel, J., eds, Imperialism and After. Continuities and Discontinuities (London, 1986), 290–314.Google Scholar
Zedong, Mao, ‘The Chinese Revolution and the Chinese Communist Party’, in Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung vol. 2 (Beijing, 1967), 305–334.Google Scholar
Slot, B.J., ‘De Diplomatieke Betrekkingen tussen Nederland en het Osmaanse Rijk’, in Theunissen, Hans, Abelmann, Annelies and Meulenkamp, Wim, eds, Topkapi en Turkomanie. Turks-Nederlandse ontmoetingen sinds 1600 (Amsterdam, 1989), 9–18.Google Scholar
Van Miert, H., ‘De Nederlandse Exterritorialiteit in Siam, 1876–1900’, in Luykx, P. and Manning, A., eds, Nederland in de Wereld, 1870–1950 (Nijmegen, 1988), 1–23.Google Scholar