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‘The Loudest Lies’: Knowledge of Japan in Seventeenth-Century England

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 April 2010

Derek Massarella
Affiliation:
(Chuō University, Tokyo)

Extract

The comment in the title of this article was made by James I after having been shown a ‘long scrole of fyne paper’, probably a Japanese almanac, and an account of the estates and revenues of the daimyo ‘most of them equally or exceeding the revenues of the greatest princes of Christendom’, and a letter, all of which had been sent by Richard Cocks, head of the English East India Company's factory at Hirado during its entire existence from 1613 to 1623. Cocks's letter and the two enclosures had been sent to his patron, the then Keeper of the Records, Sir Thomas Wilson, who had shown the letter to James with a covering note stating that he had received it ‘from the most remote part of the world’. The letter describes, in considerable and acutely observed detail, the new capital of the Tokugawa shogunate, Edo, the shogun's magnificent retinue as he led a falcon-hunting party (hunting was a pastime he had in common with the British monarch), the great daibutsu of Kamakura, the sights of Kyoto, including Sanjusangendo, and recent political developments relating to the banishment of the Jesuits and friars. Wilson, rather obsequiously, felt that the letters, written in January 1617, ‘were a good recreation for Your Majesty (if you had any idle hours)’ and declared that ‘neither our cosmographers nor other writers have given us true relation of the greatness of the princes of those parts’. But James could ‘not be induced to believe’ what was written, and dismissed the letter as ‘the loudest lies that ever [he] heard of.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Research Institute for History, Leiden University 1987

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References

Notes

1 Massarella, Derek, ‘James I and Japan’, Monumenta Nipponica 38 (1983) 377386CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Wilson, D.H., King James VI and I (London 1956) chapter 2Google Scholar; Maurice, Lee, James I and Henri IV (Urbana 1970) 29.Google Scholar

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4 Quoted in Crone, G.R. and Skelton, R.A., ‘English Collections of Voyages and Travel Writings 1625–1846’ in: Lyman, R. ed., Richard Hakluyt and His Successors (London 1946) 91 and passim.Google Scholar

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14 IOR Home Miscellaneous Series 722, 341.

15 The details of the destruction of the years 1858–1867 can be followed through in IOR Home Miscellaneous Series 722.

16 On Rundall see IOR Home Miscellaneous Series 722, 24–27.

17 B[ritish] L[ibrary] Cotton Cart. III 13 XXVI 28. Thankfully, they survived the 1731 fire which destroyed a number of Sir Robert's manuscript volumes.

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22 Kol. Arch. 11722, 279–280.

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27 Chaudhuri, K.N., The English East India Company (London 1965) 57.Google Scholar

28 Two journals from the Hoseander-voyage survive, one written by Ralph Coppindale, the cape merchant (IOR L/MAR/A/XXIII), the other by Rowland Thomas, the purser (BL Egerton MS 2121).

29 C[alendar of] S[tate] P[apers Colonial Series], East Indies, 1625–1629, 261, 266, 267, 276, 359, 571, 599.620, 656, 666; 1630–1634, 34.

30 IOR B/7, 235, 280, 283–284, 292–293; Pratt, History of Japan II, 127–129; CCM 1635–1639, 119; Bassett, ‘Trade of the English East India Company in the Far East’, 40; Chaudhuri, East India Company, 58–59; Ashton, Robert, The City and the Court 1603–1643 (Cambridge 1979) 127129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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32 Pratt, History of Japan 11, 131.

33 Temple, R.C. ed., The Travels of Peter Mundy in Europe and Asia 1608–1667 (5 vols.; Cambridge 19071936) 111, 154, 294–295, 439.Google Scholar

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35 CCM 1655–1659, 281–283, 286, 290, 300 & n.

36 IOR G/21/4, 5 pr. in Bassett, D.K., ‘The Trade of the English East India Company in Cambodia’, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (1962) 5561Google Scholar, esp. 57. There is another reference to a Briton, a Scot, who visited Japan, in 1670 as a crew member of a Dutch ship; doubtless other did so as well (BL Harleian MS 4254, f. 21 v–22).

37 CCM 1655–1659, 282–285; 1668–1670, 105.

38 Ibidem, 1655–1659, 289; Bassett, ‘Trade of the English East India Company in the Far East’, 145–146.

39 Pratt, History of Japan 11, 133–134.

40 IOR E/3/11, f. 210; CSP East Indies, 1625–1629, 372.

41 Pratt, History of Japan II, 135–137.

42 IOR G/21/4, 1;Pratt, History of Japan 11, 14I.

44 Ibidem, 153–157.

45 IOR MS Eur.D41, 141, 7; Pratt, History of Japan II, 141, 153–157.

46 IOR Court Book 30, 319;CCM 166S–1670, 63, 105.

47 Ibidem, 105, 111; Pratt, History of Japan 1, 469–482; II, 143 n.; Murakami, N. ed., Diary of Richard Cocks. Cape Merchant in the English Factory in Japan, 1615–1622 (2 vols; Tokyo 1899) II, 361370.Google Scholar

48 IOR E/3/87, 472–485; Wild, Cyril ed., Purchas His Pilgrimes in Japan (Kobe 1939) 156157, 219–220.Google Scholar

49 CCM 1668–1670, 53, 376. The documents, the Hirado Dagh Register for 1663 and 1664, were poorly translated. Extracts from the translations are given in Pratt, History of Japan II, 104–117, 245–258.

50 There are a number of versions of the journal kept by the Return at Nagasaki, all with minor differences (P[ublic] R[ecord] O[ffice] CO 77/12 ff. 232–247, 250–260v, 262–269; IOR G/21/4, 118–130; IOR Home Miscellaneous Series 456a, 369–422). Printed versions, shorn of the dates, exist in Kaemphcr, Engelbert, The History of Japan (2 vols.; London 1727–1728)Google Scholar second appendix; Murakami ed., Diary of Richard Cocks, 374–394; Paske-Smith, M., Western Barbarians in Japan and Formosa in Tokugawa Days, 1603–1868 (repr.; New York 1968) 7081Google Scholar. See also Boxer, C.R., ‘Jan Compagnie in Japan 1672–1674 or Anglo-Dutch Rivalry in Japan and Formosa’, Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan second series 7 (1930) 138203.Google Scholar

51 On Japanese foreign trade at this time see Seiichi, Iwao, ‘Japanese Foreign Trade in the 16th and 17th Centuries’, Acta Asiatica 30 (1976) 1213;Google ScholarKazui, Tashiro, ‘Tsushima' s Korea Trade, 1684–1710’, Ada Asiatica 30 (1976) 85105Google Scholar; Idem, Foreign Relations During the Edo Period: Sakoku Reexamined’, Journal of Japanese Studies 8, 2 (1982) 292300Google Scholar; Innes, ‘The Door Ajar’, chapter 3, esp. 306–315; Glamann, Kristof, Dutch-Asiatic Trade 1620–1640 ('s-Gravenhage 1981) 5758CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 62–63, 68–69, 116–117, 165–182; Prakash, Om, The Dutch East India Company and the Economy of Bengal 1630–1720 (Princeton 1985) 122141.Google Scholar

52 PRO CO 77 /12, f. 260v. Even if the Dutch did give the Japanese a 'sweetner’, and this is possible, it would have had no bearing whatsoever on the outcome.

53 IOR G/21/4, 110.

54 IOR E/3/88J.68.

55 CCM 1674–1676, xx–xxi; Pratt, History of Japan II, 192–193; Chaudhuri, Trading World of Asia, 216–217. In the statement of accounts for 1671–1678 the figure was revased to £ 40,000, but it was stressed that the expenditure was ‘not altogether fruitless’ for it had laid the foundation for a profitable trade (CCM 1677–1679, 340).

56 Records of Fort St. George, Despatches from England 1681–1686 (Madras 1916) 97. I n fact the era of high profits from Japan was over (Prakash, Dutch East India Company, 131–141).

57 Records of Fort St. George, Despatches from England 1686–1692 (Madras 1929) 175.Google Scholar

58 Despatches from England 1681–1686, 116.

59 Montunus, Arnoldus, Atlas Japannensis: being Remarkable Addresses by way of Embassy from the East Indies Company of the United Provinces to the Emperor of Japan, translated by John Ogilby (London 1670)Google Scholar. Montanus published a similar Atlas Chinesis which was also translated by Ogilby and appeared in 1671.

60 IOR E/3/56 O[riginal] C]orrespondence] 6988.

61 IOR E/3/62 OC 5955.

62 IOR B/7, 348–349; William Foster, 'samuel Purchas’ in: Lynam cd., Richard Hakluyt, 56.

63 Lach, Asia in the Making of Europe I book one, 214; Stcelc, ‘From Hakluyt to Purchas’, 80–81; Crone and Skelton, ‘English Collections of Voyages and Travels’, 67. A concern to maintain business secrets is evident from 1615 (IORB/5, 468n. 34).

64 IOR Home Miscellaneous Series 722, 25.

65 Royal Society MS CP.19.42; Philosophical Transactions 109 (14 December 1674) 201, 205–206; Boyle, Robert, General heads for the Natural History of a Country great or small (London 1692) 92.Google Scholar