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Introduction: Violence, Migration, and Gender in the Portuguese- and Spanish-Speaking World, 1945–2019

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 March 2020

Andreas Stucki
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Abstract

This special issue on violence, migration, and gender in the Portuguese- and Spanish-speaking world brings together specialists on the Iberian colonies in Africa as well as scholars focusing on the domestic impacts of decolonisation in Spain and Portugal to this day. The articles in the issue focus on social change broadly understood, analysed through a historical and anthropological lens. For the first time, this endeavour brings together questions related to violence and gender, forced migration, and administrative internment, as well as current (European) migration regimes, in an “Iberian” perspective.

Keywords

Colonial historyAfrican historyforced removalspostcolonial migrationgender and empire
Type
Introduction
Information
Itinerario , Volume 44 , Special Issue 1: Violence, Migration, and Gender in the Portuguese and Spanish-Speaking World. Local Impacts, Global Processes, and the Echoes of Empire, 1945–2019 , April 2020 , pp. 18 - 32
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Research Institute for History, Leiden University

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Footnotes

*

Andreas Stucki is lecturer and associate researcher at the University of Bern, Switzerland, where he specialises in Iberian and Caribbean history. He was a visiting scholar at the University of Sydney (2017–18) and at Stanford University (2015–16). Andreas's recent publications include Violence and Gender in Africa's Iberian Colonies: Feminizing the Portuguese and Spanish Empire, 1950s–1970s (Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2019); Las Guerras de Cuba: Violencia y campos de concentración (Madrid: La Esfera de los Libros, 2017); and several articles published in the Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, the Journal of Genocide Research, and the Journal of Spanish Cultural Studies.

References

Bibliography

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Archivo Genera Militar de Ávila, Spain (AGMAV):Google Scholar
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Arquivo Nacional Torre de Tombo, Lisbon, Portugal (ANTT):Google Scholar
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Real Academia de la Historia, Madrid, Spain (RAH).Google Scholar
- Archivo Documental de “Nueva Andadura,” Tercera Etapa (NA).Google Scholar
Dirección General de Plazas y Provincias Africanas (DGPPA) and Instituto de Estudios Africanos (IdEA). La Región ecuatorial española al día. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 1963.Google Scholar
“El fin del suburbio.” Cuadernos para el Diálogo 4 (1964): 4.Google Scholar
Pössinger, Hermann. Extensão Rural. Conferência proferida na ocasião da visita do Comandante-Chefe das Forças Armadas de Angola, General Costa Gomes e do Governador do Distrito do Bié, Coronel Herculano de Moura e comitiva, no dia 13 de Dezembro de 1971. Lisbon: Instituto Superior de Ciências Sociais e Política Ultramarina, 1974.Google Scholar
Pössinger, Hermann. Landwirtschaftliche Entwicklung in Angola und Moçambique. Munich: Weltforum Verlag, 1968.Google Scholar
Pössinger, Hermann. “Problemática da instalação de um projecto de extensão rural no planalto central angolano (Caso específico do Projecto Piloto de Extensão Rural do Andulo).” Estudos Económico-Sociais 8 (1971): 1–33.Google Scholar
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Balandier, Georges. “The Colonial Situation: A Theoretical Approach [1951].” In The Rise and Fall of Modern Empires, vol. 2: Colonial Knowledges, edited by Dubow, Saul, 3–30. Farnham: Ashgate, 2013.Google Scholar
Bessel, Richard, and Haake, Claudia B., eds. Removing Peoples: Forced Removal in the Modern World. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.Google Scholar
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Buettner, Elizabeth. “Extended Families or Bodily Decomposition? Biological Metaphors in the Age of European Decolonization.” In Rhetorics of Empire: Languages of Colonial Conflict after 1900, edited by Thomas, Martin and Toye, Richard, 208–27. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2017.Google Scholar
Bush, Barbara. “Motherhood, Morality, and Social Order: Gender and Development Discourse and Practice in Late Colonial Africa.” In Developing Africa: Concepts and Practices in Twentieth-Century Colonialism, edited by Hodge, Joseph M., Hödl, Gerald, and Kopf, Martina, 270–92. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2014.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
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Castelo, Cláudia. “Reproducing Portuguese Villages in Africa: Agricultural Science, Ideology and Empire.” Journal of Southern African Studies 42:2 (2016): 267–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Castelo, Cláudia. “O projecto de extensão rural do Andulo (Angola): conhecimento, desenvolvimento e contrassubversão.” Ler História 2020 (forthcoming).Google Scholar
Clarence-Smith, William. The Third Portuguese Empire, 1825–1975: A Study in Economic Imperialism. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1985.Google Scholar
Coelho, Jõao Paulo Constantino Borges. Protected Villages and Communal Villages in the Mozambican Province of Tete (1968–1982): A History of State Resettlement Policies, Development and War. PhD diss. Bradford, West Yorkshire: University of Bradford, 1993.Google Scholar
Diego Aguirre, José R. La última guerra colonial de España: Ifni-Sáhara (1957–1958). Málaga: Algazara, 1993.Google Scholar
Dülffer, Jost, and Frey, Marc. Introduction to Elites and Decolonization in the Twentieth Century, edited by Dülffer, and Frey, , 1–10. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feichtinger, Moritz. “‘A Great Reformatory’: Social Planning and Strategic Resettlement in Late Colonial Kenya and Algeria, 1952–63.” Journal of Contemporary History 52:1 (2017): 45–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fradera, Josep M. The Imperial Nation: Citizens and Subjects in the British, French, Spanish, and American Empires. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gallagher, Tom. “Controlled Repression in Salazar's Portugal.” Journal of Contemporary History 14:3 (1979): 385–402.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gimeno Martín, Juan Carlos, and Robles Picón, Juan Ignacio. “Ambivalencia y orden colonial español en el Sahara Occidental (1969–1974).” Revista Andaluza de Antropología 5 (2013): 151–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henriksen, Thomas H. “Portugal in Africa: Comparative Notes on Counterinsurgency.” Orbis 21:2 (1977): 395–412.Google Scholar
Hodge, Joseph M., Hödl, Gerald, and Kopf, Martina, eds. Developing Africa: Concepts and Practices in Twentieth-Century Colonialism. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2014.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jerónimo, Miguel Bandeira. “‘A Battle in the Field of Human Relations’: The Official Minds of Repressive Development in Portuguese Angola.” In Decolonization and Conflict: Colonial Comparisons and Legacies, edited by Thomas, Martin and Curless, Gareth, 115–36. London: Bloomsbury, 2017.Google Scholar
Jerónimo, Miguel Bandeira, and Pinto, António Costa, eds. The Ends of European Colonial Empires: Cases and Comparisons. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jerónimo, Miguel Bandeira, and Pinto, António Costa, eds. International Dimensions of Portuguese Late Colonialism and Decolonization, special issue, Portuguese Studies 29:2 (2013).Google Scholar
Khan, Sheila. “Identidades sem chão. Imigrantes afro-moçambicanos: Narrativas de vida e de identidade, e percepções de um Portugal pós-colonial.” Luso-Brazilian Review 43:2 (2006): 1–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewis, Joanna. Empire State-Building: War and Welfare in Kenya 1925–52. London: James Currey, 2000.Google Scholar
Low, D. A. and Lonsdale, John. “Introduction: Towards the New Order, 1945–1963.” In The Oxford History of East Africa, vol. 3, edited by Low, D. A. and Smith, Alison, 1–64. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1976.Google Scholar
Macagno, Lorenzo. “Árabo-muçulmanos no imaginário luso-trapicalista.” In Os outros da colonização: Ensaios sobre o colonialismo tardío em Moçambique, edited by Castelo, Cláudia et al. , 51–69. Lisbon: Imprensa de Ciências Sociais, 2012.Google Scholar
MacMaster, Neil. Burning the Veil: The Algerian War and the “Emancipation” of Muslim Women, 1954–62. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Malinowski, Stephan. “Modernisierungskriege: Militärische Gewalt und koloniale Modernisierung im Algerienkrieg (1954–1962).” Archiv für Sozialgeschichte 48 (2008): 213–48.Google Scholar
Meneses, Filipe Ribeiro. “The Idea of Empire in Portuguese and Spanish Life, 1890 to 1975.” Routledge Companion to Iberian Studies, edited by Muñoz-Basols, Javier, Lonsdale, Laura, and Delgado, Manuel, 401–12. London: Routledge, 2017.Google Scholar
Morier-Genoud, Eric, and Cahen, Michel, eds. Imperial Migrations: Colonial Communities and Diaspora in the Portuguese World. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.Google Scholar
Nerín, Gustau. “Mito franquista y realidad de la colonización de la Guinea Española.” Estudios de Asia y África 32:1 (1997): 9–30.Google Scholar
Nicolaïdis, Kalypso, Sèbe, Berny, and Maas, Gabrielle, eds. Echoes of Empire: Memory, Identity and Colonial Legacies. London, I.B. Tauris, 2015.Google Scholar
Pardo Sanz, Rosa María. “La décolonisation de l’‘Afrique espagnole.’ Maroc, Sahara Occidental et Guinée-Équatoriale.” In L'Europe face à son passé colonial, edited by Dard, Olivier and Lefeuvre, Daniel, 169–95, Paris: Riveneuve Editions, 2008.Google Scholar
Pélissier, René. Angola, Guinées, Mozambique, Sahara, Timor, etc.: Une bibliographie internationale critique (1990–2005). Orgeval: Éditions Pélissier, 2015.Google Scholar
Richards, Michael. After the Civil War: Making Memory and Re-making Spain since 1936. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rodríguez Jiménez, José Luis. Agonía, traición, huida: El final del Sahara español. Barcelona: Crítica, 2015.Google Scholar
Stanard, Matthew. “‘Boom! Goes the Congo’: The Rhetoric of Control and Belgium's Late Colonial State.” In Rhetorics of Empire: Languages of Colonial Conflict after 1900, edited by Thomas, Martin and Toye, Richard, 121–41. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2017.Google Scholar
Stucki, Andreas. “‘Frequent Deaths’: The Colonial Development of Concentration Camps Reconsidered, 1868–1974.” Journal of Genocide Research 20:3 (2018): 305–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stucki, Andreas. “Guerras imperiales: Un intento de integración (España, Ifni-Sáhara y el ‘Viento de la Historia’).” In Políticas de la violencia. Europa, siglo XX, edited by Rodrigo, Javier, 423–46, Zaragoza, Prensas Universitarias de Zaragoza, 2014.Google Scholar
Stucki, Andreas. “The Hard Side of Soft Power: Spanish Rhetorics of Empire from the 1950s to the 1970s.” In Rhetorics of Empire: Languages of Colonial Conflict after 1900, edited by Thomas, Martin and Toye, Richard, 142–60. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2017.Google Scholar
Stucki, Andreas. Violence and Gender in Africa's Iberian Colonies: Feminizing the Portuguese and Spanish Empire, 1950s–1970s. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2019.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trindade, Luís. “Introduction: Unmaking Modern Portugal.” In The Making of Modern Portugal, edited by Trindade, Luís, 1–16. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2013.Google Scholar
Unger, Corinna R.International Development: A Postwar History. London: Bloomsbury, 2018.Google Scholar
Zeman, Andreas. From Slave Trade to War and Tourism: The Many Faces of a Small Village in Africa, c. 1880–2016. PhD diss. Bern: University of Bern, 2019.Google Scholar
Archivo General de la Administración, Alcalá de Henares, Spain (AGA):Google Scholar
- Sección 15 (África), Fondo 24 (Ifni, Sáhara).Google Scholar
Archivo Genera Militar de Ávila, Spain (AGMAV):Google Scholar
- Sección África, Campaña de Ifni-Sáhara (accessed on microfilm in Archivo General Militar, Madrid, Spain).Google Scholar
Arquivo Histórico Ultramarino, Lisbon, Portugal (AHU):Google Scholar
- Ministério do Ultramar, Direcção-Geral de Economia, Repartição do Povoamento e dos Assuntos Demográficos (MU/DGE/RPAD).Google Scholar
- Ministério do Ultramar, Gabinete do Ministro, Gabinete dos Negócios Políticos (MU/GM/GNP).Google Scholar
Arquivo Nacional Torre de Tombo, Lisbon, Portugal (ANTT):Google Scholar
- Serviços de centralização e coordenação de informações de Angola (SCCIA).Google Scholar
- Serviços de centralização e coordenação de informações de Moçambique (SCCIM).Google Scholar
Real Academia de la Historia, Madrid, Spain (RAH).Google Scholar
- Archivo Documental de “Nueva Andadura,” Tercera Etapa (NA).Google Scholar
Dirección General de Plazas y Provincias Africanas (DGPPA) and Instituto de Estudios Africanos (IdEA). La Región ecuatorial española al día. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 1963.Google Scholar
“El fin del suburbio.” Cuadernos para el Diálogo 4 (1964): 4.Google Scholar
Pössinger, Hermann. Extensão Rural. Conferência proferida na ocasião da visita do Comandante-Chefe das Forças Armadas de Angola, General Costa Gomes e do Governador do Distrito do Bié, Coronel Herculano de Moura e comitiva, no dia 13 de Dezembro de 1971. Lisbon: Instituto Superior de Ciências Sociais e Política Ultramarina, 1974.Google Scholar
Pössinger, Hermann. Landwirtschaftliche Entwicklung in Angola und Moçambique. Munich: Weltforum Verlag, 1968.Google Scholar
Pössinger, Hermann. “Problemática da instalação de um projecto de extensão rural no planalto central angolano (Caso específico do Projecto Piloto de Extensão Rural do Andulo).” Estudos Económico-Sociais 8 (1971): 1–33.Google Scholar
Sáez de Govantes, Luis. El africanismo español. Madrid: Institute de Estudios Africanos, 1971.Google Scholar
Balandier, Georges. “The Colonial Situation: A Theoretical Approach [1951].” In The Rise and Fall of Modern Empires, vol. 2: Colonial Knowledges, edited by Dubow, Saul, 3–30. Farnham: Ashgate, 2013.Google Scholar
Bessel, Richard, and Haake, Claudia B., eds. Removing Peoples: Forced Removal in the Modern World. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Buettner, Elizabeth. Europe after Empire: Decolonization, Society, and Culture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buettner, Elizabeth. “Extended Families or Bodily Decomposition? Biological Metaphors in the Age of European Decolonization.” In Rhetorics of Empire: Languages of Colonial Conflict after 1900, edited by Thomas, Martin and Toye, Richard, 208–27. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2017.Google Scholar
Bush, Barbara. “Motherhood, Morality, and Social Order: Gender and Development Discourse and Practice in Late Colonial Africa.” In Developing Africa: Concepts and Practices in Twentieth-Century Colonialism, edited by Hodge, Joseph M., Hödl, Gerald, and Kopf, Martina, 270–92. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2014.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Castelo, Cláudia. “O modo português de estar no mundo.” O luso-tropicalismo e a ideología colonial portuguesa (1933–1961). Porto: Edições Afrontamento, 1998.Google Scholar
Castelo, Cláudia. “Reproducing Portuguese Villages in Africa: Agricultural Science, Ideology and Empire.” Journal of Southern African Studies 42:2 (2016): 267–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Castelo, Cláudia. “O projecto de extensão rural do Andulo (Angola): conhecimento, desenvolvimento e contrassubversão.” Ler História 2020 (forthcoming).Google Scholar
Clarence-Smith, William. The Third Portuguese Empire, 1825–1975: A Study in Economic Imperialism. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1985.Google Scholar
Coelho, Jõao Paulo Constantino Borges. Protected Villages and Communal Villages in the Mozambican Province of Tete (1968–1982): A History of State Resettlement Policies, Development and War. PhD diss. Bradford, West Yorkshire: University of Bradford, 1993.Google Scholar
Diego Aguirre, José R. La última guerra colonial de España: Ifni-Sáhara (1957–1958). Málaga: Algazara, 1993.Google Scholar
Dülffer, Jost, and Frey, Marc. Introduction to Elites and Decolonization in the Twentieth Century, edited by Dülffer, and Frey, , 1–10. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feichtinger, Moritz. “‘A Great Reformatory’: Social Planning and Strategic Resettlement in Late Colonial Kenya and Algeria, 1952–63.” Journal of Contemporary History 52:1 (2017): 45–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fradera, Josep M. The Imperial Nation: Citizens and Subjects in the British, French, Spanish, and American Empires. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gallagher, Tom. “Controlled Repression in Salazar's Portugal.” Journal of Contemporary History 14:3 (1979): 385–402.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gimeno Martín, Juan Carlos, and Robles Picón, Juan Ignacio. “Ambivalencia y orden colonial español en el Sahara Occidental (1969–1974).” Revista Andaluza de Antropología 5 (2013): 151–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henriksen, Thomas H. “Portugal in Africa: Comparative Notes on Counterinsurgency.” Orbis 21:2 (1977): 395–412.Google Scholar
Hodge, Joseph M., Hödl, Gerald, and Kopf, Martina, eds. Developing Africa: Concepts and Practices in Twentieth-Century Colonialism. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2014.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jerónimo, Miguel Bandeira. “‘A Battle in the Field of Human Relations’: The Official Minds of Repressive Development in Portuguese Angola.” In Decolonization and Conflict: Colonial Comparisons and Legacies, edited by Thomas, Martin and Curless, Gareth, 115–36. London: Bloomsbury, 2017.Google Scholar
Jerónimo, Miguel Bandeira, and Pinto, António Costa, eds. The Ends of European Colonial Empires: Cases and Comparisons. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jerónimo, Miguel Bandeira, and Pinto, António Costa, eds. International Dimensions of Portuguese Late Colonialism and Decolonization, special issue, Portuguese Studies 29:2 (2013).Google Scholar
Khan, Sheila. “Identidades sem chão. Imigrantes afro-moçambicanos: Narrativas de vida e de identidade, e percepções de um Portugal pós-colonial.” Luso-Brazilian Review 43:2 (2006): 1–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewis, Joanna. Empire State-Building: War and Welfare in Kenya 1925–52. London: James Currey, 2000.Google Scholar
Low, D. A. and Lonsdale, John. “Introduction: Towards the New Order, 1945–1963.” In The Oxford History of East Africa, vol. 3, edited by Low, D. A. and Smith, Alison, 1–64. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1976.Google Scholar
Macagno, Lorenzo. “Árabo-muçulmanos no imaginário luso-trapicalista.” In Os outros da colonização: Ensaios sobre o colonialismo tardío em Moçambique, edited by Castelo, Cláudia et al. , 51–69. Lisbon: Imprensa de Ciências Sociais, 2012.Google Scholar
MacMaster, Neil. Burning the Veil: The Algerian War and the “Emancipation” of Muslim Women, 1954–62. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Malinowski, Stephan. “Modernisierungskriege: Militärische Gewalt und koloniale Modernisierung im Algerienkrieg (1954–1962).” Archiv für Sozialgeschichte 48 (2008): 213–48.Google Scholar
Meneses, Filipe Ribeiro. “The Idea of Empire in Portuguese and Spanish Life, 1890 to 1975.” Routledge Companion to Iberian Studies, edited by Muñoz-Basols, Javier, Lonsdale, Laura, and Delgado, Manuel, 401–12. London: Routledge, 2017.Google Scholar
Morier-Genoud, Eric, and Cahen, Michel, eds. Imperial Migrations: Colonial Communities and Diaspora in the Portuguese World. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.Google Scholar
Nerín, Gustau. “Mito franquista y realidad de la colonización de la Guinea Española.” Estudios de Asia y África 32:1 (1997): 9–30.Google Scholar
Nicolaïdis, Kalypso, Sèbe, Berny, and Maas, Gabrielle, eds. Echoes of Empire: Memory, Identity and Colonial Legacies. London, I.B. Tauris, 2015.Google Scholar
Pardo Sanz, Rosa María. “La décolonisation de l’‘Afrique espagnole.’ Maroc, Sahara Occidental et Guinée-Équatoriale.” In L'Europe face à son passé colonial, edited by Dard, Olivier and Lefeuvre, Daniel, 169–95, Paris: Riveneuve Editions, 2008.Google Scholar
Pélissier, René. Angola, Guinées, Mozambique, Sahara, Timor, etc.: Une bibliographie internationale critique (1990–2005). Orgeval: Éditions Pélissier, 2015.Google Scholar
Richards, Michael. After the Civil War: Making Memory and Re-making Spain since 1936. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rodríguez Jiménez, José Luis. Agonía, traición, huida: El final del Sahara español. Barcelona: Crítica, 2015.Google Scholar
Stanard, Matthew. “‘Boom! Goes the Congo’: The Rhetoric of Control and Belgium's Late Colonial State.” In Rhetorics of Empire: Languages of Colonial Conflict after 1900, edited by Thomas, Martin and Toye, Richard, 121–41. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2017.Google Scholar
Stucki, Andreas. “‘Frequent Deaths’: The Colonial Development of Concentration Camps Reconsidered, 1868–1974.” Journal of Genocide Research 20:3 (2018): 305–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stucki, Andreas. “Guerras imperiales: Un intento de integración (España, Ifni-Sáhara y el ‘Viento de la Historia’).” In Políticas de la violencia. Europa, siglo XX, edited by Rodrigo, Javier, 423–46, Zaragoza, Prensas Universitarias de Zaragoza, 2014.Google Scholar
Stucki, Andreas. “The Hard Side of Soft Power: Spanish Rhetorics of Empire from the 1950s to the 1970s.” In Rhetorics of Empire: Languages of Colonial Conflict after 1900, edited by Thomas, Martin and Toye, Richard, 142–60. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2017.Google Scholar
Stucki, Andreas. Violence and Gender in Africa's Iberian Colonies: Feminizing the Portuguese and Spanish Empire, 1950s–1970s. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2019.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trindade, Luís. “Introduction: Unmaking Modern Portugal.” In The Making of Modern Portugal, edited by Trindade, Luís, 1–16. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2013.Google Scholar
Unger, Corinna R.International Development: A Postwar History. London: Bloomsbury, 2018.Google Scholar
Zeman, Andreas. From Slave Trade to War and Tourism: The Many Faces of a Small Village in Africa, c. 1880–2016. PhD diss. Bern: University of Bern, 2019.Google Scholar