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The Intercontinental Long-Distance Trade. A Preliminary Survey

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 April 2010

Immanuel Geiss
Affiliation:
Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania

Extract

The author of the following paper is not an economic historian. As a general modern historian when teaching history under more global perspective, he became increasingly aware of the importance of the intercontinental longdistance trade by his interests in African history and the history of European expansion overseas. When working on a more elementary, but systematic introduction into world history for undergraduate students and high school pupils (‘Geschichte griffbereit.’ 6 vols. Reinbek b. Hamburg 1979/1983), he was struck by the frequent occurrence of long-distance trade in general, of what is here called ‘intercontinental long-distance trade’ in particular: even in the most superficial treatment of many regions, countries, places of historical importance (cities, ports, straits, isthmuses, rivers, isles and peninsulas) longdistance trade played a central role. If examined closely, it emerges that surprisingly much is known about long-distance trade in general. Direct and indirect consequences of the intercontinental long-distance trade are so manifold and complex in many spheres of history — economic, of course, but also political, naval, military history, history of ideas and religions — that it should become useful to make it a major theme of its own.

Type
Articles: The Great Debate
Copyright
Copyright © Research Institute for History, Leiden University 1986

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References

Notes

1 Lindsay, W.S., History of Merchant Shipping and Ancient Commerce (London 1874; repr. New York 1965), 4 vols., esp. vol. IGoogle Scholar; Curcin, Philip D., Cross Cultural Trade in World History (Cambridge etc. 1984)Google Scholar.

2 See below, p. 2, n. 5.

3 ‘The History of the Western Sudan revolves, therefore, around those three themes: trade, state, and Islam.’ Levetzion, Nehemia, ‘The Early States of the Western Sudan to 1500’ in: Ajayi, J.F.A. and Crowder, Michael eds., History of West Africa, 2 vols. (London 1979) 114.Google Scholar

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9 Curtin, , Cross-Cultural Trade, ch. 4: ‘Ancient Trade’, 6089. Apart from chapters or sections dealing with ancient, in particular Roman long-distance trade, included in books already referred to above, see especiallyGoogle ScholarWarmington, E.H., The Commerce between the Roman Empire and India (2nd ed.; London 1974)Google Scholar; Wheeler, Mortimer, Der Femhandel des römischen Reiches in Europa, Afrika und Asien (München 1965)Google Scholar; Simkin, C.G.F., The Traditional Trade of Asia (London 1968)Google Scholar; Garnsey, Peter et al. eds., Trade in the Ancient Economy (Berkeley and Los Angeles 1983)Google Scholar; also Curtin, , Cross-Cultural Trade, ch. 5: ‘A new trade axis. The Mediterranean to China, circa 200 B.C.-A.D. 100’, 90–108Google Scholar; Barraclough, Geoffrcy ed., The Times Atlas of World History (London 1984) 7071Google Scholar.

10 McNeill, William H., The Rise of the West. A History of the Human Community (Chicago and London 1963Google Scholar, with many impressions since), ‘Closure of the Eurasian Eucumene 500 B.C.- 200 A.D.’, 295–360.

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13 Ibidem, 14.

14 Haussig, , Seidenstrasse; for detailed descriptions of at least to India see also Warmington, Commerce between Roman Empire and India, ch. 7, ‘The Trade Routes between Rome and India’, 634, for both variations, sea and land.Google Scholar

15 Oxenstierna, Eric Graf, Die Wikinger (2nd ed.; Stuttgart 1966)6668, 189.Google Scholar

16 Warmington, , Commerce between Roman Empire and India, 261318,Google Scholar on the ‘drain’ of specie to Rome and the ‘adverse balance’.

17 Pirenne, Henri, Mahomet et Charlemagne (Paris 1936).Google Scholar

18 Bovill, E.W., The Golden Trade of the Moors (3rd ed.; London 1970)Google Scholar; for the Medieval African Empires in the Western Sudan see especially Levetzion, N., Ancient Ghana and Mali (London 1973)Google Scholar.

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22 Curtin, Cross-Cultural Trade, ch. 5: ‘A new trade axis. The Mediterranean to China, circa 200 B.C.-A.D. 1000’.

23 For their travels see Polo, Marco, The Travels of Marco Polo (Harmony Raine 1982).Google ScholarBattuta, Ibn, The Travels of Ibn Batuta. Franklin, B. ed. (repr. of 1829 ed.; New York 1929)Google Scholar.

24 This impression emerges even from the most general introductions into the history of the regions, e.g.: Hall, D.G.E., A History of South-East Asia (London 1968)Google Scholar; Harrison, Brian, South East Asia. A Short History (London 1967)Google Scholar; for a more specific example see Wolters, O.W., Early Indonesian Commerce. A Study of the Origins of Srivijaya (Ithaca, N.Y. 1967)Google Scholar.

25 See above, ns. 3,20.

26 Curtin, Ph.D., The Atlantic Slave Trade. A Census (Madison, Wise. 1972)Google Scholar; Flagg, P.C., The African Slave Trade and its Suppression (London 1973)Google Scholar.

27 For West Africa see Hopkins, , Economic History, 52f.Google Scholar

28 The Cambridge Ancient History I, part 2 (3rd ed.; Cambridge 1971) 752759Google Scholar on the old Assyrian trade; for long-distance trade in ancient Mesopotamia see Reallexikon der Assyrologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie IV (Berlin 19721975)Google Scholar, article ‘Handel’, 77–90; also ‘Handelskolonien’, 90–97; now also Curtin, , Cross-Cullural Trade, ch. 4: ‘Ancient Trade’, 6081Google Scholar.

29 McNeill, W.H., Venice. The Hinge of Europe, 1081–1797 (Chicagoand London 1974).Google Scholar

30 See also Lindsay, W.S., Ancient Commerce I, 1214.Google Scholar

31 Haussig, , Kulturgeschichte von Byzanz (Stuttgart 1966) 64; 6976 also for the long-distance trade of Byzantium.Google Scholar

32 Levetzion, ‘Early States of Western Sudan’; see above n. 3; Verlinden, Charles, The Beginnings of Modern Colonization. Eleven Essays with an Introduction (Ithaca and London 1970) 57, 17–26.Google Scholar

33. McNeill, W.H., The Pursuit of Power. Technology, Armed Force and Society Since 1000 A.D. (Chicago 1982) ch. 2, ‘The Era of Chinese Predominance, 1000–1500’, 24–62, esp. 25ff.Google Scholar

34 Ziegler, P., The Black Death (4th ed.; Harmondsworth 1975).Google Scholar

35 There is a clash of dates here: Charles Verlinden (see below n. 36) gives as the date of beginning sugar-cane production near Tyrus by Italian ‘Franks’ the year 1123, while W.H. McNeill (above n. 29, p. 7) gave as the date of capturing Tyrus by Venice as 1124.

36 Curtin, P.D., ‘The Slave Trade and the Atlantic Basin: Intercontinental Perspectives’ in: Huggins, Nathan I. et al. eds., The Issues in the Afro-American Experience (New York 1971) 7493, esp. 74–77Google Scholar; Verlinden, , Beginnings of Modern Colonization, 376.Google Scholar

37 Steensgaard, ‘Indian Ocean Network’, see above n. 8; also Curtin, , Cross-Cullural Trade, 144148.Google Scholar

38 Immanuel Wallerstein, M., The modern world-system. Capitalist agriculture and the origins of the European World Economy in the sixteenth century (New York 1974)Google Scholar; Idem, Mercantilism and the consolidation of the European world economy, 1600–1750 (New York 1980).