Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dsjbd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-25T17:01:03.175Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Economic Dynamics of Spanish Colonialism in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 April 2010

W.G. Clarence-Smith
Affiliation:
SOAS, University of London

Extract

The survival of the Spanish empire after the loss of the mainland American colonies is a neglected subject, and no part of it is more neglected than its economic features. General histories of Spain in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries rarely touch on overseas matters, although the colonies do occasionally appear centre stage, as in 1868, when the Cuban Creoles rose in rebellion; in 1898, when Spain lost most of her colonies as a result of war with America; in 1921, when the Berber tribes of Northern Morocco defeated the Spanish army; and in 1936, when General Franco and his coconspirators raised the standard of rebellion against the Republic in North Western Africa. But these references are episodic and essentially political, indeed military in nature. There is little structural analysis of what the colonies meant to Spain, least of all in the economic field.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Research Institute for History, Leiden University 1991

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Notes

* All Spanish names are given in second and subsequent references by the first surname only.

Values for the peseta are given in an appendix at the end of the text.

1 Carr's, Raymond monumental Spain 1808–1975 (2nd ed.; Exford 1982), includes a great deal of valuable material on colonial matters, but fails to draw out the importance of the subject, especially in its economic aspect. Much worse isGoogle ScholarSánchez-Albornoz, N. ed., The Economic Modernization of Spain, 1830–1930 (New York 1987), which does not even have an index entry for Cuba!Google Scholar

2 The best brief overview is Bernet, J. Maluquer de Motes, ‘El mercado colonial antillano en el siglo XIX’ in: Nadal, J. and Tortella, G. eds., Agricultura, comercio cobnial y crecimiento económico en la Espana Contemporànea (Barcelona 1974) 322357. Unfortunately this excellent chapter does not cover Africa and the Philippines at all systematically and is confined to the nineteenth centuryGoogle Scholar.

3 Clarence-Smith, G., The Third Portuguese Empire, 1825–1974, a Study in Economic Imperialism (Manchester 1985);Google ScholarMarseille, J., Empire colonial el capitalisme français, histoire d'un divorce (Paris 1984)Google Scholar.

4 Much of this is covered in Lécuyer, M.C. and Serrano, C., La guerre d'Afrique et ses répercussions en Espagne, 1859–1904 (Paris 1976). This is an important book, which covers a much wider span of Spanish colonial history than its title impliesGoogle Scholar.

5 Maluquer, ‘El mercado colonial’.

6 Platt, D.C.M., Latin America and British Trade, 1806–1914 (London 1972).Google Scholar

7 Almanach de Gotha, annuaire diplomatique et statistique pour L'annèe 1858 (Gotha 1858). Statistics are given for each metropolis and its colonies.Google Scholar

8 Fraginals, Manuel Moreno, El ingenio, complejo economico social cubano del azúcar (2nd ed. Havana 1978);Google ScholarKnight, F.W., Slave Society in Cuba during the Nineteenth Century (Madison 1970);Google ScholarBlackburn, R., The Overthrow of Colonial Slavery, 1776–1848 (London 1988)Google Scholar.

9 Bergad, L.W., Coffee and the Growth of Agrarian Capitalism in Nineteenth Century Puerto Rico (Princeton 1983);Google ScholarDietz, J.L., Economic History of Puerto Rico (Princeton 1988) ch. 1Google Scholar.

10 Owen, N.G., Prosperity without Progress: Manila Hemp and Material Life in the Colonial Philippines (Berkeley 1984);Google ScholarJesús, E.C. de, The Tobacco Monopoly in the Philippines, 1782–1882 (Ph.D. thesis; Yale University 1973);Google ScholarNagano, Y., ‘Formation of Sugarlandia in the late 19th century Negros’ in: The Philippines in the Third World Papers, Series No. 32 (Quezon City 1982);Google ScholarCushner, N.P., Spain in the Philippines, from conquest to revolution (Manila 1971);Google ScholarMcCoy, A.W. and Jesus, E.C. de eds., Philippine Social History (Manila 1982)Google Scholar.

11 Clarence-Smith, W.G., ‘La traite portugaise et espagnole en Afrique au XIXe siecle’ in: Daget, S. ed., De la traite à L'esclavage, Actes du colloque international sur la traite des noirs (Nantes 1989) 425434.Google Scholar

12 Solano, F. de and Guimerá, A. eds., Esclavitud y derechos humanos (Madrid 1990) Part I, ‘El abolicionismo Espanol’.Google Scholar

13 Eltis, D., Economic Growth and the Ending of the Transatlantic Slave Trade (New York 1987) passim.Google Scholar

14 Sundiata, I., ‘Cuba Africana: Cuba and Spain in the Bight of Biafra, 1839–1869’ Americas 34, 1 (1977) 9293.Google Scholar

15 Murray, D.R., Odious Commerce, Britain, Spain and the Abolition of the Cuban Slave Trade (Cambridge 1980);Google ScholarCarrión, A. Morales, Auge y decadencia de la trata negrera en Puerto Rico, 1820–1860 (San Juan 1978)Google Scholar.

16 See, for example, Jones, A., From Slaves to Palm Kernels, a History of the Galinhas Country (West Africa), 1730–1890 (Wiesbaden 1983).Google Scholar

17 Moreno, J.A. Moreno, Resena hislórica de la presencia de Espana en el Golfo de Guinea (Madrid 1952) 28.Google Scholar

18 Moreno, Resena, 93–94.

19 Details in Carr, Spain.

20 Castro, A. Troncosa de, Ceuta y Melilla, 20 sighs de Espanna (Madrid 1981).Google Scholar

21 Woolbert, R.G., ‘Spain as an African power’, Foreign Affairs 24 (1946) 726.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

22 Warren, J.F., The Sulu Zone, I768–1898: the Dynamics of External Trade, Slavery and Ethnicity in the Transformation of a Southeast Asian Maritime State (Singapore 1981) Part II.Google Scholar

23 F. Rodao Garcia ed., Estudios sobre Filipinos y las islas del Pacifico (Madrid 1989); Garcia, F. Rodao ed., Espana y el Pacifico (Madrid 1989);Google ScholarSpate, O.K., A History of the Pacific since Magellan (2 vols.; London 1979 and 1983) for the phrase ‘Spanish lake’Google Scholar.

24 Maluquer, ‘El mercado colonial’, 345.

25 Corwin, A.F., Spain and the Abolition of Slavery in Cuba, 1817–1886 (Austin 1967) 54; Murray, Odious Commerce, passim.Google Scholar

26 Maluquer, ‘El mercado colonial’, 326. See appendix for value of peseta.

27 Carr, Spain, 211; Corwin, Spain, 104–105.

28 Jesús, ‘The Tobacco Monopoly’, 137–139.

29 Carr, Spain, passim.

30 Bell, I., The Dominican Republic (Boulder 1981) ch. 6Google Scholar; Haslip, J., Imperial Adventurer, Emperor Maximilian of Mexico and his Empress (London 1971); Carr, Spain, 260–261, 300 n. 2Google Scholar.

31 Warren, The Sulu Zone II.

32 Gainza, F. and Villaroel, F., Cruzada espanola en Vietnam, campana de Cochinchina (Madrid 1972).Google Scholar

33 Lécuyer and Serrano, La guerre d'Afrique.

34 Moreno, Resena historica Hahs, ‘Spain and the scramble’.

35 Maluquer, ‘El mercado colonial’, 325–326. See appendix for value of peseta.

36 Liniger-Goumaz, M., La Guinee Equatoriale, un pays meconnu (Paris 1979).Google Scholar

37 Owen, Prosperity without Progress, 193–195, 200; Carr, Spain, 307.

38 Bernet, J. Maluquer de Motes, ‘La burgesia catalana i l'esclavitud colonial: modes de producció i pràtica politica’, Recerques 3 (1974) 83136; Carr, Spain, 308; Bergad, Coffee, 212–213 and passim.Google Scholar

39 For Cuba, Vives, J. Vicens i and Serrano, M. Llorens i, Industrials i politics del segle XIX (2nd ed.; Barcelona 1961), biographies in part II, and Moreno, El ingenio, passim. For Puerto Rico, Bergad, Coffee, 212 and passim. For the Philippines, Owen, Prosperity; Nagano, ‘Formation of Sugarlandia’.Google Scholar

40 Palazuelos, E. Romeu et al., Las Islas Canarias (Madrid 1981) 129.Google Scholar

41 Harrison, J., An Economic History of Modern Spain (Manchester 1978) 2124; Carr, Spain, 10–11; Corwin, Spain, 110.Google Scholar

42 Corwin, Spain, 110, 199, and passim.

43 Maluquer, ‘La burgesia catalana’; Vicens and Llorens, Industrials i politics.

44 Riva, J. Pérez de la, El barracón: esclavitud y capitalismo en Cuba (2nd ed.; Barcelona 1978);Google ScholarCorbitt, D.C., A Study on the Chinese in Cuba, 1847–1947 (Wilmore 1971);Google ScholarHelly, D., Idéologie et ethnidté: Its Chinois Macao à Cuba, 1847–1886 (Montreal 1979)Google Scholar.

45 Maluquer, ‘La burgesia catalana’, 115 n. 120.

46 Carr, Spain, 277–280; 343, 539.

47 Maluquer, ‘El mercado colonial’, Table 1.

48 Carr, Spain, 280.

49 Escarra, E., Le développement industriel de la Catalogne (Paris 1908) 149 n. 1. See appendix for value of peseta.Google Scholar

50 Warren, The Sulu Zone, passim.

51 Cushner, Spain, 209.

52 Maluquer, ‘El mercado colonial’, 323, 333–336, 345–348, 351 and Table 1.

53 Carr, Spain, 280, 307–308; Corwin, Spain, 206.

54 Liniger-Goumaz, La Guinée, 457.

55 Maluquer, ‘La burgesia’, 109 n. 90; Vicens, and Llorens, , Industrials i politics, 92; Enciclopedia Universal Ilustrada Europeo-Americana XIV, 684Google Scholar.

56 Hodges, T., Historical Dictionary of the Western Sahara (Metuchen 1982) 208209.Google Scholar

57 Vicens i Vives, Industrials i politics, 370–371.

58 Lécuyer and Serrano, La guerre d'Afrique, provide the best overall view, although their treatment of economic factors in unsatisfactory.

59 Bogard, R.C., Africanismo and Morocco, 1830–1912 (Ph.D. thesis; University of Texas at Austin 1975).Google Scholar

60 Hahs, B.G., Spain and the Scramble for Africa: the Africanistas an d the Gulf of Guinea (Ph.D. thesis; University of New Mexico 1980) 55.Google Scholar

61 Lécuyer and Serrano, La guerre d'Afrique, Hahs, ‘Spain and the Scramble’; Bogard, ‘Africanismo’; Rodao, Espana y el Pacifico.

62 Serrano, C., Final del imperio; Espana 1895–1898 (Madrid 1984).Google Scholar

63 Enciclopedia Universal Ilustrada Europeo-Americana XI, 1230, and XXXIII, 82. See appendix for value of peseta.

64 Clarence-Smith, W.G., ‘The Portuguese and Spanish roles in the Scramble for Africa: an economic interpretation’ in: Forster, S. et al. eds., Bismarck, Europe and Africa: the Berlin West African Conference and the Onset of Partition (Oxford 1988) 215227.Google Scholar

65 Harrison, An Economic History, 34.

66 Lécuyer and Serrano, La guerre d'Afrique, 249,272–272,276, and passim; Bogard, ‘Africanismo’, passim.

67 Maluquer, ‘El mercado colonial’, 346–347 and passim; Bogard, ‘Africanismo’, 110; Carr, Spain, 397–398; Escarra, Le developpement industries 166.

68 Maluquer, ‘El mercado colonial’, Table 1.

69 Serrano, Final del imperio, 11; Maluquer, ‘El mercado colonial’, 348.

70 Maluquer, ‘El mercado colonial’, 348; Harrison, An Economic History, 36. I have not been able to see Rodríguez, M. Martín, Azùcar y descolonización: orígen y desenlace de una Crisis agraria en la vega de Granada; el ingenio de San Juan, 1882·1904 (Granada 1984)Google Scholar.

71 Maluquer, ‘El mercado colonial’, 338–340; Romeu, Las Islas Canarias, 249.

72 Maluquer, ‘El mercado colonial’, Table 1.

73 Oiler, J. Nadal, El fracaso de la revolution industrial en Espana, 1814–1913 (Barcelona 1975); Maluquer, ‘El mercado colonial’, 337–338, 344;Google ScholarAlbert, B. and Graves, A. eds., Crisis and Change in the International Sugar Economy, 1860–1914 (Norwich 1984) 2 and passimGoogle Scholar.

74 Serrano, Final del imperio.

75 Lezcano, V. Morales, Espana y el norte de Africa; el protectorado en Marruecos, 1912–1956 (Madrid 1984) 2229; Bogard, ‘Africanismo’, passim.Google Scholar

76 Hahs, ‘Spain and the Scramble’, 282–285.

77 W.G. Clarence-Smith, ‘The Economic Dynamics of Spanish Imperialism, 1898–1945’ in: V. Morales Lezcano ed., II Aula Canarias y el Noroeste de Africa (1986) (Las Palmas de Gran Canaria 1988) 19–22. For a list of investments, Morales, Espana y el norte de Africa, 160–163.

78 Archivo General de Administración, Alcalá de Henares, Africa-Guinea, Caja 104, File on cocoa exports 1904–1914.

79 Navarro, F. Quintana, Barcos, negocios y burgueses en el Puerto de la Luz, 1883–1913 (Las Palmas de Gran Canaria 1985) 207;Google Scholar, Bogard, ‘Africanismo’ 177, 192 n.2; I have not been able to obtain a copy of F. Cossio, La Campanía Trasatlantica; tien anos de vida sobre el mar, 1850–1950 (Madrid 1950)Google Scholar.

80 R. Carriga, Juan March y su tiempo (Barcelona 1976) 54, 114.

81 Casas, G. Sanz, Politica colonial y organization del trabajo en la isla de Fernando Póo, 1880–1930 (Ph.D. Thesis; University of Barcelona 1983) passim.Google Scholar

82 Archivo General de Administracion, Alcalá de Henares, Africa-Guinea, Caja 144, Expediente 11, 1905 article by J. Coll y Astrell.

83 Bogard, ‘Africanismo’, 207–210, 220–229.

84 Thompson, V. and Adloff, R., The Western Saharans, Background to Conflict (London 1980) 122.Google Scholar

85 Mercer, J., The Canary Islanders (London 1980) 260; Woolbert, ‘Spain as an African Power’, 734; Quintana, Barcos, passim.Google Scholar

86 Britain, Great, Foreign Office, Historical Section, Spanish Guinea (London 1919) 3435, 40–41.Google Scholar

87 Archivo General de Administración, Alcalá de Henares, Africa-Guinea, Caja 104, File on cocoa exports 1904–1914.

88 Garriga, Juan March, 54.

89 Harrison, An Economic History, 42–43. See appendix for value of peseta.

90 Morales, Espana y el norte de Africa, 159.

91 Enciclopedia Universal Ilustrada Europeo-Americana, Suplemento Anual, 1934, 553.

92 Harrison, An Economic History, 66–69, 85, 99–101, 110; Cambó, F., La valoracion de la peseta (Madrid [c. 1929])Google Scholar.

93 Spain, Estadística (General) del comercio exterior de Espana, selected years. These huge volumes include details on customs duties.

94 Informatión Comercial Espanola, 157, 1946, Supl., 8.

95 Nosti, J., Agricultura de Guinea, promesa para Espana (Madrid 1948) 57, 65 and passim.Google Scholar

96 Medlicott, W., The Economic Blockade (London 1952–1956) I, 534.Google Scholar

97 Bidyogo, D. Ndongo, Historia y tragedia de Guinea Ecuatorial (Madrid 1977) 44.Google Scholar

98 Morales, Espana y el norte de Africa, Appendix to ch. 4, for a detailed list of investments.

99 Spain, Estadistica (General) del comercio exterior de Espana.

100 Clarence-smith, W.G., ‘The Impact of the Spanish Civil War and the Second World War on Portuguese and Spanish AfricaJournal of African History 26 (1985) 309326 (translated as ‘Africa portuguesa y espanola, 1936–1945, el impacto de dos guerras’, Africa 2000 2, 2–3 (1987) 20–22 and 31–39).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

101 Fleming, S., ‘Spanish Morocco and the Alzamiento Nacional, 1936–1939’, Revue d'Histoire Maghrébine 9, 27–28 (1982) 225236.Google Scholar

102 Sánchez, L.E. Togores, ‘El Alzamiento y la Guerra Civil (1936–1939) en las colonias de Guinea, Sidi Ifni y Sahara’, Estudios Africanos 3, 4–5 (19871988) 3347.Google Scholar

103 Areilza, J.M. de and Castiella, F.M., Reivindicationes de Espana (2nd ed.; Madrid 1941);Google ScholarHamilton, T.J., ‘Spanish Dreams of Empire’, Foreign Affairs 22 (1944) 458468.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

104 See Thomas, H., The Spanish Civil War (London 1961), for an example of a lengthy standard work which virtually ignores the colonies.Google Scholar

105 Servicio Histórico Militar-Espana, Madrid, El Comandante Jefe de Estado Mayor, ‘Nota sobre Fernando Poo’, 23. 9. 1936 (I am grateful to Luis Togores Sánchez for providing me with a photocopy of this document).

106 Ruhl, K., ‘L'alliance a distance: les relations germano-espagnoles de 1936 à 1945’, Revue d'Histoire de la Deuxieme Guerre Mondiale 118 (1980) 8485; Fleming, ‘Spanish Morocco’, 231–232; Medlicott, The economic blockade I, 534 an d II, 311–312.Google Scholar

107 Information Comercial Espanola 156 (1946) 89; Nosti, Agricultura, 57,62–63. For the general importance of food supplies, Harrison, An Economic History, 145–146.Google Scholar

108 Grau, R. Perpina, De colonization y economía en la Guinea Espanola (Barcelona 1945) passimGoogle Scholar

109 Spain, Estadística (General) del Comercio exterior de Espana.

110 Medlicott, The Economic Blockade I, 534, and II, 286–287; Perpina Grau, De Decolonizatión, passim.

111 Clarence-Smith, ‘The Impact’, 315.

112 Spain, Estadística (General) del comertio exterior de Espana.

113 Enticlopedia Universal Ilustrada Europeo-Americana, Suplemento 1945–48, 824–826.

114 Spain, Estadística (General) del comercio exterior de Espana.

115 Harrison, An Economic History, ch. 8.

116 Freund, B., The Making of Contemporary Africa, the Development of African Society since (London 1984) ch. 9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

117 Liniger-Goumaz, M., Small is Not Always Beautiful, the Story of Equatorial Guinea (London 1988) ch. 2; V. Thompson and Adloff, The Western Saharans, passim.Google Scholar

118 Carreras, J.U. Martínez, ‘La descolonizacion del Africa espanola’ in; Estudios Historicos, homenaje a los profesores Jover Zamora y Palacio Atard (Madrid 1990) I, 513531.Google Scholar

119 Troncoso, Ceuta y Melilla; personal observations in the Canaries.

120 Liniger-Goumaz, Small is Not Always Beautiful.

121 Hodges, T., Western Sahara: the Roots of a Desert War (London 1984).Google Scholar

122 Clarence-Smith, W.G., ‘“The Imperialism of Beggars”: the Role of the less Developed Powers in the Nineteenth Century Scramble for Colonies’, Institute of Commonwealth Studies, London, The City and empire 2 (1987) 94100 (Collected Seminar Papers 36) for a more extended treatment of this idea.Google Scholar

123 Bidwell, R.L., Currency conversion tables: a hundred years of change (London 1970) 4546;Google ScholarHarrison, , An economic, history, xi, 6771, 99–100, 140, 147; Escarra, Le développement industrial 197 n. 1Google Scholar.