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SVILUPPO ORGANIZZATIVO DEI NUOVI MOVIMENTI SOCIALI E CONTESTO POLITICO

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 July 2018

Hanspeter Kriesi

Introduzione

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Nello studio dei movimenti sociali prevalgono ormai due orientamenti: uno incentrato sulla mobilitazione delle risorse e uno incentrato sui processi politici. Il primo approccio si occupa dell'infrastruttura organizzativa dei movimenti sociali, la quale viene considerata il fattore più influente nella loro mobilitazione. Il secondo approccio ha una prospettiva più ampia e situa la mobilitazione dei movimenti sociali all'interno di un contesto politico: la mobilitazione dipende in grande misura dalla struttura delle opportunità politiche che in un dato contesto sono offerte ai movimenti. Sebbene l'approccio basato sui processi politici si sia sviluppato a partire da quello relativo alla mobilitazione delle risorse, rimane carente lo studio dello sviluppo dell'infrastruttura organizzativa dei movimenti sociali in rapporto al contesto politico. La maggior parte degli studi riguardanti i movimenti sociali si è occupata soprattutto delle loro origini, poco del loro sviluppo successivo (McAdam et al. 1988). Inoltre, nella misura in cui si è studiato lo sviluppo organizzativo dei movimenti sociali, esso è stato raramente messo in relazione alle strutture di opportunità politica.

Summary

Summary

This essay presents an analysis of the extent to which the organizational development of new social movements in four Western European countries - France, Germany, the Netherlands and Switzerland - is determined by the specific opportunity structures of the political contexts in each one of these countries. First, a certain number of concepts are introduced which allow to specify the notion of the organizational infrastructure of a social movement and its development. Then the determinants of a movement's organizational development are discussed. This discussion emphasizes the role of political opportunity structures, although it also takes into account internal organizational dynamics, different movement types and other external conditions such as the economic situation of a given country. The empirical analysis confirms the relevance of the national political context for the organizational growth and decline, the external structuration and the transformation of goal orientations and action repertoires of the most important new social movements in the four countries. As expected, the French social movement organizations turn out to be generally weak, most radical and most strongly politicized by their partisan environment. By contrast, the organizations of movements in the two smaller European democracies have a comparatively large membership, are relatively well endowed with resources, relatively well integrated into the political system and comparatively moderate. German organizations, finally, take an intermediary position, which corresponds to the ambiguous political opportunities they faced in the period under study (1975–1989).

Type
RICERCHE
Information
Italian Political Science Review / Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica , Volume 23 , Issue 1 , April 1993 , pp. 67 - 117
Copyright
Copyright © Societ Italiana di Scienza Politica 

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