Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gbm5v Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-22T16:31:13.215Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The stubbornness of authoritarianism: autocracy-to-autocracy transitions in the world between 2000 and 2015

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 May 2019

Gianni Del Panta*
Affiliation:
Department of Social, Political and Cognitive Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
*
*Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

Whilst much of the contemporary debate on regime change remains concentrated on transitions to and from democracy, this paper focuses on autocracy-to-autocracy transitions, a relatively understudied but particularly relevant phenomenon. Building on an updated typology of non-democratic regimes and through a qualitative case-by-case assessment, the present paper identifies 21 transitions from one dictatorship to another, out of 32 cases of autocratic breakdown during the 2000–15 period. Hence, after the fall of a dictatorship, the installation of a new authoritarian regime was almost twice as likely as democratization. Accordingly, the paper focuses on the 21 recorded autocracy-to-autocracy transitions and examines in which non-democratic regimes a transition from an autocracy to another is more likely to occur, which peculiar forms of authoritarian rule tend to be installed, and the specific ways in which the dismantling of the previous existing authoritarian rule is achieved.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Società Italiana di Scienza Politica 2019 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abramowitz, MJ and Repucci, S (2018) Democracy beleaguered. Journal of Democracy 29, 128142.Google Scholar
Alamgir, J (2009) Bangladesh's fresh start. Journal of Democracy 20, 4155.Google Scholar
Baker, C (2016) The 2014 Thai coup and some roots of authoritarianism. Journal of Contemporary Asia 46, 388404.Google Scholar
Barany, Z (2018) Burma: Suu Kyi's missteps. Journal of Democracy 29, 519.Google Scholar
Baudais, V and Chauzal, G (2011) The 2010 coup d’État in niger: a praetorian regulation of politics? African Affairs 110(439), 295304.Google Scholar
Beissinger, MR (2007) Structure and example in modular political phenomena: the diffusion of bulldozer/rose/orange/tulip revolution. Perspective on Politics 5, 259276.Google Scholar
Bermeo, N (2016) On democratic backsliding. Journal of Democracy 27, 519.Google Scholar
Bogaards, M (2012) Where to draw the line? From degree to dichotomy in measures of democracy. Democratization 19, 690712.Google Scholar
Brownlee, J (2009) Portents of pluralism: how hybrid regimes affect democratic transitions. American Journal of Political Science 53, 515532.Google Scholar
Brownlee, J (2017) The limited reach of authoritarian powers. Democratization 26, 13261344.Google Scholar
Bunce, V and Wolchik, S (2011) Defeating Authoritarian Leaders in Post-Communist Countries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Cassani, A and Tomini, L (2018) Reversing regime and concepts: from democratization to autocratization. European Political Science published early online, 4 May 2008, https://doi.org/10.1057/s41304-018-0168-5Google Scholar
Chambers, P (2010) Thailand on the brink: resurgent military, eroding democracy. Asian Survey 50, 835858.Google Scholar
Cheibub, JA, Gandhi, J and Vreeland, JR (2010) Democracy and dictatorship revisited. Public Choice 143(1–2), 67101.Google Scholar
Collins, K (2011) Kyrgyzstan's latest revolution. Journal of Democracy 22, 150164.Google Scholar
Croissant, A and Kamerling, J (2013) Why do military regimes institutionalize? Constitution-making and elections as political survival strategy in Myanmar. Asian Journal of Political Science 21, 105125.Google Scholar
Dahl, RA (1971) Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
De Smet, B (2016) Gramsci on Tahrir: Revolution and Counter-Revolution in Egypt. London: Pluto Press.Google Scholar
Diamond, L (2015) Facing up to democratic recession. Journal of Democracy 26, 141155.Google Scholar
Dukalskis, A and Raymond, CD (2018) Failure of authoritarian learning: explaining Burma/Myanmar's electoral system. Democratization 25, 545563.Google Scholar
Dupuy, A (2007) The Prophet and Power: Jean-Bertrand Aristide, the International Community and Haiti. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.Google Scholar
Dwyer, M (2017) Situating soldiers’ demands: mutinies and protests in Burkina Faso. Third World Quarterly 38, 219234.Google Scholar
Embaló, B (2012) Civil-military relations and political order in Guinea-Bissau. Journal of Modern African Studies 50, 253281.Google Scholar
Gandhi, J (2008). Political Institutions Under Dictatorship. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Geddes, B (1999). What do we know about democratization after twenty years? Annual Review of Political Science 2, 115144.Google Scholar
Geddes, B, Wright, J and Frantz, E (2014) Autocratic breakdown and regime transitions: a new data set. Perspectives on Politics 12, 313331.Google Scholar
Gellner, DN (2007) Nepal and Bhutan in 2006: a year of revolution. Asian Survey 47, 8086.Google Scholar
Goemans, HE, Gleditsch, KS and Chiozza, G (2009) Introducing Archigos: a dataset of political leaders. Journal of Peace Research 46, 269283.Google Scholar
Hadenius, A and Teorell, J (2007) Pathways from authoritarianism. Journal of Democracy 18, 143157.Google Scholar
Hill, JNC (2016) Democratisation in the Maghreb. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Huntington, S (1991) The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.Google Scholar
Hutt, M (2007) A Nepalese triangle: monarchy, maoists and political parties. Asian Affairs 38, 1222.Google Scholar
International Crisis Group (2012) Beyond turf wars: managing the post-coup transition in Guinea-Bissau. Africa Report 190, 119.Google Scholar
Kailitz, S (2013) Classifying political regimes revisited: legitimation and durability. Democratization 20, 3960.Google Scholar
Levitsky, S and Way, LA (2010) Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes After the Cold War. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Levitsky, S and Way, LA (2015) The myth of democratic recession. Journal of Democracy 26, 4558.Google Scholar
Linz, J and Stepan, A (1996) Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America, and Post-Communist Europe. Baltimore, MD: The John Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Lührmann, A, Lindberg, SI and Tannenberg, M (2017) Regimes in the World (RIW): A Robust Regime Type Measure based on V-Dem. The Varieties of Democracy Institute Working Paper 47, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2971869Google Scholar
Magaloni, B and Kricheli, R (2010) Political order and One-party rule. Annual Review of Political Science 13, 123143.Google Scholar
Marcus, RM (2010) Marc the medici? The failure of a new form of neopatrimonial rule in Madagascar. Political Science Quarterly 125, 111131.Google Scholar
Marinov, N and Goemans, H (2014) Coups and democracy. British Journal of Political Science 44, 799825.Google Scholar
Mechkova, V, Lührmann, A and Lindberg, SI (2017) How much democratic backsliding? Journal of Democracy 28, 162169.Google Scholar
Mehler, A (2012) Why security forces do not deliver security: evidence from Liberia and the Central African Republic. Armed Forces and Society 38, 4969.Google Scholar
Morlino, L (2011) Changes for Democracy: Actors, Structures, Processes. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
N'Diaye, B (2009) To ‘Midwife’ – And Abort – A democracy: Mauritania's transition from military rule, 2005–2008. Journal of Modern African Studies 47, 129152.Google Scholar
O'Donnell, GA, Schmitter, PC and Whitehead, L (1986) Transitions From Authoritarian Rule: Prospects for Democracies. Baltimore, MD: The John Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Onuch, O and Sasse, G (2016) The maidan movement: diversity and the cycles of protest. Europe-Asia Studies 68, 556587.Google Scholar
Picard, LA and Moudoud, E (2010) The 2008 Guinea Conakry coup: neither inevitable nor inexorable. Journal of Contemporary African Studies 28, 5169.Google Scholar
Radnitz, S (2006) What really happened in Kyrgyzstan? Journal of Democracy 17, 132146.Google Scholar
Sartori, G (1987) The Theory of Democracy Revisited. Chatham, NJ: Chatham House.Google Scholar
Schedler, A (ed.) (2006) Electoral Authoritarianism: The Dynamics of Unfree Competition. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.Google Scholar
Schedler, A (2013) The Politics of Uncertainty: Sustaining and Subverting Electoral Authoritarianism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Schlumberger, O (ed.) (2007) Debating Arab Authoritarianism: Dynamics and Durability in Nondemocratic Regimes. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Shah, A (2014) Constraining consolidation: military politics and democracy in Pakistan (2007–2013). Democratization 21, 10071033.Google Scholar
Smith, B (2005) Life of the party: the origins of regime breakdown and persistence under single party ruler. World Politics 57, 421451.Google Scholar
Springborg, R (2018) Egypt. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Svolik, MW (2012) The Politics of Authoritarian Rule. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Svolik, MW (2015) Which democracies will last? Coups, incumbent takeovers, and the dynamic of democratic consolidation. British Journal of Political Science 45, 715738.Google Scholar
Tilly, C (2007) Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Tomini, L and Wagemann, C (2018) Varieties of contemporary democratic breakdown and regression: a comparative analysis. European Journal of Political Research 57, 687716.Google Scholar
Wahman, M, Teorell, J and Hadenius, A (2013) Authoritarian regime types revisited: updated data in comparative perspective. Contemporary Politics 19, 1934.Google Scholar
Waldner, D and Lust, E (2018) Unwelcome change: coming to terms with democratic backsliding. Annual Review of Political Science 21, 93113.Google Scholar
Way, L (2010) Resistance to contagion: Sources of authoritarian stability in the former soviet union. In Bunce, V, McFaul, M and Stoner-Weiss, K (eds), Democracy and Authoritarianism in Postcommunist World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 229252.Google Scholar
Welt Cory (2010) Georgia's rose revolution: From regime weakness to regime collapse. In Bunce, V, McFaul, M and Stoner-Weiss, K (eds), Democracy and Authoritarianism in Postcommunist World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 155188.Google Scholar
Wright, J and Escribà-Folch, A (2012) Authoritarian institutions and regime survival: transitions to democracy and subsequent autocracy. British Journal of Political Science 42, 283309.Google Scholar