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LOBBYING, SCAMBIO E DEFINIZIONE DEGLI INTERESSI. RIFLESSIONI SUL CASO AMERICANO

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 July 2018

Introduzione

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L'uso del concetto di scambio come categoria entro la quale sussumere l'attività di lobbying evidenzia un paradosso familiare agli studiosi della politica americana. Da un lato, nelle sue caratteristiche dominanti la politica americana è per larga parte null'altro che scambio. Il ben noto aforisma di Tip O'Neill (1987), per molti anni Speaker della Camera dei Rappresentanti (1977-1986), secondo il quale «tutta la politica è locale», sottende una nozione nella quale l'ideologia è praticamente assente e gli interessi particolaristici del tutto dominanti. D'altro canto, non conosco formula che offenderebbe di più operatori e attori del sistema, che la riterrebbero un grossolano travisamento della natura e significato del gioco. Nella misura in cui lobbying è scambio, sarebbero più portati a definirlo come «scambio di informazioni e idee fra Governo e parti private» (CRS Report 1991, 1), capace di infondere nelle politiche pubbliche expertise e consapevole realismo.

Summary

Summary

The first part of the essay investigates the extent to which lobbying fits the general idea of social exchange. It is suggested that although there are a number of differences, behaviorally both phenomena have much in common, making theories of exchange a useful tool in the study of lobbying. One important trait exchange and lobbying share is the notion of self-interest as a motivation for action. The question is discussed in the second part. It shows that the political interests of the actors come to be defined through complex processes in which group staff play a key role. Also, the role of government and government action in the genesis of groups is analysed using the case of some associations as an illustration. More descriptive in nature, the third part of the essay turns to the actors, strategies and resources involved in lobbying, in an effort to delineate both the various players and the content of the exchange.

Type
SAGGI
Copyright
Copyright © Societ Italiana di Scienza Politica 

References

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