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IL CAMBIAMENTO DEI CLEAVAGES POLITICI IN EUROPA

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 July 2018

Hanspeter Kriesi

Introduzione

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In questo lavoro discuterò un aspetto dell'opera di Stein Rokkan che ha prodotto un'ondata di recenti pubblicazioni e di cui io stesso mi sono occupato. Mi riferisco al ruolo dei cleavages nella politica dell'Europa occidentale contemporanea. Le principali argomentazioni del grande scienziato politico norvegese sulle strutture di conflitto nelle società dell'Europa occidentale e sulla loro trasposizione in sistemi partitici sono state proposte nel famoso saggio Cleavage Structures, Party Systems, and Voting Alignments che Rokkan scrisse con Seymour M. Lipset (Lipset e Rokkan 1967). La sua idea consisteva nel collegare le configurazioni dei sistemi partitici europei contemporanei alle divisioni sociali e culturali che caratterizzavano le società europee all'epoca della formazione dei sistemi partitici, nella seconda metà del diciannovesimo secolo. Quando emerse la politica democratica, queste divisioni tradizionali opponevano principalmente gruppi sociali definiti in termini di religione, classe, unità territoriale ed etnia. Come è noto, Lipset e Rokkan sostennero che queste divisioni tradizionali erano state politicamente «congelate» e che, all'epoca in cui scrivevano (1967), i sistemi partitici europei riflettevano ancora la struttura delle divisioni della società che era esistita nei primi anni '20, quando le masse popolari avevano fatto il loro ingresso nella politica democratica.

Summary

Summary

The article discusses the issue of the persistence and change of the cleavage structures in Western European party systems. The question is addressed by distinguishing the structural, cultural and organizational components of the concept of cleavage.

From the structural point of view, the author hypothesizes that the new middle class is increasingly polarized between managers and socio-cultural specialists, the former holding «right-authoritarian» values and the latter holding «left-libertarian» ones. This hypothesis is discussed in consideration of the fact that career choices may be determined by values, and that also the generational, religious and urban/rural components may have an impact on values. An empirical test, based on votes for the left declared in the Swiss National Election Survey 1995, shows the differences in the patterns of relationship between structure and culture in cantons characterized by different traditions as far as the organizational aspect of the cleavage structure is concerned. Where the traditional cleavages are more enduring, it is less likely that the new cleavages come to the fore of the political arena.

Confronting the three levels of analysis, it emerges that there are some structural basis for the emergence of a new cleavage within the new middle class, but that further conceptualizations and further analyses will be necessary in order to clarify the link between the structural component and the impact of values on left voting.

Type
Saggi
Information
Italian Political Science Review / Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica , Volume 28 , Issue 1 , April 1998 , pp. 55 - 80
Copyright
Copyright © Societ Italiana di Scienza Politica 

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