Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-p9bg8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-22T17:40:36.941Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

I SISTEMI ELETTORALI MISTI. UNA CLASSIFICAZIONE

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 July 2018

Alessandro Chiaramonte

Introduzione

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

A partire dagli anni '20-30, epoca dell'introduzione della proporzionale in molti paesi e dell'avvio del processo di strutturazione della politica di massa (Rokkan 1970), e fino all'inizio di questo decennio, i sistemi elettorali dei regimi democratici hanno mostrato una straordinaria continuità.

Summary

Summary

In the 1990s new electoral systems have emerged in many countries worldwide. The collapse of the communist regimes in 1989 and the transition towards democracy in some South American as well as Asian and even African countries have been often accompanied by the rebuilding of the institutional framework and, consequently, by the introduction of new voting systems. Moreover, electoral reforms have occurred not only in emergent but also in established liberal democracies. Facing an increasing dissatisfaction with the working of the political system, Italy, New Zealand and Japan all changed their national electoral systems radically.

The common ground of most of these reforms has been the introduction of mixed electoral systems, i.e. systems combining majoritarian and proportional principles of representation. So, this paper tries first of all to define what mixed electoral systems are and to demonstrate the legitimacy of treating them as a distinct category, separated from both majoritarian and proportional systems. Secondly, it provides an overview of their basic characteristics – ballot structure, assembly size, district magnitude, electoral formula, legal threshold - identifies four major types of mixed systems on the basis of their way of mixing majoritarian and proportional tiers. Thirdly, their effects on disproportionality and party system are investigated so as to highlight their practical working in each national context. Finally, this paper attempts to answer the question of whether mixed electoral systems are «the best of both worlds» (i.e. of the majoritarian and proportional worlds) as regards their ability to produce government stability and representativeness at the same time.

Type
Ricerche
Information
Italian Political Science Review / Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica , Volume 28 , Issue 2 , August 1998 , pp. 229 - 270
Copyright
Copyright © Societ Italiana di Scienza Politica 

References

Riferimenti bibliografici

AA.VV. (1994), Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States 1994, 2a ed., London, Europa Publication Limited.Google Scholar
Allison, L. (1996), The Georgian Elections of November 1995, in «Electoral Studies», XV, pp. 275–280.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allison, L., Kukhianidze, A. e Matsaberidze, M. (1993), The Georgian Election of 1992, in «Electoral Studies», XII, pp. 174–179.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
American Institute for Contemporary German Studies, The Johns Hopkins University (1996), Super Election Year 1994 Reports. Google Scholar
Balinski, M. e Ramirez Gonzalez, V. (1996), A Case Study of Electoral Manipulation: The Mexican Laws of 1989 and 1994, in «Electoral Studies», XV, pp. 203–217.Google Scholar
Batt, J. (1990), The Hungarian General Election, in «Representation», XXIX, n. 107, pp. 7–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blais, A. (1988), The Classification of Electoral Systems, in «European Journal of Political Research», XVIII, pp. 99–110.Google Scholar
Blais, A. (1991) The Debate over Electoral Systems, in «International Political Science Review», XII, pp. 239–260.Google Scholar
Blais, A. e Massicotte, L. (1996), Electoral Systems, in LeDuc, L., Niemi, R.G. e Norris, P. (a cura di), Comparing Democracies. Elections and Voting in Global Perspective, London, Sage, pp. 49–81.Google Scholar
Boston, J. (1987), Electoral Reform in New Zealand: The Report of The Royal Commision, in «Electoral Studies», VI, pp. 105–114.Google Scholar
Carducci, M. (1994), Sistemi elettorali misti e rappresentanza, in Massari, O. e Pasquino, G. (a cura di), Rappresentare e governare, Bologna, Il Mulino, pp. 181–219.Google Scholar
Cole, P. (1995), Bonus Seats in the German Electoral System, in «Representation», XXXIII, n.1, pp. 9–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cox, G.W. (1997), Making Votes Count. Strategic Coordination in the World's Electoral Systems, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Craig, A.L. e Cornelius, W.A. (1995), Houses Divided: Parties and Political Reform in Mexico, in Mainwaring, S. e Scully, T.R. (a cura di), Building Democratic Institutions. Party Systems in Latin America, Stanford, Stanford University Press, pp. 249–257.Google Scholar
Crampton, R.J. (1991), The Bulgarian Elections of 1990, in «Representation», XXIX, n. 108, pp. 33–35.Google Scholar
D'Alimonie, R. e Chiaramonte, A. (1993), Il nuovo sistema elettorale italiano: quali opportunità?, in «Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica», XXIII, pp. 513–547.Google Scholar
Dunleavy, P. e Margetts, H. (1995), Understanding the Dynamics of Electoral Reform, in «International Political Science Review», XVI, pp. 9–29.Google Scholar
Duverger, M. (1951), Les partis politiques, Paris, Colin; trad. it. I partiti politici, Milano, Comunità, 1970.Google Scholar
Elklit, J. (1992), The Best of Both Worlds? The Danish Electoral System 1915-1920 in a Comparative Perspective, in «Electoral Studies», XI, pp. 189–205.Google Scholar
Fitzmaurice, J. (1995), The Hungarian Elections of May 1994, in «Electoral Studies», XIV, pp. 77–80.Google Scholar
Foeweraker, J. e Landman, T. (1995), The August 1994 Elections in Mexico, in «Electoral Studies», vol. 14, pp. 199–203.Google Scholar
Gabel, M.J. (1995), The Political Consequences of Electoral Laws in the 1990 Hungarian Elections, in «Comparative Politics», XXVII, pp. 205–214.Google Scholar
Hsieh, J.F. e Niou, E. (1996), Taiwan's March 1996 Elections, in «Electoral Studies», XV, pp. 545–550.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
International Foundation for Electoral Systems (1995), Comparison of Russian Election Laws, Moscow.Google Scholar
Inter-Parliamentary Union, Chronicle of Parliamentary Elections and Development, Gineva, anni vari.Google Scholar
Irvine, W.P. (1984), 'Additional-Member’ Electoral Systems, in Lijphart e Grofman (1984), pp. 165–174.Google Scholar
Jeffery, C. (1995), The German Bundestag Election of 1994, in «Representation», XXXI, n. 1, pp. 13–16.Google Scholar
Jesse, E. (1988), Split-Voting in The Federal Republic of Germany: An Analysis of The Federal Elections from 1953 to 1987, in «Electoral Studies», VII, pp. 109–124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jesse, E. (1995), The Method of Electing the German Bundestag and its Effect on the Parties, in «Representation», XXXIII, n. 1, pp. 5–8.Google Scholar
Jones, M.P. (1995), A Guide to the Electoral Systems of the Americas, in «Electoral Studies», XIV, pp. 5–21.Google Scholar
Kaase, M. (1984), Personalized Proportional Representation: The ‘Model’ of the West German Electoral System, in Lijphart e Grofman (1984), pp. 155–164.Google Scholar
Kasapovic, M. (1995), Segmented or «Entrenched» Electoral Systems, in «Politicka Misao-Croatian Political Science Review», XXXII, pp. 173–186.Google Scholar
Kasapovic, M. (1996), 1995 Parliamentary Elections in Croatia, in «Electoral Studies», XV, pp. 269–282.Google Scholar
Koulov, B. (1995), Geography of Electoral Preferences: The 1990 Great National Assembly Elections in Bulgaria, in «Political Geography», XIV, pp. 241–258.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kukorelli, I. (1991), The Birth, Testing and Results of the 1989 Hungarian Electoral Law, in «Soviet Studies», XLIII, pp. 137–156.Google Scholar
Laasko, M. e Taagepera, R. (1979), «Effective» Number of Parties: A Measure with Application to West Europe, in «Comparative Political Studies», XII, pp. 3–27.Google Scholar
Lakeman, E. (1970), How Democracies Vote: A Study of Electoral Systems, London, Faber & Faber.Google Scholar
Landman, T. (1995), 'El Chiripero’ Wins: The Venezuelan Elections of 1993, in «Electoral Studies», XIV, pp. 100–104.Google Scholar
Lijphart, A. (1984), Trying to Have the Best of Both Worlds: Semi-Proportional and Mixed Systems, in Lijphart e Grofman (1984), pp. 207–213.Google Scholar
Lijphart, A. (1986), Proportionality by Non-PR Methods: Ethnic Representation in Belgium, Cyprus, Lebanon, New Zealand, West Germany and Zimbabwe, in Grofman, B. e Lijphart, A. (a cura di), Electoral Laws and Their Political Consequences, New York, Agathon, pp. 113–123.Google Scholar
Lijphart, A. (1987), The Demise of The Last Westminster System? Comments on The Report of New Zealand's Royal Commission on The Electoral System, in «Electoral Studies», VI, pp. 97–103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lijphart, A. (1994), Electoral Systems and Party Systems. A Study of Twenty-Seven Democracies, 1945-1990, Oxford, Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lijphart, A. e Grofman, B. (a cura di) (1984), Choosing an Electoral System: Issues and Alternatives, New York, Praeger.Google Scholar
Loosemore, J. e Hanby, V.J. (1971), The Theoretical Limits of Maximum Distorsioni Some Analytic Expression for Electoral Systems, in «British Journal of Political Science», I, pp. 467–477.Google Scholar
Mackerras, M. (1994), Reform of New Zealand's Voting System, 1985-1996, in «Representation», XXXII, n. 118, pp. 36–40.Google Scholar
Martis, K.C., Kovacs, Z., Kovacs, D. e Peter, S. (1992), The Geography of the 1990 Hungarian Parliamentary Elections, in «Political Geography», XI, pp. 283–305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Monroe, B.L. (1994), Understanding Electoral Systems: Beyond Plurality versus PR, in «Political Science & Politics», XXVII, pp. 677–682.Google Scholar
Morriss, P. (1996), Electoral Politics in South Korea, in «Electoral Studies», XV, pp. 550–562.Google Scholar
Moser, R.G. (1995), The Impact of the Electoral System on Post-Communist Party Development: The Case of the 1993 Russian Parliamentary Elections, in «Electoral Studies», XIV, pp. 377–398.Google Scholar
Nagel, J.H. (1994), How Many Parties Will New Zealand Have under MMP?, in «Political Science», IVL, pp. 139–160.Google Scholar
Nohlen, D. (1978), Wahlsysteme der Welt. Daten und Analysen. Ein Handbuch, München, Piper.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nohlen, D. (1984a), Two Incompatible Principles of Representation, in Lijphart e Grofman (1984), pp. 83–89.Google Scholar
Nohlen, D. (1984b), Changes and Choices in Electoral Systems, in Lijphart e Grofman (1984), pp. 217–224.Google Scholar
Racz, B. (1991), Political Pluralisation in Hungary: The 1990 Elections, in «Soviet Studies», ILIII, pp. 107–136.Google Scholar
Rady, M. (1994), The 1994 Hungarian General Election, in «Representation», XXXII, n. 119, pp. 69–72.Google Scholar
Rae, D.W. (1967), The Political Consequences of Electoral Laws, New Haven, Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Reeve, A. e Ware, A.J. (1992), Electoral Systems: A Comparative and Theoretical Introduction, London, Routledge.Google Scholar
Rokkan, S. (1970) Citizens, Elections, Parties, Oslo, Universitetsforlaget; trad. it. Cittadini, elezioni, partiti, Bologna, Il Mulino, 1982.Google Scholar
Rose, R. (1984), Electoral Systems: A Question of Degree or of Principle?, in Lijphart e Grofman (1984), pp. 73–81.Google Scholar
Sartori, G. (1968), Representational Systems, in International Enciclopaedia of the Social Sciences , New York, Macmillan-The Free Press, XIII, pp. 465–474.Google Scholar
Sartori, G. (1984), Le «leggi» sulla influenza dei sistemi elettorali, in «Le «leggi» sulla influenza dei sistemi elettorali», XIV.Google Scholar
Shiratori, R. (1995), The Politics of Electoral Reform in Japan, in «International Political Science Review», XVI, pp. 79–94.Google Scholar
Shugart, M.S. (1985), The Two Effects of District Magnitude: Venezuela as a Crucial Experiment, in «European Journal of political Research», XIII, pp. 353–364.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Szajkowski, B. (1994), Albania, in AA.W., Political Parties of Eastern Europe, Russia and the Successor States, Harlow, Longman, pp. 1–28.Google Scholar
The Norwegian Helsinki Committee (1995), Report from the Observation of the Parliamentary and Presidential Elections of the Republic of Georgia, 5 November 1995. Google Scholar
The Norwegian Helsinki Committee (1996a), Report from the Parliamentary Elections in Albania, 26 May 1996. Google Scholar
The Norwegian Helsinki Committee (1996b), Report from the Observation of the Parliamentary Elections in the Russian Federation 17 December 1995. Google Scholar
Taagepera, R. e Shugart, M.S. (1989), Seats & Votes. The Effects and Determinants of Electoral Systems, New Haven-London, Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Vowles, J. (1995), The Politics of Electoral Reform in New Zealand, in «International Political Science Review», XVI, pp. 95–115.Google Scholar
Wyman, M., Miller, B., White, S. e Heywood, P. (1994), The Russian Elections of December 1993, in «Electoral Studies», XIII, pp. 254–271.Google Scholar