This article critically evaluates three attempts to overcome the problem of fit between international human rights law (IHRL) and the digital ecosystem, through an expansion of the existing IHRL framework to big tech companies. The attempted expansions considered here include standard-setting initiatives involving the imposition on states and companies – large technology companies and other business enterprises – of certain duties to apply IHRL in connection with potentially rights-infringing business practices. As I discuss below, most of the duties identified and/or developed in this regard within the context of the United Nations Human Rights Council’s Business and Human Rights (BHR) agenda constitute soft law for the time being. Negotiations for a Legally Binding Instrument (LBI) designed to strengthen the applicable legal framework are ongoing, but their prospects of success remain unclear. Another attempted expansion involves self-regulation by big tech companies through corporate policies aimed at incorporating certain IHRL norms into their business practices. The efforts of Meta to incorporate IHRL into its corporate policies and to offer an IHRL grievance mechanism through the operation of the Meta Oversight Body (focusing mainly on protecting freedom of expression, as articulated in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights) represent a key case study in this regard. A third attempt to address the aforementioned problem of fit that I consider below involves efforts by special procedures of the Human Rights Council to exercise its standard-setting and monitoring functions in connection with the practices of large technology companies. The work of the Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Opinion and Expression in this area is particularly noteworthy. These three examples of expansion attempts provide useful insights into the potential of IHRL to serve as a legal framework to govern the operations of large technology companies, as well as about the limits of its potential.

The article starts by discussing recent developments in the BHR agenda, including efforts to conclude an LBI. The extent to which this agenda represents a promising avenue for holding large technology companies accountable to IHRL norms is then considered in the second and third parts of the article, which discuss two normative initiatives that derive largely from the BHR agenda: this section specifically examines Meta’s espousal of IHRL as part of its corporate BHR policy, and considers attempts by Human Rights Council special procedures to apply IHRL to technology companies.

The West Bank, also referred to as Judea and Samaria, has been subject to belligerent occupation since 1967, and its legal framework is grounded primarily in international law. This legal foundation of belligerent occupation emanates from the international law of occupation, which regulates the legislative, judicial and executive powers of the occupying state in the occupied territory. However, the utilisation of international law in adjudicating criminal matters within military courts in this region is sporadic. The underlying reasons for this practice call for inquiry and prompt a reconsideration of the optimal configuration of the legal regime.

This article contends that despite a recent uptake in integrating international law into military court decisions, its effectiveness in addressing criminal issues within these courts is limited. Moreover, in most cases presented before military courts, international law lags behind domestic legal doctrines, including Israeli criminal law. Despite its overarching authority, international law falls short of providing a pragmatic solution to the challenges confronted by military courts. Consequently, these courts are compelled to turn to alternative legal sources. The article proposes an integrated model, advocating reliance on international law for fundamental, constitutional-level issues while deferring to the Israeli criminal justice system for specific practical criminal matters.

Children’s weekly magazines in Israel’s first decade offer a unique arena for legal research, since they provide a broad field for learning about the nature of the effort made by their curators to instil legal consciousness in children. These publications, as prominent educational materials and popular leading leisure resources, mediated to their young readers the current events, and they are a barometer of values, including the rule of law. Accordingly, the article presents some of the values that the weeklies stressed for coping with the challenges of the time from a legal perspective. The article also describes how cultural heroes in Israel were presented in the magazines and defined the concept of the rule of law of the period. It shows that along with the weeklies’ general commitment to the rule of law and the appreciation of law-abiding figures who strived for good, the magazines, including their editorials and op-eds, featured in their literature, illustrations and other elements, a deeper layer of acceptance and even encouragement of some types of behaviour that were inconsistent with the principle of upholding public law and human rights in a broad sense. This is especially apparent concerning the conduct surrounding border security.

This article discusses the East Mediterranean Gas Forum (EMGF), a regional energy organisation formed in 2020. It highlights the organisation’s significance in promoting cooperation in the East Mediterranean energy sector but notes the absence of a robust legal framework, governance structure and binding rules. The lack of mechanisms for enforcing decisions among members is also a concern. To address these shortcomings, the article proposes the adoption of a regional energy treaty.

The suggested treaty holds the potential of transforming the EMGF into a potent and legally binding energy organisation. By establishing a comprehensive legal foundation, the treaty could foster energy cooperation, promote sustainable energy initiatives, and create a secure investment environment, thereby stimulating economic growth across the Mediterranean region. Moreover, implementation of the treaty could play a crucial role in ensuring energy security within the East Mediterranean. It has the capacity to help in mediating and resolving disputes concerning maritime boundaries, transit and political issues that pose threats to the stability and effectiveness of the EMGF.

For a regional energy treaty to be effective, it should encompass provisions concerning transit, trade, investment and environmental protection. The inclusion of decision-making bodies and robust dispute settlement mechanisms is essential to encourage investment, facilitate unhindered transit and consolidate the stature of the EMGF as a pre-eminent energy organisation.