¹ See, for example: Food Act 1984, sec. 30; Public Health (Control of Diseases) Act 1984, sec. 62; Energy Conservation Act 1981, sec. 20; Weights and Measures Act 1979, sec. 12.

² However, the Confederation of British Industry did express its concern to the Law Commission that confidential information supplied to government and public authorities could come into the hands of trade competitors; Report on Breach of Confidence, No. 110, Cmnd. 8388, para. b. 48.

³ Department of the Air Force v. Rose, 425 U.S. 351 (1976).

⁴ 5 U.S.C.A. § 552 (b)(4), on which see (amongst many cases) Public Citizens Health Research Group v. Food and Drug Administration, 704 F 2d 1280 (D.C. Cir., 1983).

⁵ See the note in (1980) 32 Stan. L.R. 339 [Lebowitz].

⁶ 35 L.S.I. 136.

⁷ See, for example, Tarasoff v. The Regents of the University of California, 17 Cal. 3d 425 (1976).

⁸ Gartside v. Outrant (1856) 26 L.J. Ch. 113, at 114, per Page Wood V.-C.

⁹ Tournier v. National Provincial and Union Bank of England [1924] 1 K.B. 461, at 486, per Atkin L.J.; see also at 473, per Bankes L.J.; at 481, per Scrutton L.J. For similar observations, see Weld-Blundell v. Stephens [1919] 1 K.B. 520, at 527, per Bankes L.J.; at 533, per Warrington L.J.

¹⁰ Malone v. Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis (No. 2) [1979] 2 All E.R. 620.

¹¹ Francome v. Mirror Group Newspapers Ltd. [1984] 2 All E.R. 408 (C.A.).

¹² [1968] 1 Q.B. 396.

¹³ See particularly his observations at 405, which have been judicially approved on many occasions: e.g. British Steel Corporation v. Granada Television Ltd. [1981] A.C. 1096, at 1169–1170, per Lord Wilberforce.

¹⁴ [1984] 2 All E.R. 417 (C.A.).

¹⁵ [1969] 1 Q.B. 349, 362.

¹⁶ With Church of Scientology v. Kaufman [1973] R.P.C. 635, compare Schering Chemicals Ltd. v. Falkman [1982] Q.B.1.

¹⁷ Church of Scientology v. Kaufman, op. cit. supra n. 16 at 649, per Goff J.

¹⁸ 416 U.S. 470(1974).

¹⁹ Ibid., at 481, per curiam (Burger C.J.).

²⁰ Ibid., at 484, following Judge Friendly's opinion in Painton & Co. v. Bourns Inc., 442 F 2d 216 (C.A. 2 1971).

²¹ Law Commission's Report on Breach of Confidence, op. cit. supra n. 2 at para. 6.5 et seq.

²² Ante n. 18.

²³ For a cogent criticism of the Law Commission's proposals, see Gurry, Francis, Breach of Confidence (Clarendon Press, 1984)Google Scholar, Appendix II.

²⁴ [1967] 1 Ch. 302.

²⁵ Cf., New York Times v. United States, 403 U.S. 713 (1971).

²⁶ Francome v. Mirror Group Newspapers Ltd., op. cit. supra n. 11 at 413, per Sir John Donaldson M.R.

²⁷ Ante n. 24.

²⁸ [1977] 1 W.L.R. 760.

²⁹ Ibid., at 764.

³⁰ Lennon v. News Group Newspapers Ltd. [1978] F.S.R. 573; Khassogi v. Smith (1980) 124 Sol. Jo. 149, C.A. Transcripts 58.

³¹ Gurry, op. cit. supra n. 23 at 338–339.

³² (1980) C.A. Transcripts 58.

³³ In Attorney General v. Jonathan Cape [1976] Q.B. 752 Lord Widgery L.C.J. assumed that the burden was on the confidant. But that was a case where the question was whether a stale State secret could be protected: infra n. 37.

³⁴ Supra n. 28.

³⁵ Cf. New York Times v. Sullivan 376 U.S. 254 (1964) and Gertz v. Welch 418 U.S. 323 (1974).

³⁶ This was apparently accepted by the Court of Appeal in Tournier v. National Provincial and Union Bank of England, op. cit. supra n. 9 at 473, per Bankes L.J.; at 481, per Scrutton L.J.; at 486, per Atkin L.J.

³⁷ [1976] Q.B. 752.

³⁸ Cf. Commonwealth of Australia v. John Fairfax & Sons Ltd. (1980) 147 C.L.R. 39, at 52, per Mason J.

³⁹ Supra n. 13 at 1096.

⁴⁰ Ibid., at 1169, per Lord Wilberforce.

⁴¹ Commonwealth of Australia v. John Fairfax & Sons Ltd., op. cit. supra n. 38, at 39.

⁴² Ibid., at 52, per Mason J.