¹ ‘Appendix: Relationis a P. Richardo O Ferallo 5 Martii 1658 Datae Exemplar Londinense’ in O’Ferrall, Richard, and O’Connell, Robert, Commentarius Rinuccinianus, de sedis apostolicae legatione ad foederatos Hiberniae catholicos per annos 1645–9, ed. Kavanagh, Stanislaus (6 vols, I.M.C, Dublin, 1932–19)Google Scholar [hereafter CR.], v, 485–504. All references to O’Ferrall’s report below will be to Kavanagh’s edition, but for a translation, see Tjoelker, Nienke and Campbell, Ian, ‘Transcription and translation of London version of O’Ferrall’s, Richard report to Propaganda Fide (1658)’ in Archiv. Hib., 61 (2007–8), pp 7–61.Google Scholar For an earlier, and most elegant, treatment of these issues, see Corish, P.J., ‘Two contemporary historians of the Confederation of Kilkenny: Lynch, Joh and O’Ferrall’, Richard in I.H.S., 8 (1953), pp 217–36.Google Scholar

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⁴ For Lynch’s knowledge of what was to become the Commentarius, see Lynch, , Supplementum, pp 1–3.Google Scholar

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⁶ Ibid., p. 3.

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⁹ ‘Mandata, prohibitiones, monitoria etiam sub censuris et aliis poenis praefatis caeterisque bene visis remediis, etiam appellatione postposita, decernere, et omnia et quaecumque alia in praemissis et circa ea necessaria et quomodolibet opportuna facere, decernere et exequi etiam per alium seu alios possis et valeas, auctoritate nostra apostolica praefata tenore praesentium plenam et liberam licentiam, facultatem et auctoritatem concedimus et impertimur’, Aiazza, Giuseppe (ed.), Nunziatura in Irlanda di Monsignor Gio. Batista Rinuccini Archivescovo di Fermo negli anni 1643 a 1649 (Florence, 1844), pp 30–33.Google Scholar For the full text of Rinuccini’s brief, see ibid., pp xix-xxxiii. Mullen, , ‘Ecclesiastical censures’, pp 156–7Google Scholar, 204–8; C.R., v, 276–7.

¹⁰ C.R., iii, 210–19; Mullen, , ‘Ecclesiastical censures’, pp 72–3Google Scholar, 145.

¹¹ C.R., iii, 221–2; Mullen, , ‘Ecclesiastical censures’, pp 74–5.Google Scholar

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¹⁵ C.R., iii, 687. Mooney thought it unlikely that Wadding had in fact been involved in writing that letter, but on the suspicion with which Rinuccini’s circle came to regard Wadding, see Mooney, Canice, ‘Was Wadding a patriotic Irishman?’ in Fathers, Franciscan (eds), Father Luke Wadding: commemorative volume (Dublin, 1957), pp 15–92, at pp 48–53, 58–9.Google Scholar

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¹⁹ hAnnracháin, Ó, Catholic reformation, p. 274 Google Scholar; Metzler, Joseph, ‘Foundation of the congregation “de Propaganda Fide” by Gregory XV’, in Metzler, Joseph (ed.) Sacrae congregationis de propaganda fide memoria rerum 1622–1972 (3 vols in 5, Freiburg, 1971–6)Google Scholar, i, 79–111; Kavanagh, Stanislaus, ‘History and authorship of the Commentarius Rinuccinianus’, in C.R., 6, 3–27Google Scholar, at 21.

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²⁵ C.R., iii, 360–2.

²⁶ For the missions of Richard Bellings, Sir Nicholas Plunkett, and Bishop Nicholas French to Rome, see hAnnrachá, Tadhg Ó in, ‘Irish diplomatic missions to Rome during the 1640s’, in O’Connor, Thomas and Lyons, M.A. (eds), Irish communities in early modern Europe (Dublin, 2006), pp 395–108;Google Scholar Corish, , ‘Bishop Nicholas French’, pp 83–100.Google Scholar

²⁷ Biagioli, , Galileo, courtier, pp 11, 15, 245–65.Google Scholar

²⁸ Ibid., pp 259–60.

²⁹ Ibid., p. 262.

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³¹ CR., v, 418–31.

³² ‘Is nobilissima O Ferrallorum familia in Ibernia natus’, C.R., v, 418; ‘Non solum familia citra controversiam antiquissima et nobilissima oriundus sed etiam parentibus … nobilibus licet haereticorum persecutione patrimonio spoliatis, natus erat’, C.R., v, 430–1.

³³ ‘Sicut in quodam P. Francisci Nugentii, Missionis Ibernicae Capucinorum fundatoris, acto ad annum 1633 scripto atque in Archivis Carolopolitanis asservato legi’, C.R., v, 430–1.

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⁴⁸ Ibid., pp 418–31.

⁴⁹ O’Connell remarked that had Arcamoni been more dexterous at the start, their side could have obtained a full judicial decision against the appellants, C.R., iv, 191; Mullen, , ‘Ecclesiastical censures’, pp 191–2;Google Scholar O’Connor, , Irish Jansenists, p. 299.Google Scholar

⁵⁰ Kavanagh, , ‘History and authorship‘, pp 9–11; C.R., iv, 189–90.Google Scholar

⁵⁰ Kavanagh, , ‘History and authorship’, pp 9–11 Google Scholar; C.R., iv, 189–90.

⁵¹ Kavanagh, , ‘History and authorship’, pp 9–11.Google Scholar

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⁵³ Kavanagh, , ‘History and authorship’, p. 9 Google Scholar; C.R., iv, 357, 375.

⁵⁴ Corish, , ‘John Callaghan’, pp 35–6Google Scholar, 42–3; Gilbert, J.T. (ed.), A contemporary history of affairs in Ireland from 1641 to 1652 (3 vols, Dublin, 1879), ii, 211–15Google Scholar; C.R., iv, 54; Lynch, , Supplementum, pp 76–7Google Scholar; [Callaghan, John,] Vindiciarum Catholicorum Hiberniae authore Philopatio Irenaeo ad Alilophilum libri duo (Paris, 1650).Google Scholar

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⁵⁸ See note 17 above.

⁵⁹ CR., v, 246, 254–62, 268–76; Corish, , ‘Two contemporary historians’, p. 218.Google Scholar

⁶⁰ CR., v, 277, 284–5, 301; Metzler, Joseph, ‘Die Kongregation in der zweiten Hálfte des 17. Jahrhunderts’ in Metzler, (ed.), Sacrae congregationis de propaganda fide, 1, 244–305Google Scholar at 259–60.

⁶¹ C.R., v, 280.

⁶² Ibid., pp 284–5.

⁶³ Ibid.

⁶⁴ For the complex question of the relationship between the versions of the report read by contemporaries and the extant copy, see Campbell, Ian, ‘Alithinologia: John Lynch and seventeenth-century Irish political thought’ (Ph.D. thesis, Trinity College Dublin, 2008), pp 64–6.Google Scholar

⁶⁵ Goffman, Ervin, The presentation of self in everyday life (3rd ed., Harmondsworth, 1975)Google Scholar; Greenblatt, Stephen, Renaissance self-fashioning (Chicago, 1980)Google Scholar; Mayer, T.F., Reginald Pole: prince and prophet (Cambridge, 2000)Google Scholar; Villari, Rosario, Baroque personae, tr. Cochrane, L.G. (Chicago, 1995)Google Scholar. O’Connell’s Latin was much more conventional and classical, see as above C.R., v, 284–5.

⁶⁶ Lynch, , Supplementum, pp 35 Google Scholar, 45.

⁶⁷ Biagioli, , Galileo, courtier, pp 270–3.Google Scholar

⁶⁸ Elliott, , Richelieu and Olivares (Cambridge, 1984), pp 23 Google Scholar, 98. The importance of Father Joseph’s nobility was a key theme in Huxley, Aldous, Grey eminence (London, 1941)Google Scholar. O’Ferrall and Father Joseph shared a teacher, Francis Nugent, see Martin, , Friar Nugent, pp 81–2Google Scholar, 227.

⁶⁹ Rinuccini’s report, 17 Aug. 1646, Aiazza, (ed.), Nunziatura, pp 152–3Google Scholar; idem, The embassy in Ireland, pp 193–5.

⁷⁰ Tjoelker and Campbell, ‘Richard O’Ferrall’s report to Propaganda’.

⁷¹ C.R., v, 488.

⁷² C.R., v, 488–9.

⁷³ O’Ferrall listed these: ‘quorum praecipui erant Butleri, Burghi, Nugentii, Geraldini, Plunkettii, Barnevallii, Prestonii, Flemingii, Barrii, Whitii, Cusacii, Talbotii, Breminghamii, Darcii, Purcellii, Taaffi, etc., his similes aucti beneficiis, divitiis et honoribus haereticorum’, C.R., v, 489.

⁷⁴ C.R., v, 492.

⁷⁵ Ibid.

⁷⁶ ‘P. Robertus Nugentius, P. Oliverius Darcius nunc Dromorensis Episcopus, Pater Patricius Plunkettus nunc Episcopus Ardachensis, D. Nicolaus Plunkett Juris Anglici peritus, et D. Episcopus Fernensis, qui ejus intensiones et secreta quantum potuerunt, communicarunt, adversarios in Catholicos, Clerum et Laicos, praesertim in D. Eugenium O Neillium irritarunt, et erant autores fere omnium malorum subsequentium seducentes et corrumpentes quos poterant contra D. Nuncium et Catholicos’, C.R., v, 494. The bishop of Ferns referred to was Nicholas French. O’Ferrall applied the Latin dominus, lord, liberally to all persons of importance.

⁷⁷ ‘separavit bonos a malis, sinceros a Politicis’, C.R., v, 495.

⁷⁸ C.R., v, 501.

⁷⁹ Corish, , ‘Two contemporary historians’, p. 220.Google Scholar

⁸⁰ Corish, P. J., ‘The crisis in Ireland in 1648: the nuncio and the supreme council: conclusions’ in Ir. Theol. Quart., 22 (1955), pp 231–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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⁸² C.R., i, 5–9.

⁸³ SirDavies, John, Discoverie of the trve cavses why Ireland was neuer entirely subdued, nor brought vnder obedience of the crowne of England, vntill the beginning of his maiesties happie raigne (London, 1612)Google Scholar; Rothe, David, Analecta sacra et mira (Cologne, 1617)Google Scholar; Lombard, Peter, De regno Hiberniae commentarius (Louvain, 1632)Google Scholar; Lynch, Cambrensis eversus.

⁸⁴ C.R., i, 9–272.

⁸⁵ Ibid., pp 164–5.

⁸⁶ C.R., v, 423. It was not the case then, as Lynch alleged, that O’Ferrall had been banished from Rome on account of his report, Lynch, , Alithinologia, p. 2 Google Scholar; idem, Supplementum, p. 2.

⁸⁷ C.R., v, 289–96.

⁸⁸ C.R., v, 288.

⁸⁹ French, Nicholas, bishop of Ferns, ‘Apologia pro se et aliis Catholicis’ (T.C.D. MS 652, ff 34–69)Google Scholar; Walsh, , History and vindication, pp 13–14 Google Scholar; McHugh, Jason, ‘“Soldier of Christ”: the political and ecclesiastical career of Nicholas French, bishop of Ferns’ (Ph.D. thesis, 2 vols, N.U.I. Galway, 2005), ii, 314–15.Google Scholar

⁹⁰ Lynch, , Alithinologia, p. 3.Google Scholar

⁹¹ C.R., v, 21–2.

⁹² Lynch, Alithinologia, sig. 1r; René D’Ambrières and Éamon Ó Ciosáin, ‘John Lynch of Galway (c.1599–1677): his career, exile and writing’ in Galway Arch. Soc. Jn., lv (2003), pp 50–63, at p. 52.

⁹³ Lynch, Alithinologia, sig. 1r.

⁹⁴ Ian Campbell, ‘Aristotelian ancient constitution and anti-Aristotelian sovereignty theory in Stuart Ireland’ in Hist. Jn., liii (2010), pp 1–19.

⁹⁵ C.R., v, 430.

⁹⁶ C.R., v, 423–6.

⁹⁷ Kavanagh, ‘History and authorship’, pp 21–2; Robert O’Connell, Historia missionis Hiberniae Fratrum Minorum Capucinorum (Bibliothèque de Troyes, Cabinet des Mss, no. 706).

⁹⁸ C.R., v, 296–8, 298–301, 301-2.

‘Cum D. Plunchetto et respondeatur’, O’Ferrall to Alberizzi, Florence, 29 Nov.1659 (A.P.F., Rome, Fondo di Vienna, vol 14, ff 17r-18v; microfilm, N.L.I. p5534); Benignus Millet, ‘Calendar of volume 14 of the Fondo di Vienna in Propaganda Archives: Part 1, ff 1–131’, Collect. Hib., no. 29 (1988), pp 34–58, at p. 39.

¹⁰⁰ CR., v, 288–9; ibid., v, 424. For attempts to have O’Ferrall’s history stopped in 1662, see ibid., pp 425’6; Lynch, Supplementum, p. 3.

¹⁰¹ O’Connell discovered that not all the claims made by O'Ferrall about drafts of reports were truthful, see C.R., v, 284–5.

¹⁰² C.R., v, 494. See note 76 above.

¹⁰³ Ibid., pp 429–30.

¹⁰⁴ O’Ferrall died on 13 August 1663 in the Capuchin convent at Florence, C.R., v, 430.

¹⁰⁵ [John Lynch], Cambrensis Eversus, seu Potius Historica Fides in Rebus Hibernicis Giraldo Cambrensis abrogada (St Malo, 1662); idem, Cambrensis Eversus, ed. Matthew Kelly (3 vols, Dublin, 1848–52); Morgan, Hiram, ‘Giraldus Cambrensis and the Tudor Conquest of Ireland’, in idem (ed.), Political ideology in Ireland, 1549–1641 (Dublin, 1999), pp 22–44.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁶ For example: CR., i, 159, 250, ii, 675, v, 15-17. For Lynch at Galway see C.R., v, 17–20.

¹⁰⁷ C.R., i, 160, 162.

¹⁰⁸ C.R. , v, 432.

¹⁰⁹ ‘Joannem Linchaeum, cognomento Juniorem, sacerdotem Galviensem, Anglo-Ibernicum (inter ultimum Iberniae bellum Catholicum) Archdiaconum Tuamensem, qui in praefatum Nuncium, ejusque partes obstinatissime et scandalosissime a sua Ormonistarum factione steterat’, C.R., v, 432. Evidently Lynch did not wish to implicate formally the honour of his new French patrons in his efforts, hence the pseudonym Eudoxius Alithinologus, truth-telling possessor of true doctrine, Biagioli, Galileo, courtier, p. 63; D’Ambrières and Ó Ciosáin, ‘John Lynch’, p. 54.

¹¹⁰ Evdoxius Alithinologus [John Lynch], Alithinologia sive veridica responsio ad invectam mendaciis, falacijs, calumnijs, & imposturis foetam in plurimos antistites, proceres, & omnis ordinis Hibernos à R. P. R....F.... C.... congregationi de propaganda fide, Anno Domini 1659. exhibitam ([St Malo], 1664).

¹¹¹ Shapin, Social history of truth, p. 114.

¹¹² ‘aut in culina mediastinum, aut in equili equisonem, aut in via peditem’, Lynch, Supplementum, p. 161. O’Ferrall was the protégé of Francis Nugent, son of Sir Edward Nugent, see Martin, Friar Nugent, pp 7–9, 276. Richard Nugent, fifteenth baron of Delvin, was created earl of Westmeath in 1621, ibid., p. 4.

¹¹³ Shapin, Social history of truth, p. 93.

¹¹⁴ Sean Kelsey, ‘Conway, Edward, earl of Conway (c.1623–1683)’ in Oxford DNB; Sarah Hutton, ‘Finch, Sir John (1626–1682)’ in Oxford DNB; The Conway Letters: the correspondance of Anne, Viscountess Conway, Henry More, and their friends 1642–1684, ed. Majorie Hope Nicolson (revised ed., Oxford, 1992).

¹¹⁵ Knowles Middleton, W. E., The experimenters: a study of the Accademia Del Cimento (Baltimore, 1971), pp 1, 22, 24, 286–8.Google Scholar Curiously, Leopold, made cardinal by Pope Clement IX in December 1667, had Jansenist leanings, see ibid., pp 24, 319, 323.

¹¹⁶ John Finch at Florence to Ormond, 2/12 July 1667 (Bodleian Library, MS Carte 35, fols. 518r-519v; microfilm, N.L.I. p635).

¹¹⁷ Lynch, Supplementum, p. 3.

¹¹⁸ Buachalla, Breandán Ó, Aisling Ghéar: na Stíobhartaigh agus an taos léinn 1603–1788 (Dublin, 1996), pp 80, 84, 112;Google Scholar Siochrú, D, Confederate Ireland, pp 15–19;Google Scholar Cregan, D.F., ‘The Confederate Catholics of Ireland: the personnel of the Confederation, 1642–9’ in I.H.S., 24 (1995), pp 490–512;Google Scholar Nicholls, Kenneth, ‘Anglo-French Ireland and after’ in Peritia, 1 (1982), pp 370–403 Google Scholar at p. 371. I would like to thank the Irish Research Council for the Humanities and Social Sciences for funding the doctoral thesis upon which this paper is based, and Jane Ohlmeyer, Thomas O’Connor, Micheál Ó Siochrú, Stefano Villani and Nienke Tjoelker for their remarks on earlier drafts. I am especially grateful to Benjamin Hazard and the two anonymous readers for their generous advice on sources.