¹ Bibliography and sources: the annual lists of ‘Writings in Irish history’ published in each September issue of Irish Historical Studies should be consulted. Edith Johnston’s, M. Irish history: a select bibliography (London, Historical Association, 1969 Google Scholar) contains titles on the period 1914 to the present. Studies, a quarterly journal founded in 1912, publishes reviews of significant books on Irish history and on Irish contemporary affairs, as well as valuable articles. See the recently published index: Studies: an Irish quarterly review: general index of volumes 1-50 (1912-61) (Ros Cré, 1967). Government publications, both of the Republic and of Northern Ireland, parliamentary debates, and the newspaper press must be consulted for changing opinions and viewpoints. There is important research on social and economic questions of significant contemporary interest published in the Journal of the Statistical and Social Inquiry Society of Ireland. For current economic and administrative subjects Administration, the journal of the Institute of Public Administration should be consulted. Irish Geography, published since 1944 by the Geographical Society of Ireland, often has articles of considerable contemporary interest on land use, towns, internal migration, and related subjects.

² Professor Chubb’s work is one of a series, ‘The politics of the Smaller European Democracies’, to be written as part of an international project of the Ford Foundation. Works on separate countries will be followed by one or more works of comparative analysis.

³ There are interesting observations on the politics of both northern and southern Ireland since 1921 in Beckett’s, J. C Short history of Ireland (3rd ed., London, 1968 Google Scholar). For a brief survey of the period since 1916 see Curran, Joseph M., ‘Ireland since 1916’, Eire-Ireland (autumn 1966), pp 14–27. Google Scholar

⁴ For some reflections on the writing of twentieth century history see Peiling, Henry, ‘Review article: Taylor’s England’, Past and Present, no. 33 (Apr. 1966), pp 149–58 Google Scholar. See also Havighurst, Alfred, Twentieth century Britain (2nd ed., New York, 1966 Google Scholar).

⁵ Survey of British commonwealth affairs, I: problems of nationality, 1918-1936 (London, 1937 Google Scholar), ch. in and vi. For a recent appreciation of these chapters see Mansergh, Nicholas, ‘Ireland: from British common wealth towards European community’, Hist. Studies: Australia & Neiv Zealand, xiii (1968), pp 381–95 CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Professor Mansergh notes how comparatively little later evidence, even where it adds to knowledge, modifies the essentials of Professor Hancock’s analysis.

⁶ Select documents: ‘Eoin MacNeill on the 1916 rising’, I.H.S., xii, no. 47 (Mar. 1961), pp 226–71 Google Scholar.

⁷ Professor Martin’s articles: ‘1916—myth, fact, and mystery’, Studia Hib. (1967), pp 7-126; and ‘The 1916 rising—-a coup d’état or a “bloody protest?”’, ibid. (1968), pp 106-37.

⁸ There has been considerable writing on the rising and its relation to the Irish literary movement: see, for example, Thompson, William I., The imagination of an insurrection: Dublin, Easter 1916 (London and New York, 1967 Google Scholar); Mayhew, George, ‘A corrected typescript of Yeats’s “Easter, 1916”‘, Huntington Library Quarterly, xxvii (1963), pp 53–71 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Malins, E., Yeats and the Easter rising (Dublin, 1965 Google Scholar); Loftus, R. J., ‘The poets of the Easter rising’, Eire-Ireland (autumn 1967), pp 111–21 Google Scholar.

⁹ O’Donoghue, Florence in I.H.S., vi, no. 24 (Sept. 1949), pp 303–06 Google Scholar.

¹⁰ See Lynch, Diarmuid, ‘The countermanding orders of holy week, 1916’, An Cosantóir, xxvi (1966), pp 227–36 Google Scholar. The military side of the rising has been the subject, in recent years, of several books by military men who bring professional judgment to bear on the tactics of the insur gents. See: O’Donoghue, Florence, ‘Plans for the 1916 rising’, University Rev., iii, no. 1 (1962), pp 3–21 Google Scholar; O’Donoghue, Major has an essay, ‘Easter week, 1916’, in The Irish at war, ed. Hayes-McCoy, G. A. (Cork, 1964 Google Scholar); O’Neill, Eoghan, ‘The battle of Dublin, 1916’, An Cosantóir, xxvi (1966), pp 211–22 Google Scholar; Hally, P J., ‘The Easter 1916 rising in Dublin: the military aspects’, Ir. Sword, vii (1965-6), pp 313–26 Google Scholar, and viii (1967), pp 48-57; Goodspeed, D. J., The conspirators: a study of the coup d’état (London, 1962), pp 33–69 Google Scholar. Major Goodspeed compares the Irish ‘1916 ‘with other revolts occurring in Europe, 1903-44.

¹¹ For other accounts of the rising see Ryan, A. P., ‘The Easter rising, 1916’, History Today, xvi (Apr. 1966), pp 234–42 Google Scholar; also Sellwood, A. V, The red-gold flame (London, 1966 Google Scholar), a work which is semi-fictional in form but tells the story of Easter week; it is unsympathetic to the British. Dubhghailľs, M. Ó Insurrection fire at Eastertide: a golden jubilee anthology on the Easter rising (Cork, 1966 Google Scholar) presents extracts from writings on 1916 which are not readily separated from the author’s commentary, and the book is confusing to use. Despite the author’s detailed knowledge of 1916, this is not an objective work. Two novels in which the rising figures are Macken, Walter, The scorching wind (London and New York, 1964 Google Scholar), and Murdoch, Iris The red and the green (London, 1965 Google Scholar). Coffey, Thomas M. in Agony at Easter: the 1916 Irish uprising (New York, 1969 Google Scholar) writes a story, which is not a precise historical document, but not fiction either. The events and conversation, the author notes, are ‘related exactly the way careful research indicates they happened’.

¹² O’Hegarty, P S. in his A history of Ireland under the union, 1801-1922 (London, 1952 Google Scholar) has views that invite comparison with those of Duff. Supporting the treaty and calling it a magnificent deed, he nevertheless says it killed England’s ‘will to empire’, p. 774. Obviously contro versial.

¹³ The book has also been published in Irish: Na Sasanaigh agus éirí amach na Cásea (Dublin, 1967).

¹⁴ For further detail on the materials on which Intelligence notes are based see F X. Martin’s essay ‘1916—myth, fact, and mystery’, loc. cit., pp 45-6. Also. ‘The McCartan documents, 1916’, ed. Martin, F X., Clogher Record, vi (1966), pp 5–65 Google Scholar.

¹⁵ An exception to the biographical pattern in this work is the essay by J. H. Whyte, ‘1916, revolution and religion’ Noting that the Roman Catholic church always provided much of the opposition to revolutionary movements in Ireland, the essay investigates how far this traditional position was true for the 1916 period, and concludes that the movement was less hampered by ecclesiastical opposition than on some earlier occasions in Irish history. See also Miller, David W, ‘The Roman Catholic church in Ireland: 1898–1918’, Eire-Ireland (autumn, 1968), pp 75–91 Google Scholar.

¹⁶ See also Martin, F X. (ed.), The Howth gun-running and the Kilcoole gun-running 1914 (Dublin, 1964 Google Scholar). Like The Irish volunteers this is a collection of recollections and documents. The editor’s introduction points out the interrelationships, friendships, and family connections of the Anglo-Irish protestant home rulers involved in the gun-running.

¹⁷ F H. Crawford, whose activities as a gun-runner are examined by Stewart, , published his own account in Guns for Ulster (London, 1947 Google Scholar).

¹⁸ Gwynn, Stephen, John Redmond’s last years (London, 1919 Google Scholar) covers the period 1911 to 1919; the complete biography is by Gwynn, Denis, Life of John Redmond (London, 1932 Google Scholar). For electoral history see Blewett, Neal, ‘The franchise in the United Kingdom, 1885-1918’, Past and Present, no. 32 (Dec. 1965), pp 27–56 CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Blewett points out the over- representation of Ireland in the twentieth century. Franchise reform was entangled with redistribution, and thus with Ireland, and thus with home rule. For additional detail on constitutional politics see David Savage, W., ‘The attempted home rule settlement of 1916’, Eire-Ireland, ii (1966), pp 132–45 Google Scholar.

¹⁹ For further light on the constitutional side see John Horgan, J., Parnell to P ear se (Dublin, 1948 Google Scholar). Prominent in the Irish parliamentary party until his resignation in 1918, Horgan saw the rising as without justification. Unquestionably patriotic and a member of the Gaelic League, Horgan’s memories went back to Parnell’s visits to his family home in Cork. But Horgan thought in constitutional terms, and the necessity of Ireland’s cooperation with Great Britain. For an examination of Horgan’s views see de Vere White, Terence, ‘An aspect of nationalism’, Studies, xxxviii, 8-14 (Mar. 1949 Google Scholar).

²⁰ For a critical review of this work see Senior, Hereward, I.H.S., xii, no. 47 (Mar. 1961), pp 277–80 Google Scholar.

²¹ Ward argues that ‘in America the great bulk of those who supported Ireland had never thoroughly understood the distinctions between limited autonomy, that is, home rule, dominion status, or complete republican independence. They were also remarkably ignorant of Ulster and its case for special treatment. This lack of discrimination explains the rapid decline of American interest in Ireland which followed the treaty, and the surprise with which so many Americans greeted the civil war which broke out in 1922’ (p. 267). See also: Ward, Alan J., ‘America and the Irish problem, 1899-1921’, I.H.S. xvi, no. 61 (Mar. 1968), pp 64–90 Google Scholar, and ‘Frewen’s Anglo-American campaign for federalism, 1910–21’, I.H.S., xv, no. 59 (Mar. 1967), pp 256–75 Google Scholar; Leary, W M. Jr., ‘Woodrow Wilson, Irish-Americans, and the election of 1916’, Jn. Amer. Hist., liv (June 1967), pp 57–72 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Duff, J. B., ‘The Versailles treaty and the Irish- Americans’, Jn. Amer Hist., lv (Dec. 1968), pp 582–98 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Esslinger, D. R., ‘American, German, and Irish attitudes towards neutrality, 1914-17; a study of Catholic minorities’, Cath. Hist. Rev., liii (July 1967), pp 194–216 Google Scholar; O’Grady, Joseph P (ed.), The immigrants influence on Wilson’s peace policies (Lexington, Kentucky, 1967 Google Scholar): ‘The Irish’, pp 56-84. There is a very good essay by Edwards, Owen D., ‘American aspects of the rising’ in Edwards, and Pyle, , pp 153–80 Google Scholar. For Irish affairs in the larger setting of American policy see May, Ernest R., The world war and American isolation, 1914-1 j (Cambridge, Mass., 1959)Google Scholar, and Tillman, Seth P, Anglo-American relations at the peace conference of 1919 (Princeton, New Jersey, 1961 CrossRefGoogle Scholar).

²² English history 1914-45, pp 153-62. See Norling, Bernard, ‘The Irish disorders, 1919-25 and the English press’, Cithara, iii (1964), pp 37–50 Google Scholar. A study of the many biographies as well as the papers of British and commonwealth statesmen is necessary for understanding many aspects of this period. General Smuts’s role in 1921 has often been commented on. See for this Hancock, W K., Smuts: the fields of force, 1919-1950, ii (Cambridge 1968), pp 49–61 Google Scholar; also see C. L. Mowat’s essay ‘The Irish question in British politics (1916-1922)’ in The Irish struggle.

²³ Leroux, Louis N., Patrick H P e arse (Dublin, 1932 Google Scholar). Written in French and translated by Desmond Ryan. Leroux, a Breton separatist, also wrote Tom Clarke and the Irish freedom movement (Dublin, 1936). Thornley, David is a recent student of Pearse’s career. See his ‘Patrick Pearse’ in Studies, lx (spring, 1966), pp 10–20 Google Scholar; this same essay is found in Leaders and men (1966), pp 151-62.

²⁴ Parks, W and Parks, Aileen W (ed.), Thomas MacDonagh: the man, the patriot, the writer (Athens, Georgia, 1967 Google Scholar). For Plunkett and Ceannt there is as yet no critical work, but see Plunkett, Géraldine, ‘Joseph Plunkett’s diary of his journey to Germany in 1915’ in University Rev., i (1958), pp 32–48 Google Scholar, and ‘Joseph Plunkett—origin and background’, ibid. 1958), pp 36-45.

²⁵ See also Fox, R. M., James Connolly, the forerunner (Tralee, 1946 Google Scholar). Fox tells almost nothing about his sources of information. There is also a work on Connolly in Irish by Mac, Proinsias an Bheatha, , Tart na Córa: Seamus Ó Conghaile, A Shaol Agus a Shaothar (Dublin, 1963 Google Scholar). For a discussion on the issues raised by these books on Connolly see F X. Martin’s ‘1916—myth, fact, and mystery’, pp 74-9, cited above.

²⁶ See above, 157-8, for F X. Martin’s editing of the MacNeill memor and a on 1916. Professor Tierney, Michael has written a short study ‘Eoin MacNeill: a biographical study’ in Eoin MacNeill: Saint Patrick, ed. Ryan, J. (Dublin, 1964), pp 9–34 Google Scholar; see also Ryan, J., ‘Eoin MacNeill, 1867-1945’, Studies, xxxiv (1945), pp 433–48 Google Scholar; Curran, C. P., ‘Griffith, MacNeill and Pearse’, Studies, lv (spring, 1966), pp 21–8 Google Scholar; Martin, F X., ‘Eoin MacNeill and the Easter rising: preparations’, in The Easter rising 1916, and University College, Dublin, ed. Martin, F X. (Dublin, 1966), pp 3–31 Google Scholar; also the essay, ‘Eoin MacNeill and the Irish volunteers’, by T. Desmond Williams in Leaders and men (1966). There is a forthcoming volume of ten scholarly essays on MacNeill to be edited by F X. Martin and F J. Byrne. It is to be called The scholar revolutionary: Eoin MacNeill, 1867-1945 and should appear in 1971

²⁷ ‘The 1916 rising—a coup d’état or a “bloody protest”’, pp 122 ff. See McHugh’s, Roger essay ‘Casement and German help‘in Leaders and men, pp 177–87 Google Scholar. The earlier works on Casement, Gwynn, Denis, The life and death of Roger Casement (London, 1930 Google Scholar), Maîoney, W J., The forged Casement diaries (Dublin, 1936 Google Scholar), and Parmiter, C., Roger Casement (London, 1936 Google Scholar) have been followed by many more. The ‘black diaries ‘are the centre of much of the controversy. DrMackey, Herbert has been Casement’s most recent defender. See his: The life and times of Roger Casement (Dublin, 1954 Google Scholar); The crime against Europe: the writings and poetry of Roger Casement (Dublin, 1958 Google Scholar); Roger Case ment, a guide to the forged diaries (Dublin, 1962 Google Scholar); and Roger Casement: the forged diaries (Dublin, 1966). For different views see MacColl, René, Roger Casement (London, 1956 Google Scholar), and Hyde, H. Montgomery, The trial of Roger Casement (London, 1960 Google Scholar). Also, Noyes, Alfred, The accusing ghost, or justice for Casement (London, 1967 Google Scholar); Monteith, Robert, Case ment’s last adventure (Dublin, 1953 Google Scholar), first published in 1932). An important clarification of the German involvement with Casement and the attempt to run guns to Fenit can be found in the recent brief volume of John de Ireland, Courcy, The sea and the Easter rising (Dublin, 1966 Google Scholar).

²⁸ There is a good brief study of Markievicz, Countess in Coxhead’s, Elizabeth Daughters of Erin: five women of the Irish renascence (London, 1965 Google Scholar). Miss Coxhead’s Lady Gregory: a literary portrait (London, 1961) might be noted as a perceptive appreciation, and valuable for social as well as literary history. There is a chapter on Countess Markievicz in Mitchell’s, David Women on the war path (London, 1966 Google Scholar). For another woman whose nationalist views are well known see McDowell, R. B., Alice Stopford Green; a passionate historian (Dublin, 1967 Google Scholar).

²⁹ Fitzgerald who was with Pearse in the besieged General Post Office heard Plunkett and Pearse advocate, should the Germans win the war, the establishment of an Irish state with a German king as ruler. Prince Joachim was their choice. On this point and on ‘republicanism ‘see Hancock, Survey, i, 99-105.

³⁰ Taylor’s biography is based to some extent on new materials, letters and papers made available from private sources. See Appendix K for the author’s discussion of his materials. Chapter XII contains information on Gollins’s views on dominion status. Taylor’s work on SirWilson’s, Henry murder, Assassination (London, 1961 Google Scholar) should also be noted. Neeson, Eoin has recently written The life and death of Michael Collins (Cork, 1968)Google Scholar, as well as The civil war in Ireland, 1922-23 (Dublin, 1966; rev. ed., Cork, 1969). The author’s views are strongly admiring of Collins, and he examines in close detail all the explanations surrounding the circumstances of his death. His work on the civil war is uncritical. The older, best known works on Collins published before 1938 are Piaras Béaslaí, Michael Collins and the making of a new Ireland (2 vols, London, 1926 Google Scholar) and O’Connor, Frank, The big fellow (London, 1937)Google Scholar.

³¹ On de Valera see Faolain, Sean O, de Valera (London, 1939 Google Scholar); MacManus, M. J., Éamon de Valera, a biography (Dublin, 1944)Google Scholar; Bromage, Mary C., de Valera and the lnarclz of a nation (London, 1956 Google Scholar) This last work has the advantage of a later publication, but is over-adulatory in tone; narration not analysis dominates. Two earlier works should be consulted: Gwynn’s, Denis de Valera (London, 1933)Google Scholar, and Ryan’s, Desmond Unique dictator: a study of Áamon de Valera (London, 1936)Google Scholar. Ryan makes the judgment (1936) that ‘on a short view, Mr de Valera de Valera is fallible enough; however, on a long view, with very few reservations, he stands out as one of the great figures in Irish history ‘For a briefer statement see Holt, Edgar, ‘The Irish president: the later career of Éamon de Valera’, History today, xi (Feb. 1961), pp 98–106 Google Scholar.

³² This work does not supersede Majoribanks, Edward and Colvin, Ian, Life of Lord Carson (2 vols, London, 1932, 1934Google Scholar).

³³ For one discussion of Pakenham’s book see Fitzgerald, Desmond, ‘Mr Pakenham on the Anglo-Irish treaty’, Studies, xxiv, 406–14 (Sept. 1935 Google Scholar). In his essay, ‘The treaty negotiations’ in The Irish struggle, Lord Longford takes a retrospective view of his book, of the events of 1921, and of Irish developments since. See also Longford, Lord, Forty years of Anglo-Irish relations (Cork, 1958 Google Scholar). This brief address was given at University College, Cork. Frank Gallagher was at work on a biography of Éamon de Valera, but died in 1962 before completing it. One part, dealing with the treaty, has been published as The Anglo-Irish treaty, edited with an introduction by T P O’Neill (London, 1965). See also Hayes, Michael, ‘Dáil Éireann and the Irish civil war’, Studies, lviii, 1–23 (spring 1969 Google Scholar). This article begins as a commentary on Calton Younger’s judgment that the civil war ‘ought to have been fought with words on the floor of the Dáil’

³⁴ For bibliographical works on the commonwealth, some of which include Irish titles, see: Flint, J. E., Books on the British empire and commonwealth (London, 1968 Google Scholar), Harlow, V T., The historiography of the British empire and commonwealth since 1945’s XIth Congrès Inter national des Sciences Historiques, Rapports , v, 1-31 (Stockholm, 1960)Google Scholar; Curtin, Philip, ‘The British empire and commonwealth in recent historio graphy’ in Changing views on British history, ed. Furber, E. C. (Cambridge, Mass., 1966)Google Scholar, and H. Mulvey, F., Ireland’s commonwealth years, 1922-1949’ in The historiography of the British empire-common wealth, ed. Winks, R. W (Durham, North Carolina, 1966 Google Scholar).

³⁵ The decisive questions concern the possibilities really open to the British government in 1921, given domestic politics and imperial considerations. Alison Phillips, writing in 1923, arrived at the opinion that the British government, having granted all it did in 1921, might have gone further to placate republican sentiment along the lines suggested by de Valera’s document no. 2 [The revolution in Ireland, p. 250).

³⁶ Dr Harkness has had access to collections of private papers still in the hands of participants in the events he relates. He has used the records of the late Desmond Fitzgerald, the papers and recollections of Mr Patrick McGilligan and Mr J. A. Costello. Personal interviews with others, both historians and those active in the politics of the 1920s, add to the authority of his work. See Hall, H. Duncan, ‘The genesis of the Balfour declaration of 1926’, Journal of Commonwealth Political Studies i, no. 3 (1962), pp 169–93 Google Scholar, and Ramsey Cook, ‘A Canadian account of the 1926 imperial conference’, ibid., iii. no. 1 (1965), pp 50-63.

³⁷ For collections which contain speeches and documents pertinent to Ireland in the period 1921-49 see: Mansergh, Nicholas, Documents and speeches on British commonwealth affairs, 1931-52 (2 vols, Oxford, 1963 Google Scholar), and Documents and speeches on commonweath affairs, 1952-62 (Oxford, 1963 Google Scholar), Keith, A. B., Speeches and documents on the British dominions, 1918-31 (Oxford, 1932 Google Scholar); Madden, A. F, Imperial constitutional documents, Ī J56-1952: a supplement (Oxford, 1953 Google Scholar); Ollivier, M., The colonial and imperial conferences from 1887-1937 (3 vols, H.M.S.O., Ottawa, 1954 Google Scholar); Dawson, R. M., The development of dominion status, 1900-1936 (London, 1937 Google Scholar).

³⁸ The collection also contains an essay ‘Political and social forces in Ireland, 1916-48’.

³⁹ See also by Mansergh, : The commonwealth experience: a critical history of the British commonwealth (New York, 1969 Google Scholar). Ch. VII deals entirely, and ch. XII in part, with Ireland. Two articles in Internationnl Aflairs (London) which have to do with the situation created by Ireland’s withdrawal from the commonwealth are illuminating: Heuston, R. F V, ‘British natioilality and Irish citizenship’, xxvi, 77-90 (Jan. 1950)Google Scholar; Mansergh, Nicholas, ‘Ireland: the republic outside the commonwealth’, xxviii, 277-91 (July 1952)Google Scholar. Donaldson’s, Alfred G. Some comparative aspects of Irish law (Durham, North Carolina, 1957 Google Scholar), not devoted solely to commonwealth matters, should be consulted. In ch. in, ‘Ireland and the commonwealth, dominion status and international law’, the author goes less far than Harkness on Ireland’s influence between 1921 and 1931 but judges Ireland’s contribution to the commonwealth to have been ‘considerable’ not merely in the development of dominion status, but in the use of public international law, and in the application of private international rules.

⁴⁰ There are a number of books published before 1938 on the constitution of 1922, and on the government and politics of the free state. See: Kohn, Leo, The constitution of the Irish Free State, its government and politics (New York, 1934 Google Scholar); Moss, William W, Political parties in the Irish Free State (New York, 1933 Google Scholar); and of special historical interest, Kennedy, Hugh, ‘The association of Canada with the constitution of the Irish Free State’, Canadian Bar Review (Toronto), vi, 747-58 (Dec. 1928)Google Scholar. For an historical account see Gwynn, Denis, The Irish Free State, 1922-27 (London, 1928 Google Scholar): part in of this work is useful for social and economic history in the 1920s. There are chapters on unemployment, agriculture, the Shannon electrification scheme, public credit, education, roads, railways, and the post office.

⁴¹ For one picture of the old ascendancy and its relation to the new Ireland see Inglis’s, Brian autobiographical West Briton (London, 1962 Google Scholar). This work also contains valuable material on the post-treaty history of the Irish Times. Also, for society, see White, T de Vere, ‘Social life in Ireland: 1927-37’, Studies, liv (spring 1965), pp 74–82 Google Scholar.

⁴² Donai Nevin’s essay in this collection ‘Labour and the political revolution ‘raises the question of why the Labour Party failed to win a leading place in Irish political life after the treaty. See also the essay by Lynch, Patrick in The Irish struggle: ‘The social revolution that never was’, pp 41–54 Google Scholar. See also Thornley, David, ‘The development of the Irish labour movement’, Christus Rex, xviii (1964), pp 7–21 Google Scholar Donai O’Sullivan (The Irish Free State and its senate) pays tribute to Thomas Johnson, who, as leader of the small labour party, furnished the official opposition, and contributed, in the absence of the Sinn Fein deputies, to the practice of parliamentary government during the early years of the new state. See Mitchell’s, Arthur ‘Thomas Johnson, 1872-1963, a pioneer labour leader’, in Studies, lviii, 396–404 (winter 1969 Google Scholar).

⁴³ See Johnston, Joseph, Irish agriculture in transition (Dublin and Oxford, 1951 Google Scholar). Johnston is concerned with those aspects of former land policies which explain the mid-twentieth century difficulties of Irish farming; he diagnoses the problems as social and technical as well as agricultural. See for industry, Meenan, James, ‘Irish industry and indus trial policy, 1921-1943’, Studies, xxxii, 209–18 (1943)Google Scholar.

⁴⁴ For an example of this see Gallagher, Frank, The indivisible island: the study of the partition of Ireland (London, 1957 Google Scholar). History here is bent to political argument.

⁴⁵ Hand, G. J., ‘Eoin MacNeill and the boundary commission’ in The scholar-revolutionary: Eoin MacNeill, 1867–1945, and the making of a new Ireland, ed. Martin, F. X. and Byrne, F J. (Irish University Press: forthcoming)Google Scholar. On the ‘leak’ regarding the expected decision of the boundary commission in 1925 see Andrews, J. H., ‘The “Morning Post” line’, Ir. Geography, iv, 99–106 (1960 CrossRefGoogle Scholar).

⁴⁶ For the Ulster unionist standpoint see Erviné, St John, Craigavon: Ulsterman (London, 1949 Google Scholar).

⁴⁷ Carson accused nationalists of never trying to win over Ulster. Nationalists quoted Tone, Davis, Mitchel, and Parnell as spokesmen of protestant Ireland, but they had become, actually, the adopted spokes men of Irish catholic nationalism.

⁴⁸ Leopold Amery read the sections of this book concerned with commonwealth affairs and in letters to White suggested that he had overstated the case for O’Higgins’s influence on the decisions of the imperial conference of 1926. Amery stressed his own personal efforts for commonwealth equality of status, and wrote that he had always regarded the results of the 1926 conference as much his own work as that of any dominion statesman. He did not wish, however, to detract in any way from the great impression made by O’Higgins’s powerful personality.

⁴⁹ ‘Unneutral neutral Eire’, Foreign Affairs, xxiv, 317–26 (Jan. 1946)Google Scholar. See also Bromage, Mary C., Churchill and Ireland (Notre Dame, Indiana, 1964 Google Scholar). This work examines Churchill’s attitudes to Ireland from the beginning of his political career. Chapters vi and vii deal with the war years and after. Churchill’s unchanging governing idea, the book contends, was the safety of England. There is an unpublished thesis by Hogan, V P, The neutrality of Ireland, available, however, on microfilm (Ann Arbor, Michigan, University Microfilms 1953 Google Scholar). For official Irish views of the war see Ireland’s stand: being a selection of the speeches of Éamon de Valera during the war, 1939-45 (Dublin, 1946); for an economic judgment see O’Brien, George, ‘The impact of the war on the Irish economy’, Studies, xxxv, 25–39 (1946)Google Scholar, which presents the view that despite neutrality the war left the Irish economy poorer.

⁵⁰ One reviewer notes the absence from the volume of any full treat ment of the I.R.A. A new work, just published as this essay is written, deals with this subject: The I R. A. by Coogan, T P (London, 1970)Google Scholar. See review in the London Economist, 27 June 1970.

⁵¹ On current administrative and economic affairs see Administration, the journal of the Institute of Public Administration; also the publications of the Economic Research Institute (Ireland).

⁵² See Dr Chubb’s bibliography for significant books and articles on present-day Irish government.

⁵³ See also Chubb, B., ‘Ireland, 1957’ in Butler, D. E., Elections abroad (London, 1959 Google Scholar), ch. 3.

⁵⁴ See also Beth, L. P, The development of judicial review in Ireland, 1937-1966 (Dublin, 1962 Google Scholar) and Delany, V T H., The administration of justice in Ireland (Dublin, 1962 Google Scholar).

⁵⁵ Ross is partial to proportional representation. For another view see Hermens, F A., Democracy or anarchy? a study of proportional representation (Notre Dame, Indiana, 1941 Google Scholar). For the Irish deputy, see Whyte, John, Dail deputies: their work, its difficulties, possible remedies (Tuairim pamphlet, no. 15, Dublin, 1966 Google Scholar).

⁵⁶ See as basic materials two government reports: First programme for economic expansion (Dublin, 1958), and Second programme for economic expansion, pt 1 (Dublin, 1963), and pt 11 (Dublin, 1964). The second programme presents plans for 1964-70.

⁵⁷ The thesis is that the transfer of ownership from landlords to tenants ‘while possibly achieving some social benefit in so far as it spread more widely the income which accrued to land, did so at great economic cost. . In retrospect it seems likely that the Irish economy would now be better off had owner occupancy not been introduced.’ Another contention is that emigration removes social pressures which, if young people remained at home, would demand fundamental solutions. Crotty argues that a substantial tax on land, especially on larger holdings, would lead to really efficient working of farms or their transfer to those who could work them. The author is in the Department of Agricultural Economics, University College, Aberystwyth, Wales. For a review see Studies, lvi, 440-42 (winter 1967). See also Bristow, J. A. and Tait, A. A. (ed.), Economic policy in Ireland (Dublin, 1968 Google Scholar). For foreign commerce see Hultman’s, Charles Ireland in world commerce (Cork, 1969 Google Scholar).

⁵⁸ See Hensey, Brendan, The health services of Ireland (Dublin, 1959 Google Scholar); Jessop, W J. E., ‘Health services—a critical appraisal’, Stat. Soc. Ire. Jn., xxi, pt i (1963)Google Scholar, is a comparative review.

⁵⁹ See Whitaker, T K., ‘The civil service and development’, Administration, ix, pp 84– (1961)Google Scholar.

⁶⁰ See Blanchard, Jean, Le droit ecclésiastique contemporain d’Irlande (Paris, 1958 Google Scholar), translated as The church in contemporary Ireland (Dublin, 1964). Also, more controversial, Blanshard, Paul, The Irish and catllolic power (London, 1954)Google Scholar, and Sheehy, Michael, Is Ircland dying?: cultzire and the church in modern Ireland (New York, 1968)Google Scholar. This last work ranges widely over the life of present-day Ireland, and whatever the argument with some of its opinions, it suggests many fresh lines of thought both on Ireland’s present and past. Also, Fennell, Desmond (ed.), The changing face of catholic Ireland (London, 1968 Google Scholar). There is a scholarly work, completed but not yet published, by J. H. Whyte: Church and state in modern Ireland, 1923-70.

⁶¹ See McElligott, T J., Education in Ireland (Dublin, 1966 Google Scholar). Also the government report: Commission on higher education, 1960-67: I Presentation and summary of report (Dublin, 1967); II Report (2 vols, Dublin, 1967).

⁶² A number of works on the Irish scene and character, some recent, others possibly increasingly less relevant to the present, might be noted here: Arensberg, C. M., The Irish country man (London, 1937 Google Scholar), Arensberg, C M. and Kimball, S. T, Family and community in Ireland (Cambridge, Mass., 1940 Google Scholar; 2nd ed., 1968); Connery, Donald, The Irish (London, 1968 Google Scholar), Sean Faolain, O, The Irish (Penguin Books, Middlesex, 1947 Google Scholar); Ussher, Arland, The face and mind of Ireland (London, 1949 Google Scholar). For the language, a book of essays, Davis, Thomas Lectures, has recently been published: A view of the Irish language, ed. Cuiv, Brian O (Dublin, 1969 Google Scholar). There is much controversial writing in the newspaper and periodical press on the language movement. For further historical background see: Corkery, Daniel, The fortunes of the Irish language (Dublin, 1954 Google Scholar), and Ryan, Desmond, The sword of light: from the Four Masters to Douglas Hyde (London, 1939 Google Scholar).

⁶³ Mansergh’s, Nicholas work, The government of Northern Ireland (London, 1936 Google Scholar), published before the period we survey, analyzes the origin and nature of the government of Northern Ireland and discusses devolution as a form of government. Valuable for the earlier period of partition.

⁶⁴ Also Nualláin, Labhras Ó, Ireland: finances of partition (Dublin, 1952 Google Scholar).

⁶⁵ Basic reading for the present Northern Ireland situation is the Cameron commission report: Government of Northern Ireland: disturbances in Northern Ireland, report of the commission appointed by the governor of Northern Ireland (Belfast, H.M.S.O., 1969) and the Hunt committee’s Report of the advisory committee on police in Northern Ireland (Belfast, H.M.S.O., 1969).

⁶⁶ See also: Boyd, Andrew, Holy war in Belfast (Tralee, 1969 Google Scholar), Wallace, Martin, Drums and guns: revolution in Ulster (Dublin and London, 1970 Google Scholar); Hastings, Max, Ulster, 1969: the fight for civil rights in Northern Ireland (London, 1970 Google Scholar); Riddell, Patrick, Fire over Ulster (London, 1970 Google Scholar). For a group of reviews on these ‘just out ‘commentaries see The Newman Review (summer 1970), pp 52-61 This new journal is the organ of The Newman Society in Northern Ireland. Also to be noted with these books on Ulster is Bernadette Devlin’s autobiographical work The price of my soul (London, 1969).

⁶⁷ See on this point in Studies: Thornley, David, ‘Ireland: the end of an era?’, liii, 1-30 (spring 1964)Google Scholar; Fitzgerald, Garrett, ‘Seeking a national purpose’, liii, 337–51 (winter 1964)Google Scholar, and also his ‘The significance of 1916’, lv, 29-37 (spring 1966). This last essay, an exercise in hypothetical history, considers the possible lines of Irish development without the rising. Was 1916 a ‘necessary ‘element in securing the psychological basis for a self-confident Irish nation? See also in O’Brien, Conor Cruise (ed.) The shaping of modern Ireland (Toronto and London, 1960)Google Scholar two essays: the editor’s ‘1891-1916’, and Dorothy Macardle’s ‘Jame Connolly and Patrick Pearse’.