¹ Bibliographical materials are increasing. For holdings in the National Library of Ireland see Carty, James, Bibliography of Irish history, 1912-1921 (Dublin, 1936 Google Scholar), and Bibliography of Irish history, 1870-1911 (Dublin, 1940). See also Prendeville, P. L., ‘A select bibliography of Irish economic history: Part III, The nineteenth century’, Econ. Hist. Rev., iv (Oct. 1932), pp 81–90 Google Scholar. Two bibliographies, one an essay, which cover the broader field of Irish history’ contain nineteenth and twentieth century material: Mulvey, Helen F., ‘Modern Irish history since 1940: a bibliographical survey (1600-1922)’ in Changing views on British history, ed. Furber, E. C. (Cambridge, Mass., 1966)Google Scholar; and Johnston, Edith M., Irish history, a select bibliography (Historical Association, London, 1969 Google Scholar). There are in preparation two nineteenth-century volumes in the series of bibliographies of British historv published by the Royal Historical Society and the American Historical Association Christie, I. R. and Brown, L. M., Bibliography of British history, 1780-1851, and Hanham, H. J., Bibliography of British history, 1851-1014.Google Scholar

² Ireland (in the series, The Modern Xations in Historical Perspective, ed. Winks, R. W.) (Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1968 Google Scholar).

³ ‘Ireland under the union’, Topic: a journal of the liberal arts, Washington and Jefferson College, Washington, Pennsylvania, no. 13 (spring 1967), pp 34–43 Google Scholar.

⁴ The earlier subject surveys: Clarkson’s, J. Dunsmore Labour and nationalism in Ireland (New York, 1925 Google Scholar); Pomfret, John E., The struggle for land in Ireland, 1800-1925 (Princeton, 1930 Google Scholar; reprinted, U.S.A., 1969), Hooker, Elizabeth R., Readjustments of agricultural tenure in Ireland (Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 1938 Google Scholar); and for a longer period, O’Donovan, John, The economic history of livestock in Ireland (Cork, 1940 Google Scholar).

⁵ See McDowell’s, articles, ‘The Irish executive in the nineteenth century’, I.H.S., ix (Mar. 1955), pp 264–80 Google Scholar, and ‘The Irish courts of law, 1801-1914’, I.H.S. x (Sept. 1957), pp 363-91.

⁶ Political problems, 1850-1860 by Whyte, J. H., and Political pro blems, 1860-1860 by Corish, P. J., both in vol. v (Dublin and Melbourne 1967)Google Scholar; Great Britain: England and Wales, by Gwynn, Denis, and Scotland by Handley, J. E., both in vol. vi (Dublin and Sydney, 1968)Google Scholar; and The missions: Africa and the Orient by McGlade, Joseph, vol. viii (Dublin and Melbourne, 1967 Google Scholar).

⁷ See Norman’s pamphlet for the Dublin Historical Association: The catholic church and Irish politics in the 1860s (Dundalk, 1965 Google Scholar). See or some important subjects: Whyte, J. H., ‘The influence of the catholiclergy on elections in nineteenth century Ireland’, E.H.R., lxxv (Apr 1960), pp 239–59 CrossRefGoogle Scholar, and ‘The appointment of catholic bishops in nine teenth century Ireland’, Cath. Hist. Rev., xlviii (Apr. 1962), pp 12–32 Google Scholar Roche, Kennedy, ‘The relations of the catholic church and the state ir England and Ireland, 1800-1852’, Hist. Studies III (London and Cork 1961)Google Scholar; Murphy, J. A., ‘The support of the catholic clergy in Ireland 1750-1850’, Hist. Studies V (London, 1965 Google Scholar). New biographies of Irish bishops and archbishops are wanting; see FrCorish, P. J., ‘Cardina Cullen and Archbishop MacHale’, I.E.R., 5th ser., xci (June 1959) pp 393–408.Google Scholar

⁸ See Bolton’s, article, ‘Some British reactions to the Irish act of union’, Econ. Hist. Rev., 2nd ser., xviii (Aug. 1965), pp 367–75 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁹ For the immediate post-union years see Roberts, Michael, The whig party, 1807-1812 (London, 1939 Google Scholar); McDougall, Donald J., ‘George III, Pitt, and the Irish catholics, 1801-1805’, Cath. Hist. Rev., xxxi (Oct. 1945), pp 255–81 Google Scholar; and for the period to 1825, Ellis, J. T., Cardinal Consalvi and Anglo-papal relations, 1814-1824 (Washington, 1942 Google Scholar).

¹⁰ See Aspinall, A., ‘ The use of Irish secret service money in subsidizing the Irish press’, E.H.R., lvi (Oct. 1941), pp 639–46 CrossRefGoogle Scholar and ‘The Irish proclamation fund, 1800-1846’, E.H.R., lvi (Apr. 1941), pp 265–80 CrossRefGoogle Scholar. There is Irish material in Aspinall’s Politics and the press, 1780-1850 (London, 1949. See Inglis’s article, ‘O’Gonnell and the Irish press, 1800-42’, I.H.S., viii (Mar. 1952), pp 1–27 Google Scholar.

¹¹ For English currents of opinion on the catholic question see: Best, G. F. A., ‘The protestant constitution and its supporters, 1800-1829’, R. Hist. Soc, Trans., 5th ser., viii (1958), pp 105–27 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Machin, G. I. T., ‘The no-popery movement in Britain, 1828-9’, Hist. Jn. vi (1963), pp 93–211 Google Scholar; and an earlier article, Hexter, J. H., ‘ The protestant revival and the catholic question in England, 1778-1829’, Jn. Mod. Hist., viii (Sept. 1936), pp 297–319 CrossRefGoogle Scholar. See also Henriques, Ursula, Religious toleration in England, 1787-1833 (London, 1961 Google Scholar).

¹² On the Orange societies which until now have had little scholarly study, see Senior’s, Hereward recent Orangeism in Ireland and Britain, 1795-1836 (London and Toronto, 1966 Google Scholar).

¹³ The Maynooth crisis of 1845 brought to the fore English anti- catholicism. See Cahill, Gilbert, ‘Irish Catholicism and English toryism’, Rev. Pol, xix (Jan. 1957), pp 62–76 CrossRefGoogle Scholar, and ‘The protestant association, and the anti-Maynooth agitation of 1845’, Cath. Hist. Rev., xliii (Oct. 1957), pp 273–308 Google Scholar, Norman, E. R., ‘The Maynooth question of 1845’, I.H.S., xv (Sept. 1967), pp 407–37 Google Scholar; and Machin, G. I. T., ‘ The Maynooth grant, the dissenters, and disestablishment 1845-1847’, E.H.R., lxxxii (Jan. 1967), pp 61–85).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹⁴ See Gwynn’s, special study, O’Connell, Davis, and the colleges bill (Cork, 1948 Google Scholar), and on a special aspect of the repeal struggle FrBroderick, John, The Holy See and the Irish movement for repeal of the union with England, 1829-1847 (Rome, 1951 Google Scholar, Analecta Gregorianae, lv).

¹⁵ Fiontan Ó Leathlobhair (Dublin, 1962 Google Scholar).

¹⁶ For a review of the centenary writings on Young Ireland see Nowlan, Kevin, ‘ Writings in connection with the Thomas Davis and Young Ireland centenary, 1945’, I.H.S., v (Mar. 1947), pp 265–72 Google Scholar. For the identification of Nation articles see McGrath, Kevin M., ‘Writers in the “Nation”, 1842-45’, I.H.S., vi (Mar. 1949), pp 189–223 Google Scholar. Also Clarke, Randall, ‘ The relations between O’Connell and the Young Irelanders’, I.H.S., iii (Mar. 1942), pp 18–30 Google Scholar. For a discussion on the nationalism of Young Ireland see Edwards, R. Dudley, ‘ The contribution of Young Ireland to the Irish national idea’, in Féilscríbhinn Torna: essays presented to Tadhg Ua Donnchadha, ed. Pender, Séamus (Cork, 1947)Google Scholar. For the larger setting of Young Ireland in the romantic age see G. S. Clark, Kitson, ‘The romantic element, 1830-50’, Studies in social history: a tribute to G. M. Trevelyan, ed. Plumb, J. H. (London, 1955)Google Scholar. Zimmermanns, G. D. recent Irish political street ballads and rebel songs, 1780-1900 (Geneva, 1966 Google Scholar) has material on Young Ireland.

¹⁷ See on one Irish constitutional scheme, Kennedy, B. A., ‘Sharman Crawford’s federal scheme for Ireland’, in Essays in British and Irish history in honour of James Eadie Todd, ed. by Cronne, H. A., Moody, T W., and Quinn, D. B. (London, 1949 Google Scholar).

¹⁸ On the period of Peel’s chief secretaryship see Broeker, Galen, ‘ Robert Peel and the peace conservation force’, Jn. Mod. Hist., xxxiii (Dec. 1961), pp 363–73 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Shipkey, Robert, ‘Problems of Irish patronage during the chief-secretaryship of Robert Peel, 1812-18’, Hist. Jn., x (1967), pp 41–56 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; O’Ceallaigh, Tadhg, ‘Peel and police reform in Ireland, 1814-18’, Studia Hib. (1966), pp 25–48 Google Scholar.

¹⁹ Daniel O’Connell, revised centenary edition (Cork and Oxford, 1947)Google ScholarPubMed.

²⁰ For the period covered by Dr McIntyre’s book see two articles by O’Donoghue, Patrick, ‘Causes of the opposition to tithes, 1830-38’, Studia Hib., no. 5 (1965), pp 1–28 Google Scholar, and ‘Opposition to tithe payment in 1830-31’, ibid., no. 6 (1966), pp 69-98. For political history, drawing lines between British and Irish history often presents problems, but see: Kemp, Betty, ‘The general election of 1841’, History, xxxvii (June, 1952), pp 146–57 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Condon, Mary D., ‘The Irish church and the reform minis tries’, In. Brit. Studies, iii (1964), pp 120–42 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Brose, Olive, ‘The Irish precedent for English church reform: the church temporalities act of 1833’, In. Ecc. Hist., vii (1956), pp 204–25 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

²¹ See SirBlackall, Henry and Whyte, J. H., ‘Correspondence: O’Connell and the repeal party’, I.H.S., xii (Sept. 1960), pp 139–43 Google Scholar.

²² O’Connell’s correspondence was published in part by W. J. Fitzpatrick in 1888. The complete correspondence, in so far as it can be recovered, is now in preparation by Professor Maurice O’Connell of Fordham University, New York. Six volumes are planned: three will appear in 1970 and the remainder, probably, in 1971

²³ Dr Connell’s articles cover a wide range of problems. See ‘Some unsettled problems in English and Irish population history, 1750-1845’, I.H.S., vii (Sept. 1951), pp 225–34 Google Scholar, ‘The potato in Ireland’, Past and Present, no. 23 (1962), pp 57–71 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; ‘The colonization of waste land in Ireland, 1780-1845’, Econ. Hist. Rev., 2nd ser., iii (1950), pp 44–71 Google Scholar Here Dr Connell takes issue with George O’Brien’s view that there was little land reclamation between the union and the famine.

²⁴ More extreme claims for the potato in Irish rural history are made by Dr Redcliffe Salaman, N., The history and social influence of the potato (Cambridge, 1949 Google Scholar). See Connells, review of this, ‘Essays in bibliography and criticism: the history of the potato’, Econ. Hist. Rev., 2nd ser., iii (1951), pp 388–95 CrossRefGoogle Scholar, which suggests that it was ‘tenurial relation ships’ which played a role in the domination of the potato. See Salaman’s shorter survey, The influence of the potato on the course of Irish history (Dublin, 1943).

²⁵ ‘Marriage and (population growth in Ireland, 1750-1845’, Econ. Hist. Rev., 2nd ser., xvi (Dec. 1963), pp 301–13 Google Scholar; for a more recent statement see Lee, Joseph, ‘ Marriage and population in pre-famine Ireland’, Econ. Hist. Rev., xxi (Aug. 1968), pp 283–95 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

²⁶ See also Monaghan, John J., ‘ The rise and fall of the Belfast cotton industry’, I.H.S., iii (Mar. 1942), pp 1–17 Google Scholar. Gill’s, Conrad classic The rise of the Irish linen industry (Oxford, 1925 Google Scholar) was reprinted in 1964.

²⁷ See Murray, K. A., The Great Northern Railway [Ireland] (Dublin, 1944 Google Scholar); Herring, Ivor J., ‘Ulster roads on the eve of the railway age, c. 1800-1840’, I.U.S., ii (Sept. 1940), pp 160–88 Google Scholar; Lee, Joseph, ‘The construction costs of early Irish railways’, Business history, ix (1967), pp 95–109 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

²⁸ A second volume is to appear. See also Mathias, Peter, The brewing industry in England, ιγοο-1830 (Cambridge, 1959 Google Scholar). For another business history see Hall, F G., The bank of Ireland, 1783-1946 (Dublin and Oxford, 1949 Google Scholar). On monetary history see Fetter, Frank, The Irish pound, 1797-1826 (London, 1955 Google Scholar).

²⁹ For an exchange of views see: Lee, Joseph, ‘Money and beer in Ireland, 1790-1845’, Econ. Hist. Rev., 2nd ser., xix (1966), pp 183–90 Google Scholar, and the reply of Lynch and Vaizey, ‘Money and beer in Ireland, 1790-1875”, ibid., pp 190-94. In their comments on general Irish economic history, Lynch and Vaizey call attention to the causes of famine in economies other than the Irish, and suggest as one of the key factors the ‘relative absence of markets’ Also Cullen, L. M. on the ‘two economies’ thesis in ‘The reinterpretation of Irish economic history’, Topic, no. 13 (spring, 1967), pp 68–77 Google Scholar. See reviews of Lynch, and Vaizey, in: I.H.S., xiii (Sept. 1963), pp 371–4 Google Scholar, and in Studia Hib., no. 2 (1962), pp 245-8.

³⁰ On labour see the two valuable articles of O’Higgins, Rachel, ‘Irish trade unions and politics, 1830-50’, Hist. In., iv (1961), pp 209–17 Google Scholar, and ‘The Irish influence in the Chartist movement’, Past and Present, no. 20 (Nov. 1961), pp 83-96.

³¹ There are 43 pages of bibliography. See DrBlack’s, The statistical and social inquiry society of Ireland, a centenary volume, 1847-1947 (Dublin, 1947 Google Scholar).

³² L. M. Cullen, ‘Reinterpretation of Irish economic history’ in Topic, see note 29 above; also see, for background, his ‘Problems in the interpretation and revision of eighteenth century Irish economic history’, R. Hist. Soc. Trans., 5th ser., xvii (1967), pp 1-22.

³³ See The formation of the Irish economy, ed. Cullen, L. M. (Cork, 1968)Google Scholar. This small paperback contains the recent Thomas Davis radio lectures on various aspects of the Irish economy. Based on the earlier researches of the contributors, the essays point to a more extensive and scholarly volume.

³⁴ Numerous studies which illuminate aspects of rural Ireland before the famine have appeared since the publication of The great famine, demographical, statistical, or regional. See: Bourke’s, P. M. A. articles ‘The agricultural statistics of the 1841 census of Ireland: a critical review’, Econ. Hist. Rev., 2nd ser., xviii (Aug. 1965), pp 376–91 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; ‘The extent of the potato crop in Ireland at the time of the famine’, Stat. Soc. Ire. In., xx, pt 3 (1959-60), pp 1-35; and ‘Notes on some agricultural units of measurement in use in pre-famine Ireland’, I.H.S., xiv (Mar. 1965), pp 236-45. Noting the quality of the censuses from 1841 to 1871 ‘in some respects unrivalled by those of any other country’, Froggatt, Peter suggests in ‘The census of Ireland of 1813-14’, I.H.S., xiv (Mar. 1965), pp 227–35 Google Scholar, that the failures of this first census were a lesson for the future; see his ‘The demographic work of Sir William Wilde’, Ir. Jn. Med. Sc, ser. 6 (1965), pp 213-30. See Johnson, J. H., ‘Agriculture in County Deny at the beginning of the nineteenth century’, Studia Hib., no. 4 (1964), pp 95–103 Google Scholar, and ‘The population of Londonderry during the great Irish famine’, Econ. Hist. Rev., 2nd ser., x (1957-8), pp 273-85; also Hughes, T. Jones, ‘East Leinster in the mid-nineteenth century’, Ir. Geography, iii, no. 5 (1958), pp 227–41 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

³⁵ Some of the lines of enquiry on post-famine Ireland: Connell, K. H. in ‘Peasant marriage in Ireland: its structure and development since the famine’, Econ. Hist. Rev., 2nd ser., xiv (Apr. 1962), 502–23 CrossRefGoogle Scholar, presents material, some of it obtained with the assistance of the Irish folklore commission, and writes social as well as economic history; see his ‘Land legislation and Irish social life’, ibid., 2nd ser., xi (Aug. 1958), pp 1-7. Burn, W. L., in ‘Free trade in land: an aspect of the Irish question’, R. Hist. Soc. Trans., 4th ser., xxxi (1949), pp 61–74 CrossRefGoogle Scholar discusses the encumbered estates act and speculates on ‘what might have been’ had something similar to the 1870 land legislation been enacted in 1849. Hughes, T Jones in ‘Society and settlement in nineteenth century Ireland’, Ir. Geography, v, no. 2 (1965), pp 79–96 CrossRefGoogle Scholar has as a central theme the contrast between the Ireland dominated by the landlords and the rest of the country; valuable on landscape. O’Neill, T P. in ‘From famine to near famine, 1845-1879’, Studia Hib., i (1961), pp 161–71 Google Scholar discusses rural history between the great famine and the Land League. Cousens, S. H., in ‘Emigration and demographic change in Ireland, 1851-1861’, Econ. Hist Rev., 2nd ser., xiv (Dec. 1961), pp 275–88 CrossRefGoogle Scholar notes ‘considerable resistance’ to emigration after the famine, a resistance he calls social, not economic; see his ‘The regional variations in population changes in Ireland, 1861-1881’, ibid., 2nd ser., xvii (1964), pp 301-21 Also Olive Robinson, ‘The London companies as progressive landlords in nineteenth century Ireland’, ibid., 2nd ser., xv ¡(Aug. 1962), pp 103-18. On land legislation: Shearman, Hugh, ‘State aided land purchase under the disestablishment act of 1869’, I.H.S., iv (Mar. 1944), pp 58–80 Google Scholar; two articles by Buckley, K. L. in I.H.S., ‘The fixing of rents by agreement in County Galway, 1881-85’, vii (Mar. 1951), pp 149–79 Google Scholar, and ‘The records of the Irish land commission as a source of historical evidence’, viii (Mar. 1952), pp 28-36. For a comparative study see Black, R. D. Gollison, ‘ Economic policy in Ireland and India in the time of J. S. Mill’, Econ. Hist. Rev., 2nd ser., xxi (Aug. 1968), pp 321–36 Google Scholar. See DrConnell’s, recently published Irish peasant society: historical essays (Oxford, 1968 Google Scholar).

³⁶ In ‘The famine in Irish oral tradition’, the final essay in The great famine.

³⁷ See above pp 5-6 and note 7.

³⁸ O’Leary, ’s autobiographical Recollections of Fenians and Fenianism, 2 vols (London, 1896 Google Scholar) has been reprinted by the Irish University Press (Shannon, 1968, and New York, 1969).

³⁹ On Dr Brown’s book and its contribution to Irish-American history, see Moody, T W., Irish-American nationalism’, I.H.S., xv (Sept. 1967), pp 438–45 Google Scholar.

⁴⁰ For a brief account see Green, E. R. R., ‘The Fenians’, History Today, viii (Oct. 1958), pp 698–705 Google Scholar. For a study on Canadian reactions to Fenianism written prior to 1938 see Stacey, C. P., ‘Fenianism and the rise of national feeling in Canada at the time of confederation’, Canad. Hist. Rev., xii (Sept. 1931), pp 238–61 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁴¹ See McCaffrey, ’s article ‘Home rule and the general election of 1874 in Ireland’, I.H.S., ix (Sept. 1954), pp 190–212 Google Scholar; and also Thornley, David, ‘The Irish conservatives and home rule, 1869-1873’, I.H.S., xi (Mar. 1959), pp 200–22 Google Scholar.

⁴² ‘Landlord influence at elections in Ireland, 1760-1885’, E.H.R., lxxx (Oct. 1965), pp 740–60 CrossRefGoogle Scholar. On the influence of the clergy on elections see note 7 above.

⁴³ On the controversies concerning Parnell and the O’Sheas the crucial work is Harrison, Henry, Parnell vindicated (London, 1931 Google Scholar). Historians do not accept unreservedly all of Harrison’s contentions. Harrison’s later books on Parnell’s career appeared from 1938 on; see Parnell, Joseph Chamberlain and Mr Garvin (London, 1938), and Parnell, Joseph Chamberlain and the ‘Times’ (Belfast and Dublin, 1953). Also, ‘Parnell’s vindication’, I.H.S., v (Mar. 1947), pp 231–43 Google Scholar; and Howard, C. H. D. (ed.), Joseph Chamberlain: a political memoir, 1890-2 (London, 1953 Google Scholar).

⁴⁴ Larkin, Emmet, ‘The Roman Catholic hierarchy and the fall of Parnell’, Victorian Studies, iv (June 1961), pp 315–36 Google Scholar, and ‘Mounting the counter-attack the Roman Catholic hierarchy and the destruction of Parnellism’, Rev. Pol., xxv (Apr. 1963), pp 157–82 Google Scholar; Lyons, F S. L., ‘The economic ideas of Parnell’, Hist. Studies, II (London, 1959 Google Scholar), Moody, T W., ‘Parnell and the Galway election of 1886’, I.H.S., ix (Mar. 1955) pp 319–38 Google Scholar; Glaser, J F., ‘Parnell’s fall and the nonconformist conscience’, I.H.S., xii (Sept. 1960), pp 119–38 Google Scholar; Arnstein, W L., ‘Parnell and the Bradlaugh case’, I.H.S., xiii (Mar. 1963), pp 212–35 Google Scholar. Thornley’s, David ‘The Irish home rule party and parliamentary obstruction, 1874-87’, I.H.S., xii (Mar. 1960), pp 38–57 Google Scholar has some observations on the broader historical effects of obstruction on the Westminster parliament. C. H. D. Howard, three contributions to I.H.S.: ‘Documents relating to the Irish “central board” scheme, 1884-5’, viii (Sept. 1953), pp 324-61; ‘Joseph Chamberlain, W H. O’Shea, and Parnell, 1884, 1891-2’, xiii (Mar. 1962), pp 33-8; and an article, ‘The Parnell manifesto of 21 November 1885 and the schools question’, E.H.R., lxii (Jan. 1947), pp 42-51; Lyons, F S. L., ‘John Dillon and the Plan of Campaign, 1886-90’, I.H.S., xiv (Sept. 1965), pp 313–47.Google Scholar Professor Lyons’s, brief Parnell (Dundalk, 1963 Google Scholar), one of the series of Dublin Historical Society pamphlets, should be noted.

⁴⁵ Haslip, Joan, Parnell (London, 1936 Google Scholar), is the biography published nearest to the period under survey. A completed study, not yet pub lished, by Professor J. M. Woods of York University, Toronto, presents a psychoanalytic interpretation of Parnell’s personality and character.

⁴⁶ In Studies: ‘Michael Davitt, 1846-1906: a survey and appreciation’, Pt I, 1846-81, xxxv (June 1946), pp 199-208; Pt II, 1881-90 (Sept. 1946), pp 325-34; Pt III, 1890-1906 (Dec. 1946), pp 433-38. Also in Studies, ‘Michael Davitt in penal servitude, 1870-1877’, xxx (Dec. 1941), pp 517-30, continued in xxxi (Mar. 1942), pp 16-30. In I.H.S., ‘Michael Davitt and the “pen” letter’, iv (Mar. 1945), pp 224-53. In R. Hist. Soc. Trans.: ‘Michael Davitt and the British labour movement, 1882-1906’, 5th ser., iii (1953), pp 53-76.

⁴⁷ In Essays in British and Irish history in honour of James Eadie Todd (London, 1949).

⁴⁸ See Green, James J., ‘ American catholics and the Irish Land League, 1879-1882’, Cath. Hist. Rev., xxxv (Apr. 1949), pp 19–42 Google Scholar.

⁴⁹ On the assassination of Lord Frederick Cavendish and Thomas Burke there is the recent Corfe, T, The Phoenix Park murders (London, 1968 Google Scholar).

⁵⁰ 1st edition, London, 1938. A second edition, with an introduction by M. R. D. Foot, appeared in 1964 (London and Hamden, Conn.).

⁵¹ Hammond stresses Gladstone’s ‘European sense’, as one of the factors in his Irish views. On Gladstone’s knowledge of Indian and Canadian land questions see Steele, E. D., ‘Ireland and the empire in the 1860s: imperial precedents for Gladstone’s first Irish land act’, Hist. Jn., xi, no. 1 (1968), pp 64–83 CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Observations in this article on Sir John Lawrence and the earl of Mayo raise questions about the insights on land and peasant questions of Irish-born colonial administrators.

⁵² For English reactions and the Irish issue as a force in making converts to conservatism see Ensor, R. C. K., ‘Some political and economic interactions in later Victorian England’, R. Hist. Soc. Trans. , 4th ser., xxxi (1949), pp 17–28 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and Roach, John, ‘Liberalism and the Victorian intelligentsia’, Camb. Hist. Jn., xiii (1957), pp 58–81 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; the Chamberlain biography, begun by J. L. Garvin (vols i-iii, London, 1932-4), is now completed by Amery, Julian: The life of Joseph Chamberlain, vol. iv, 1901-3 (London, 1951)Google Scholar; vols v-vi, 1901-1968 (London, 1969). On the writing of these volumes, see Times Literary Supplement, 7 Aug. 1969. On Chamberlain after the first home rule bill, see Hurst, Michael, Joseph Chamberlain and liberal reunion (London, 1967 Google Scholar): the detail in this work needs sorting out. Also Fraser, Peter, ‘The liberal-unionist alliance: Chamberlain, Hartington, and the conservatives, 1886-1904’, E.H.R., lxxvii (Jan. 1962), pp 53–75 CrossRefGoogle Scholar, and Curtis, L. P. Jr., ‘Government policy and the Irish party crisis, 1890-2’, I.H.S., xiii (Sept. 1963), pp 295–315 Google Scholar.

⁵³ Phillips’s, W. Alison earlier work, The revolution in Ireland, 1906-1923 (London and New York, 1923; 2nd ed., 1926)Google Scholar, unionist in view point, covers some of the period, and has an historical introduction.

⁵⁴ Griffith, Carson, Redmond, Hyde, and the young Yeats are a few of the figures discussed. There is also an editor’s chapter which surveys the period, 1891-1916.

⁵⁵ Lyons, F. S. L., ‘The Irish unionist party and the devolution crisis of 1904-5’, I.H.S., vi (Mar. 1948), pp 1–22 Google Scholar.

⁵⁶ Buckland, P J., ‘The southern Irish unionists, the Irish question, and British politics, 1906-14’, I.H.S., xv (Mar. 1967), pp 228–55 Google Scholar.

⁵⁷ Fanning, Ronan, ‘The unionist party and Ireland, 1906-10’, I.H.S., xv (Sept. 1966), pp 147–71 Google Scholar Younger unionists, not involved in the controversies of ’86 and ’93, could contemplate solutions of the Irish question which Balfour could not accept. Like his uncle Lord Salisbury, he saw the danger of first moves. Was it not in the nature of things that incomplete concessions ‘only increase the appetites they are intended to satisfy? ‘On movements of opinion among imperial constitutional reformers, see Kendle, J. E., ‘The Round Table movement and home rule all around’, Hist. Jn., xi, no. 2 (1968), pp 332–53 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁵⁸ McCready, H. W., ‘Home rule and the liberal party, 1899-1906’, I.H.S., xiii (Sept. 1963), pp 316–48 Google Scholar; also Weston, Corinne G., ‘The liberal leadership and the lords’ veto, 1907-10’, Hist. Jn., xi, no. 3 (1968), pp 508–37 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁵⁹ On Connolly, Larkin, the church, and socialism see Larkin, Emmet, ‘Socialism and Catholicism in Ireland’, Church History, xxxiii (Dec. 1964), pp 462–83 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁶⁰ Socialism and nationalism: a selection from the writings of James Connolly, with introduction and notes by Desmond Ryan (Dublin, 1948); Labour and Easter Week: a selection from the writings of James Connolly, ed. Ryan, Desmond, with introduction by O’Brien, William (Dublin, 1949)Google Scholar; The workers’ republic: a selection from the writings of James Connolly, ed. Ryan, Desmond, with introduction by McMullen, William (Dublin, 1951)Google Scholar; also earlier: Labour in Ireland, with introduction by Lynd, Robert (Dublin, 1917 Google Scholar; reissued Dublin, 1944).

⁶¹ See Armstrong, D. L., ‘Social and economic conditions in the Belfast linen industry, 1850-1900’, I.H.S., vii (Sept. 1951), pp 235–69 Google Scholar. A collection of essays, Ulster under home rule, ed. Wilson, Thomas (Oxford, 1955 Google Scholar) contains historical background.

⁶² On University college, Dublin, see Struggle with fortune, a miscellany for the centenary of the catholic university of Ireland, 1854-1954 ed. Tierney, Michael (Dublin, 1954 Google Scholar). On Trinity, McDowell, R. B. and Webb, D. A., ‘Trinity College in the age of revolution and reform (1794- 1831)’, Hcrmathena (Nov. 1948), pp 3–19 Google Scholar. On the years between Peel’s colleges and Newman’s university see Vale, Mary, ‘Origins of the Catholic university of Ireland, 1845-1854’, I.E.R., lxxxii (1954), pp 1–16, 152-64, 226-41Google Scholar; for a general view, , Moody, T W, ‘The Irish university question in the nineteenth century’, History, xliii (1958), pp 90–109 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁶³ Jamieson, John, The history of the Royal Belfast Academical Institution (Belfast, 1959 Google Scholar); on aspects of the national schools, Héideáin, Eustás Ó, National school inspection in Ireland: the beginnings (Dublin, 1963 Google Scholar), Larkin, Emmet, ‘The quarrel among the Roman Catholic hierarchy over the national system of education in Ireland, 1838-1841’, in The Celtic cross: studies in Irish culture and literature, ed. Browne, R. B., Roscelli, W J., and Loftus, R. (Purdue, Illinois, 1964)Google Scholar; of some interest for Ireland is Goldstrom, J. M., ‘Richard Whateley and political economy in school books, 1833-1880’, I.H.S., xv (Sept. 1966), pp 131–46 Google Scholar; see also Raifeartaigh, T Ó, ‘Mixed education and the synod of Ulster, 1831-40’, I.H.S., ix (Mar. 1955), pp 281–99 Google Scholar.

⁶⁴ Thistlethwaite, Frank, ‘Migration from Europe in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries’, Comité international des sciences historiques, Rapports, V, Histoire contemporaine (Uppsala, 1960), pp 32–60 Google Scholar.

⁶⁵ See Hansen, Marcus, ‘The history of American immigration as a field for research’, A.H.R., xxxii (Apr. 1927), pp 500–18 Google Scholar, and his later The Atlantic migration, 1607-1860 (Cambridge, Mass., 1940).

⁶⁶ Ireland and Irish emigration to the new world from 1815 to the famine (New Haven, Conn., 1932 Google Scholar; reprinted, 1967).

⁶⁷ ‘Nationalism and the Irish peasant, 1800-1848’, Rev. Pol., xv (Oct. 1953), pp 403–45 Google Scholar, and ibid., ‘The origins and character of Irish-American nationalism’, xviii (July 1956), pp 327-58.

⁶⁸ The literature on emigration and emigrants in the U.S.A. is extensive, and moves in many directions. The important sociological study of Glazer, Nathan and Moynihan, Daniel, Beyond the melting pot (Cambridge, Mass., 1963 Google Scholar) compares a number of ethnic groups of which the Irish are one. Shannon’s, William V. The American Irish (New York, 1963 Google Scholar), is based on important relevant studies, and carries the story to the third and fourth generations. See Wittke, Carl, The Irish in America (Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 1956 Google Scholar); Niehaus, E. F, The Irish in New Orleans, 1800-1960 (Baton Rouge, 1965 Google Scholar); Potter, George To the golden door: the story of the Irish in Ireland and America (Boston and Toronto, 1960 Google Scholar); a famous story of the Pennsylvania mining country is treated by Broehl, Wayne G. Jr in The Molly Maguires (Cambridge, Mass., 1965)Google Scholar. Articles are numerous, but see: Purcell, R. J., ‘The New York commissioners of emigration and Irish immigrants, 1847-1860’, Studies, xxxvii (Mar. 1948), pp 29–42 Google Scholar, and Alan, Albon P Jr, ‘The Irish in New York in the early eighteen sixties’, I.H.S., vii (Sept. 1950), pp 87–108 Google Scholar. Studies on the Irish in the British overseas empire are needed, but see: Clark, C. M. H., A history of Australia, vol. i (Melbourne and Cambridge, 1963)Google Scholar; Robson, L. L., The convict settlers of Australia: an enquiry into the origin and character of the convicts transported to New South Wales and Van Dieman’s Land, 1787—1852 (Melbourne and London, 1965 Google Scholar); and Shaw, A. G. L., Convicts and colonies: a study of penal transportation from Great Britain and Ireland to Australia and other parts of the British empire (London, 1966 Google Scholar).

⁶⁹ See MacDonagh, Oliver, ‘The poor law, emigration, and the Irish question, 1830-55’, Christus Rex, xii (1958), pp 26–37 Google Scholar; ‘The Irish catholic clergy and emigration during the great famine’, I.H.S., v (Sept. 1947) pp 287–302 Google Scholar; also Keep, G. R. C., ‘Some Irish opinion on population and emigration, 1851-1901’, I.E.R., Ixxxiv (1955), pp 377–86 Google Scholar.

⁷⁰ Crone’s, J S. Concise dictionary of Irish biography (London, 1928 Google Scholar; new ed., Dublin, 1937) is helpful but inadequate; studies of Irishmen who figure in the cultural, social and intellectual history of the country are needed.

⁷¹ See O’Neill, T. P, Sources of Irish local history (Dublin, 1958 Google Scholar).

⁷² White, Terence de Vere, The story of the Royal Dublin Society (Tralee, 1955 Google Scholar); Browne, O’Donel T D., The Rotunda hospital, 1745-1945 (Edinburgh, 1947 Google Scholar); Widdess, J. D. H., A history of the Royal College of Physicians of Ireland, 1654-1963 (Edinburgh, 1963 Google Scholar) and The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and its medical school, 1784-1966 (Edinburgh, 2nd ed., 1967).

⁷³ The fortunes of the Irish language (Dublin, 1954 Google Scholar).

⁷⁴ The sword of light: from the four masters to Douglas Hyde (London 1939).