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The Remonstrance of December 1661 and Catholic politics in Restoration Ireland

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 March 2016

Anne Creighton
Anne Creighton*
Affiliation:
History of Parliament, London
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Extract

In January 1649, after the conclusion of the second peace treaty between James Butler, marquis of Ormond, the king’s intermediary, and representatives of the Confederate Catholics, Ormond addressed the General Assembly in Kilkenny: ‘There is a door, and that a large one, not left, but purposely set open, to give you entrance by your future merits to whatsoever of honour or other advantage you can reasonably wish.’ The treaty was signed on 17 January; thirteen days later, Charles I was executed. The ‘door’ of opportunity for Irish Catholics was firmly shut.

Type
Research Article
Information
Irish Historical Studies , Volume 34 , Issue 133 , May 2004 , pp. 16 - 41
Copyright
Copyright © Irish Historical Studies Publications Ltd 2004

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References

1 Carte, Thomas, An history of the life of James duke of Ormonde ... (3 vols, London, 1735-6), ii, 50Google Scholar; The marquesse of Ormond’s proclamation concerning the peace concluded with the Irish rebels ... also a speech delivered by the marquesse of Ormond ... (London, 1649), B.L., Thomason Tracts, E545), f. 12Google Scholar. The terms of the peace treaty are contained in Walsh, Peter, The history and vindication of the loyal formulary, or Irish remonstrance ... ([London], 1674), app. ii, pp 41–64.Google Scholar

2 Confederate divisions are discussed in Corish, P. J., Ormond, Rinuccini, and the Confederates, 1645-9’ in New hist. Ire., iii, 320–22Google Scholar; Cregan, D. F., ‘The social and cultural background of the Counter-Reformation episcopate’ in Cosgrove, Art and McCartney, Donal (eds), Studies in Irish history presented to R. Dudley Edwards (Dublin, 1979), pp 85–117Google Scholar; idem, ‘The Confederate Catholics of Ireland: the personnel of the Confederation, 1642-9’ in I.H.S., xxix, no. 116 (Nov. 1995), pp 490-512; Siochrú, Micheál Ó, Confederate Ireland, 1642-1649: a constitutional and political analysis (Dublin, 1999), pp 243–8Google Scholar; hAnnracháin, Tadhg Ó, Catholic reformation in Ireland: the mission of Rinuccini, 1645-1649 (Oxford, 2001), pp 3–15, 232-67.Google Scholar

3 Concluding remarks, the Jamestown declaration, 12 Aug. 1650, in Walsh, Hist., app. iii, p. 69; Ormond to Lady Clanricard, [1660] (Bodl., Carte MS 219, f. 8); Lady Clanricard to Ormond, 7 Feb. 1661 (ibid., Carte MS 31, f. 112); Clancarty to Ormond, 21 May 1660 (ibid., Carte MS 214, f. 204).

4 A letter to Ormond from the clergy at Jamestown, 24 July 1650, Ormond’s reply to the clergy, from Roscommon, 2 Aug. 1650, and the Jamestown declaration containing the concluding remarks of the clergy, are published in Walsh, Hist., app. iii, pp 90-91; Ó Siochrú, Confederate Ireland, p. 247.

5 Concluding remarks, the Jamestown declaration, 12 Aug. 1650, in Walsh, Hist., app. iii, p. 69; Ó hAnnracháin, Catholic reformation in Ireland, pp 3-15, 232-67.

6 Corish, P. J., ‘The Cromwellian conquest, 1649-53’ in New hist. Ire., iii, 336–52Google Scholar; Connolly, S. J., Religion, law, and power: the making of Protestant Ireland, 1660-1760 (Oxford, 1992), pp 7–8.Google Scholar

7 ‘Affairs of Ireland’ (Dublin City Library, Gilbert MS 198, pp 104, 277); ‘Copies of papers produced in Mar. 1662 to the commission for Irish affairs, and owned by SirPlunkett’, Nicholas (Bodl., Carte MS 68, ff 115–18Google Scholar). The Remonstrance is briefly discussed in Killen, W. D., The ecclesiastical history of Ireland from the earliest period to the present time (2 vols, London, 1875), ii, 141–8Google Scholar; Brenan, W. J., An ecclesiastical history of Ireland, from the introduction of Christianity into that country, to the year MDCCCXXIX (Dublin, 1864), pp 476–86Google Scholar; Millett, Benignus, ‘Survival and reorganisation, 1650-1695’ in Corish, , Ir. Catholicism, iii, VII, 12–22Google Scholar; Corish, P. J., The Catholic community in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries (Dublin, 1981), pp 52–3Google Scholar; Millett, Benignus, The Irish Franciscans, 1651-1665 (Rome, 1964), pp 418–63Google Scholar; Brenan, James, ‘A Gallican interlude in Ireland’ in Ir. Theol. Quart., xxiv (1957), pp 219–37, 283-309CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Connolly, Religion, law, & power, pp 19-20; Simms, J. G., ‘The Restoration, 1660-85’ in New hist. Ire., iii, 429–33Google Scholar. hAnnracháin, Ó, Catholic reformation in Ireland, pp 265–6Google Scholar, while briefly mentioning the Remonstrance in conclusion, has convincingly placed the Irish church and the policies pursued by the hierarchy within the greater European context. An edited version of the Remonstrance and the complete lists of subscribers is contained in Creighton, Anne, ‘The Catholic interest in Irish politics in the reign of Charles II’ (Ph.D. thesis, Queen’s University Belfast, 2000), app. B.Google Scholar

8 Ormond to Essex, 27 Sept. 1673 (B.L., Stowe MS 203, f. 57); Ormond to Essex, 9 Dec. 1673 (Airy, Osmund (ed.), Essex papers, i (Camden Society, n.s, xlvii, London, 1890), pp 150–51)Google Scholar; Secretary Bennet to Ormond, 16 Feb. 1664 (Bodl., Carte MS 46, f. 158); Ormond to Orrery, 24 Oct. 1666 (ibid., Carte MS 48, f. 70); Ormond to Lord Dungannon, 29 Dec. 1668 (ibid., Carte MS 49, f. 667); Ormond to [Coventry], 29 Dec. 1680 (ibid., Carte MS 50, f. 256); a testimonial to the authorities of Propaganda congregation, 1 Sept. 1669, in The letters of Saint Oliver Plunkett, 1625-1681, archbishop of Armagh and primate of all Ireland, ed. Hanly, John (Dublin, 1979) (henceforth Plunkett, Letters), pp 37–8.Google Scholar

9 [French, Nicholas, bp of Ferns], The unkinde desertor of loyall men and true frinds (Ghent, 1676))Google Scholar; Brenan, Ecclesiastical hist., p. 478; Corish, Catholic community, p. 52.

10 Butler, Charles, Historical memoirs respecting the English, Irish, and Scottish Catholics (2 vols, London, 1819), ii, 423–6Google Scholar; Plunkett, Abp to Baldeschi, Abp, 15 Nov. 1669 (Plunkett, Letters, p. 42)Google Scholar; Millett, Ir. Franciscans, p. 419; Brenan, Ecclesiastical hist, p. 478; Talbot, Abp Peter, ‘Vindication from Peter Walsh’s opinion’, [1670] (Bodl., Carte MS 45, ff 283, 287)Google Scholar; monies received by Walsh from Ormond, May 1662 - Aug. 1666 (ibid., Carte MS 221, f. 274); Burke, W. P., Irish priests in the penal times, 1660-1760 (Waterford, 1914), p. 12.Google Scholar

11 Walsh, Hist., preface, pp iv-v, xii-xiii, xvi, xvii, and appendixes; Simms, ‘The Restoration’, pp 429-30.

12 Ryan, Conor, ‘Religion and state in seventeenth-century Ireland’ in Archiv. Hib., xxiii (1975), p. 131Google Scholar; Connolly, Religion, law, & power, p. 19.

13 Toby Barnard, ‘Introduction: the dukes of Ormonde’ in idem and Jane Fenlon (eds), The dukes of Ormonde (Woodbridge, 2000), pp 13-14; Simms, ‘The Restoration’ p. 429.

14 Ó hAnnracháin, Catholic reformation in Ireland, p. 3.

15 Walsh, Hist., first treatise, pt i, p. 38.

16 ‘The case of the Roman Catholicks of Ireland’ (Dublin City Library, Gilbert MS 243, pt 1, pp 70-72); Tuama, Sean O (ed.), An duanaire, 1600-1900: poems of the dispossessed (Portlaoise, 1990), pp 103–8Google Scholar; Cregan, D. F., ‘An Irish cavalier: Daniel O’Neill in exile and restoration, 1651-64’ in Studia Hib., v (1965), pp 42–77Google Scholar.

17 [French, Nicholas], A narrative of the settlement and sale of Ireland ... (Ghent, 1668), p. 22Google Scholar; ‘The case of the Roman Catholicks of Ireland’ (Dublin City Library, Gilbert MS 243, pt 1, pp 71-2).

18 Cregan, , ‘An Irish cavalier’, pp 57–63Google Scholar; letters of Peter Talbot to the king and others, being transcripts from the Carte MSS [30, 213-15, 131], with other loose papers (Dublin City Library, Gilbert MS 213); Ormond, ‘Irish narrative* (ibid., Gilbert MS 227, p. 25); Talbot, Peter to Ormond, , 29 Feb. 1656, in Carte, Thomas (ed.), A collection of original letters and papers concerning the affairs of England, from the year 1641-1660, found among the duke of Ormond’s papers (2 vols, London, 1739), ii, 85Google Scholar; Thomas Greene [pseud.; i.e. Peter Talbot] to Ormond, 16 Jan. 1656 (Bodl., Carte MS 131, f. 199); Greene [Talbot] to Ormond, 7, 21 Mar. 1656 (ibid., ff 201, 215); ‘Peter Talbot’s cipher with his Majesty’ (ibid., f. 207).

19 Clancarty to Ormond, 25 Oct. 1659 (Bodl., Carte MS 213, f. 371); Peter Talbot to Ormond, Madrid, 25 July, 31 Jan. 1659[/60] (ibid., ff 264, 557); Ormond to Daniel O’Neill, 11 Oct. 1659 (ibid., ff 356-9); extracts (ibid., Talbot MS C.33, f. 30); Ormond to Secretary Nicholas, Antwerp, 11 Jan. 1656 (B.L., Eg. MS 2536, f. 19); Sir Henry de Vic to Williamson, 19 June 1660 (ibid., f. 76); Carte, Ormonde, ii, 233-6.

20 Richard Talbot to Ormond, 1, 12 Feb. 1655 (Bodl., Carte MS 213, ff 44, 52-3); Clancarty to Ormond, 25 Oct. 1659 (ibid., f. 371); Peter Talbot to Ormond, 25 July (ibid., f. 264); [French], Settlement & sale of Ireland, p. 22.

21 The full text of the declaration of Breda is contained in Kenyon, J. P. (ed.), The Stuart constitution (2nd ed., Cambridge, 1986), pp 331-2Google Scholar. See also Hutton, Ronald, Charles II: king of England, Scotland, and Ireland (Oxford, 1989), pp 128–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

22 His Majestie’s gracious declaration for the settlement of his kingdome of Ireland, and satisfaction of the severall interests of adventurers, souldiers, and other his subjects there (London, 1660))Google Scholar. The text of the declaration is contained in Stat. Ire., ii, 264-348.

23 Millett, Benignus, ‘Calendar of Volume 16 of the Fondo di Vienna in Propaganda Archives, Part 4: ff 281-371’ in Collect. Hib., xliii (2001), p. 16Google Scholar; Lady Clanricard to Ormond, 3 Mar. 1661, 25 Apr. 1664, 18 May 1665 (Bodl., Carte MS 31, f. 124; 215, ff 32, 201); Ormond to Dr Gerald Fennell, 19 Dec. 1660 (H.M.C., Ormonde, n.s., iii, 10-11).

24 Clanricard to Ormond, 19 Jan. 1661 (Bodl., Carte MS 31, f. 101).

25 ‘The case of the Roman Catholicks of Ireland’ (Dublin City Library, Gilbert MS 243, pt 2, pp 88-91). Darcy produced a paper, which, quoting Magna Carta, argued that no subject could be deprived of lands without ‘due process of law’. The king’s declaration and instructions were issued under the royal signet and the great seal of England.

26 Ormond to Secretary Nicholas, Antwerp, 11 Jan. 1656 (B.L., Eg. MS 2536, f. 19); Corish, ‘Ormond, Rinuccini, & the Confederates’, pp 317-35; idem, ‘The Cromwellian conquest’, pp 337-50; Millett, Ir. Franciscans, p. 51; Comment. Rinucc, iv, 212-14; ‘A letter desiring a just and merciful regard of the Roman Catholics of Ireland, given about the end of October 1660 to the duke of Ormond ... ‘, signed ‘P.W.’ (Bodl., Carte MS 59, f. 487).

27 Bellings to Ormond, 7 June 1661 (Bodl., Carte MS 214, ff 292-3).

28 Ormond to Eustace, 3 Sept. 1661 (ibid., Carte MS 49, f. 75). Agents for the Catholic interest, who included Sir Nicholas Plunkett, Col. Garrett Moore, Sir Robert Talbot and Donough MacCarthy, earl of Clancarty, refused to acknowledge the conflict of the 1640s as a ‘rebellion’. They insisted it had been a ‘just war’. Nicholas French, bishop of Ferns, continued to defend this position in correspondence with Walsh in the 1670s: see Walsh to French, 1 Aug. 1675 (Walsh, Peter, Four letters on several subjects, to persons of quality ... ([London], 1686), pp 32-3Google Scholar).

29 Walsh’s procuration was signed by Abp Edmund O’Reilly, Anthony MacGeoghegan, Eugene Sweeney, James Dempsey, Oliver Dease, Cornelius Gaffney, Barnaby Barnewall, Father Browne and Father John Scurlog (Walsh, Hist., first treatise, pt i, pp 4-6); see also Millett, Ir. Franciscans, pp 51, 431; Comment. Rinucc, iv, 212-14.

30 Only one Catholic, the lawyer Geoffrey Browne, was returned, for the borough of Tuam, but the result was challenged and he never took his seat in the Commons (Simms, ‘The Restoration’, p. 423).

31 Lords justices and council to Secretary Nicholas, Aug. 1661 (Cal. S.P. Ire., 1660-62, pp 405-9); Domville to Nicholas, 12 Sept., 5 Oct. 1661 (ibid., pp 420, 433); ‘10 observations of the late deportment of the Irish giving suspicion of their intentions to a new rebellion’ (Bodl., Carte MS 214, f. 261); James Dermot to James Phelan, 18 Nov. 1661 (ibid., ff 313-14); rules and instructions for Ormond (ibid., Carte MS 59, f. 532); Orrery to Nicholas, 29 Oct. 1661 (B.L., Eg. MS 2537, f. 391); ‘Affairs of Ireland’ (Dublin City Library, Gilbert MS 198, p. 102).

32 Jones to Sir Robert Talbot, 10 Dec. 1661 (Bodl., Carte MS 31, f. 372).

33 Dermot to Phelan, 18 Nov. 1661 (ibid., Carte MS 214, ff 313-14).

34 Dermot to Mr Rowe [pseud.; i.e. Peter Walsh], n.d. (ibid., ff 311-12); Walsh, Hist., first treatise, pt i, p. 6; Jones to Sir Robert Talbot, 10 Dec 1661 (Bodl., Carte MS 31, f. 372).

35 Dermot to Patrick Bryan, n.d. (Bodl., Carte MS 214, f. 307).

36 Dermot to Rowe [Walsh], n.d. (ibid., ff 311-12).

37 ‘Richard Bellings’s cipher with the lord chancellor [Clarendon]’, Clancarty to Ormond, 2 Apr. 1660 (ibid., f. 10); Bellings to Ormond, 7 June, 28 Dec. 1661 (ibid., ff 292-3, 309).

38 Bellings to Ormond, 21 Dec. 1661 (ibid., f. 315).

39 Ibid.

40 Bellings to Ormond, 28 Dec. 1661 (ibid., f. 309); Bellings to Ormond, 30 June, 24, 28 Oct. 1674 (ibid., Carte MS 243, ff 113, 154, 156); Ormond to Bellings, 21 Nov. 1674 (ibid., f. 185).

41 Proclamation by the lords justices and council, Dublin, 17 Mar. 1662 (Cal. S.P. Ire., 1660-62, pp 520-21).

42 Walsh, Hist., first treatise, pt i, p. 7; Cregan, ‘Confederate Catholics’, pp 490-512; Ó Siochrú, Confederate Ireland, pp 261-8.

43 Lord lieutenant of Ireland declared in council, 4 Nov. 1661 (B.L., Add. MS 21135, f. 24). Sir Robert Talbot and Sir Nicholas Plunkett were among the agents for the Irish Catholic interest after 1660. Bellings was an associate and correspondent of Ormond. Other agents included Col. Garrett Moore, the earl of Clancarty and Lord Bermingham: see Walsh, Four letters on several subjects, p. 33.

44 Rules and instructions for Ormond (Bodl., Carte MS 59, f. 532); Gillespie, Raymond, ‘The social thought of Richard Bellings’ in Siochrú, Micheál Ó (ed.), Kingdoms in crisis: Ireland in the 1640s: essays in honour of Donal Cregan (Dublin, 2001), p. 228.Google Scholar

45 Hugh Serenus Cressy, Exomologesis ...(Paris, 1647), pp 72-9. In 1646 he recanted his Protestant faith before the Inquisition at Rome, after which he spent several years studying at the Sorbonne, where he became associated with Queen Henrietta Maria. He joined the Benedictine order at Douai on 22 August 1649 and after the Restoration became a chaplain to Queen Catherine of Braganza at Somerset House. Although an able Catholic controversialist who often debated with Bishop Stillingfleet and Clarendon, he was recognised as a moderate in Catholic political terms. See D.N.B. entry (2004 ed.); Fasti ecclesiae Hiberniae (5 vols, Dublin), ii, 77-8Google Scholar.

46 Walsh, Hist., first treatise, pt i, p. 7; Millett, Ir. Franciscans, pp 430, 431-2. The clerical members of the group included Oliver Dease (vicar general of Meath), Ronan Maginn (vicar general of Dromore) and Cornelius Fogarty.

47 Walsh, Hist., first treatise, pt i, pp 4—6, 9-10; proclamation by the lords justices and council, Dublin, 10 Dec. 1661 (Steele, Tudor & Stuart proclam., ii, 82).

48 Walsh, Hist., first treatise, pt i, p. 10; His Majestie’s gracious declaration for the settlement of his kingdome of Ireland..., p. 21.

49 Walsh, Hist., first treatise, pt i, pp 7-9, 10-11; copy of ‘Remonstrance from the Catholic clergy of Ireland to the king’ (Bodl., Carte MS 45, f. 276); ‘Remonstrance, acknowledgement, protestation and petition of the Roman Catholic clergy of Ireland’ to the king, 3 Feb. 1662 (Cal. S.P. Ire., 1660-62, pp 503-5), contain versions of the oath and lists of the subscribers. An edited version of the Remonstrance and the complete lists of subscribers is published in Creighton, ‘Catholic interest’, app. B.

50 Walsh, Hist., first treatise, pt i, p. 11; a copy of the document together with a list of the signatories is published in ‘Print of the faithful and humble remonstrance of the Roman Catholic nobility and gentry of Ireland to the king’ (Cal. S.P. Ire., 1666-9 & Add., pp 560-63).

51 Royal warrant to Sir Jeffrey Palmer [for Richard Bellings], 4 Feb. 1662 (Cal. S.P. Ire., 1660-62, p. 505); Charles II to Anglesey, for Luke, earl of Fingall, 7 Feb. 1662 (ibid.).

52 Walsh, Hist., first treatise, pt i, pp 7-9; ‘Remonstrance, acknowledgement, protestation and petition of the Roman Catholic clergy of Ireland’ to the king, 3 Feb. 1662 (Cal. S.P. Ire., 1660-62, p. 503); oath to be taken by the Roman Catholic clergy (Bodl., Carte MS 45, f. 270).

53 ‘Remonstrance, acknowledgement, protestation and petition of the Roman Catholic clergy of Ireland’ to the king, 3 Feb. 1662 (Cal. S.P. Ire., 1660-62, p. 504).

54 Walsh, Hist., preface, pp iv, vi, xvii, xix, xxviii, xiv; Cressy, Exomologesis, pp 61-9.

55 Walsh, Hist., first treatise, pt i, pp vi-ix, 466-76, 478; ‘Positions to be renounced by the Roman Catholic clergy’ (Bodl., Carte MS 45, f. 268); Cressy, Exomologesis, pp 61-6.

56 Walsh, Hist., first treatise, pt ii, p. 661, contains the six Sorbonne propositions [in French]. Ryan, ‘Religion and state’, p. 130, contains an English version.

57 Walsh, Hist., preface, pp iv, v, xvi, xix, xxvi.

58 These documents are published ibid., appendixes, pp 1-135.

59 Ibid., preface, pp xiv, xix, xx, xxxv; first treatise, pt i, pp 27-8, 30.

60 Charles II to Ormond, Dec. 1663 (B.L., Eg MS 2618, ff 110-11).

61 Walsh, Hist., first treatise, pt i, pp 19, 94 (lists of the clergy and laity who subscribed in London are published ibid., pp 7-9); ‘Remonstrance, acknowledgement, protestation and petition of the Roman Catholic clergy of Ireland’ to the king, 3 Feb. 1662 (Cal. S.P. Ire., 1660-62, pp 505-8); ‘Remonstrance of the Irish Catholic laity’ (Cal. S.P. Ire., 1669-70 & Add., pp 562-3); Curry, John, An historical and critical review of the civil wars in Ireland from the reign of Queen Elizabeth to the settlement under King William (3rd ed., 2 vols, Dublin, 1793), ii, 376–9.Google Scholar

62 Lists of the clergy and laity who subscribed in Dublin are published in Walsh, Hist., first treatise, pt i, pp 47-8, 95.

63 Ibid., p. 12.

64 Ibid., pp 11-12; Walsh to Ormond, 20 May 1662 (Bodl., Carte MS 221, f. 241); Walsh, Peter, The more ample accompt ... promised in the advertisement annexed to the late printed remonstrance ... (London, 1662))Google Scholar; Caron, Redmond, Loyalty asserted, and the late remonstrance or allegiance of the Irish clergy and laity, confirmed ... (London, 1662))Google Scholar.

65 Walsh, Hist., first treatise, pt i, pp 12-14; Comment. Rinucc, iv, 212-14. O’Ferrall’s book and his memorandum to Rome in 1658 contained the allegations against the Old English clergy. The accusations were answered chiefly by John Lynch (archdeacon of Tuam) in St Malo, and John Callaghan in Paris. Callaghan’s Vindiciarum Catholicorum Hiberniae (1650) had stoutly defended the Old English and the peace treaties. Silke, J. J., ‘The Irish abroad, 1534-1691’ in New hist. Ire., iii, 614–15Google Scholar, argues that the ‘Ormondists’ were mainly Old English and the ‘nuncioists’ were Gaelic Irish.

66 Hierom de Vechiis, internuncio at Brussels, to the Irish Catholic clergy, 21 July 1662 (Walsh, Hist., first treatise, pt i, pp 16-17); John Burke, abp of Tuam, to Oliver Darcy, bp of Dromore, 30 Jan. 1662 (ibid., pp 14-15); Millett, Ir. Franciscans, p. 51.

67 Walsh, Hist., first treatise, pt i, pp 12-15, 17-18, 90, 91; Millett, Ir. Franciscans, p. 294; Hierom de Vecchiis to Father Francis Lyons [pseud.; i.e. Matthew Duff], 22 July 1662 (translation) (Bodl., Carte MS 221, f. 245); de Vecchiis to the Irish Catholic clergy, 26 July 1662 (translation) (ibid., f. 247); Louvain judgement against the Remonstrance, 29 Dec. 1662 (translation) (ibid., f. 251); Cardinal Barberini to the noblemen of Ireland, 8 July 1662 (translation) (ibid., f. 249); Walsh to Ormond, 20 May 1662 (ibid., ff 241-2); Bottigheimer, K. S., ‘The Restoration land settlement: a structural view’ in I.H.S., xviii, no. 69 (Mar. 1972), pp 2–3.Google Scholar

68 ‘Affairs of Ireland’ (Dublin City Library, Gilbert MS 198, pp 104, 277)Google ScholarPubMed; ‘A collection of all the proceedings of the commissioners from the convention in Ireland in the year 1660 ...’ (ibid., Gilbert MS 219, pp 259-79); ‘The case of the Roman Catholicks of Ireland’ (ibid., Gilbert MS 243, pt 2, pp 34-5); instructions from the Supreme Council to Rome, France and Spain (18 Jan. 1647), Jamestown excommunications, etc. (Bodl., Carte MS 68, f. 41); ‘Copies of papers produced in Mar. 1662 to the Commission for Irish Affairs, and owned by Sir Nicholas Plunkett’ (ibid., ff 115-18); Supreme Council’s instructions to Plunkett and the bp of Ferns (B.L., Stowe MS 82, ff 155-6).

69 ‘Patrick Moore’s paper’, 11 Feb., 7 May 1664 (Bodl., Carte MS 33, ff 315, 313-14); memorandum (N.L.I., MS 16229, f. 496); Richard Talbot to Ormond, 3 Apr. 1664 (Bodl., Carte MS 215, f. 24); paper ‘given by Lord Athenry’, 26 May 1664 (ibid., Carte MS 44, f. 101); Ohlmeyer, J. H., Civil war and restoration in the three Stuart kingdoms: the career of Randal MacDonnell, marquis of Antrim, 1609-1683 (Cambridge, 1993))Google Scholar.

70 ‘To the gentry of Counties Wicklow, Kildare, Carlow’, 4 Mar. 1663 (Bodl., Carte MS 45, f. 310). The letter was signed by Carlingford, Fingall, Castlehaven, Slane, Clancarty, Mountgarret, Brittas, Galmoy, Tyrconnell and Clanricard and was conveyed by Col. Thomas Scurlog (Walsh, Hist., first treatise, pt i, p. 97).

71 A list of the Wexford gentry and merchants who subscribed is published in Walsh, Hist., first treatise, pt i, pp 99-100. Corish, P. J., ‘Two centuries of Catholicism in County Wexford’ in Whelan, Kevin and Nolan, William (eds), Wexford: history and society: interdisciplinary essays on the history of an Irish county (Dublin, 1987), pp 222–47Google Scholar, makes no mention of this incident.

72 [Walsh to Ormond], 30 July [1673?] (Bodl., Carte MS 45, ff 410-11).

73 Walsh, Hist., first treatise, pt i, p. 26; ‘Examination of Fr Anthony Gearnon, one of her majesty’s almoners and preachers’, taken before Sir William Davys, recorder of Dublin, 3 Jan. 1663 (Bodl., Carte MS 32, f. 218); ‘Examination of Peter Grimbridge, Richard Walkwood, James Fitzsimons, Nicholas Fitzsimons’, before the recorder of Dublin, 3 Jan. 1663 (ibid., ff 220, 222, 224, 226).

74 Secretary Bennet to Ormond, 24 Jan. 1663 (Bodl., Carte MS 221, ff 21-2); Ormond to Bennet, 5 Feb. 1663 (ibid., ff 203-4).

75 Walsh, Hist., first treatise, pt i, pp 511-12; Ormond to Walsh, 12 July 1664 (Bodl., Carte MS 45, f. 159).

76 Ormond to Charles II, 9 Dec. 1665 (Bodl, Carte MS 219, f. 58).

77 Thomas Talbot to Walsh, 19 May 1662 (ibid., Carte MS 31, ff 373-4); Mooney, Canice, Irish Franciscans and France (Dublin, 1964), pp 11–12Google Scholar.

78 [Walsh to Ormond], 30 July [1673?] (Bodl., Carte MS 45, ff 407-12); Peter Talbot to Sir Ellis Leighton, 9 July 1670 (ibid., f. 387); Walsh, Hist., first treatise, pt i, pp 28, 37, 45.

79 Walsh, Hist., first treatise, pt i, pp 511-12; Ormond to Walsh, 12 July 1664 (Bodl., Carte MS 46, f. 159).

80 Ormond to [Coventry], 29 Dec. 1680 (Bodl., Carte MS 50, f. 256); Ormond to Essex, 27 Sept. 1673 (B.L., Stowe MS 203, f. 57); Essex to Ormond, 14 Nov. 1673 (Airy (ed.), Essex papers, i, 137–8)Google ScholarPubMed; Ormond to Essex, 9 Dec. 1673 (ibid., pp 150-51); Ormond to Orrery, 24 Oct. 1666 (Bodl., Carte MS 48, f. 70); testimonial to Propaganda congregation, 1 Sept. 1669 (Plunkett, Letters, pp 37-8); Simms, ‘The Restoration’, p. 429.

81 Millett, Ir. Franciscans, pp 431-2; Plunkett MS (Dublin City Library, Gilbert MS 214, pp 44-5); Plunkett to Baldeschi, July-Aug. 1669, 10 Oct. 1670 (Plunkett, Letters, pp 30-36, 137); Plunkett to Tanari, 15 July 1680 (ibid., p. 552); introduction (ibid., pp xiii, xx); Walsh, Hist., first treatise, pt i, p. 37.

82 Millett, Ir. Franciscans, pp 431-2.

83 Charles II to Ormond, Dec. 1663 (B.L., Eg. MS 2618, ff 110-11); Armstrong, Robert, ‘Ormond, the Confederate peace talks and Protestant royalism’ in Siochrú, Ó (ed.), Kingdoms in crisis, p. 138.Google Scholar

84 Walsh, Hist., first treatise, pt i, p. 38; Secretary Bennet to Ormond, 16 Feb. 1664 (Bodl., Carte MS 46, f. 158).

85 Quoted in Plunkett MS (Dublin City Library, Gilbert MS 214, p. 283); ‘To the king from your Roman Catholic clergy’ [new version of the Remonstrance], 18 June 1670 (Bodl., Carte MS 221, f. 353).

86 Walsh, Hist., first treatise, pt i, p. 478.

87 James de Riddere, Franciscan commissary general, to, 11 Nov. 1664 (translation) (Bodl., Carte MS 221, f. 263); Walsh, Hist., first treatise, part i, p. 478; ‘Remonstrance, acknowledgement, protestation and petition of the Roman Catholic clergy of Ireland’ to the king, 3 Feb. 1662 (Cal. S.P. Ire., 1660-62, p. 503).

88 Petition from Walsh to Berkeley, 4 Aug. 1674 (Bodl., Carte MS 45, ff 252-5); Walsh to Ormond, 30 July [1673] (ibid., ff 407-12); ‘Memorandum on the persecutions of the loyal party since 1661’, end of Mar. 1670 (Cal. S.P. Ire., 1669-70 & Add., pp 98-101); Brenan, Ecclesiastical hist, i, 485-6; Walsh, Hist., first treatise, pt i, p. 37.

89 Millett, Ir. Franciscans, pp 431-2; Plunkett MS (Dublin City Library, Gilbert MS 214, pp 44-5); Plunkett to Baldeschi, July-Aug. 1669, 10 Oct. 1670 (Plunkett, Letters, pp 30-36, 137); Plunkett to Brenan, 19 Aug. 1670 (ibid., pp 133-4); Plunkett to Tanari, 15 July 1680 (ibid., p. 552); introduction (ibid., pp xiii, xx); Ormond to Arlington, 16 May 1666 (Cal. S.P. Ire., 1666-9, pp 107-8); Ormond to Arlington, 16 June 1666 (Bodl., Carte MS 51, f. 184); Walsh, Hist., first treatise, pt i, p. 486.

I am grateful to the Irish Research Council for the Humanities and Social Sciences (I.R.C.H.S.S.) for funding part of the research and writing of this article.