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Friends of Ireland: early O’Connellism in Lower Canada
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 04 July 2016
Abstract
In September 1828, societies of the ‘Friends of Ireland’ were founded throughout the United States and British North America for the purpose of raising funds and disseminating propaganda in support of the O’Connellite campaign for Catholic emancipation. In March 1831, the societies were briefly revived to agitate for repeal of the Union. The first Irish diasporic social movement to appear in Britain’s overseas empire, the British North American Friends of Ireland enjoyed greatest support in French-speaking Lower Canada, where for a time sympathetic local patriotes perceived a common cause with their new Irish neighbours. This article explores the transatlantic reciprocal interactions, cross-ethnic alliances and regional distinctions which characterised early O’Connellism in Lower Canada. It follows its initial successes to its virtual collapse in the early 1830s, as an increasingly polarised Lower Canada slid towards rebellion. Comparisons are employed with similar agitation elsewhere in British North America, in the United States, and in Ireland. It is argued that instrumentalist explanations for Irish diasporic nationalism, typically drawn from studies of post-famine Irish-America, do not convincingly account for the appearance and form of O’Connellite nationalism in British North America.
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References
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35 For lists of members’ names, see Vindicator, 17 Feb., 20 Mar., 12 May 1829. For more on the petition, see Spectator 19, 22, 29 Nov. 1828; Vindicator, 23, 26, 30 Dec. 1828, 2, 9, 16, 27 Jan., 3, 24 Feb., 20 Mar., 1 May 1829.
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37 Spectator, 4, 8, 18 Oct. 1828; Vindicator, 20 Feb., 13, 17 Mar., 22 May 1829; D.E.P., 24 Dec. 1828, 17 Jan. 1829.
38 Reynolds, Catholic emancipation crisis, p. 62; Moriarty, ‘Irish-American Response’, p. 372; O’Ferrall, Catholic emancipation, p. 317.
39 ‘Finance Committee 1829’ (Dublin Diocesan Archives, Catholic Association Papers, 56/1/II) contains no mention of sums received from British North America, nor does the D.E.P. in 1829. Reports in the Vindicator do not give a clear indication as to when exactly any sum was remitted.
40 Committee member Stephen Coppinger, D.E.P., 18 Dec. 1828.
41 Daniel O’Connell, D.E.P., 24 Dec. 1828.
42 D.E.P., 17 Jan. 1829.
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55 Vindicator, 23 Dec. 1828, 27 Feb. 1829.
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58 Vindicator, 19 Dec. 1828. Vallieres was a member of Quebec City’s Friends of Ireland. He also drafted that society’s petition to the king.
59 Vindicator, 12 May 1829.
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79 Vindicator, 3 Mar. 1829. Wellington was indeed sensitive to this possibility, remote though it was. See Reynolds, Catholic emancipation crisis, pp 145–6. Similarly in Ireland, Wyse noted a growing ‘American’ influence and a ‘spirit of republicanism’ among the radical wing of the Catholic Association, whose rhetoric resembled Tracey’s. See O’Ferrall, Catholic emancipation, pp 229–30.
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89 MacNeven’s address was reproduced in Vindicator, 29 Mar. 1831. For more reports of Irish-American agitation see 22 Mar., 1, 5, 15 Apr., 10, 20, 27, 31 May, 7, 24 June, 19 Aug. 1831.
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105 Vindicator, 10 June 1831. The New York society eventually did something similar. See Vindicator, 19 Aug. 1831.
106 O’Ferrall, Catholic emancipation, p. 225.
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109 Vindicator, 17 Feb., 20 Mar., 12 May.
110 Houston and Smyth, Irish emigration and Canadian settlement, pp 8–9, 45.
111 See Spectator, 4 Oct. 1828; Vindicator, 2 Jan., 12 May 1829.
112 Brown, Irish-American nationalism, p. 41.
113 Ibid., p. 23.
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121 Reprinted in Spectator, 29 Oct. 1828.
122 Ibid. The author would like to thank the anonymous reviewers, the editor, and David A. Wilson for their helpful comments on earlier versions of this piece.