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The fifth earl of Clanricarde and the founding of the Confederate Catholic government, 1641–3
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 21 March 2016
Extract
Ulick Burke, fifth earl of Clanricarde, presents a compelling character. His connections crossed the sectarian boundaries as well as the national borders of the Stuart kingdoms. He was the half brother of the earl of Essex, a prominent English noble, and later a general for the parliamentary cause. In fact, Clanricarde was one of very few of Charles I’s subjects who had gained footing in more than one of the Stuart kingdoms. He had significant landholdings in both England and Ireland, inheriting not only the Clanricarde and St Albans earldoms from his father, Richard Burke, but also following in the fourth earl’s footsteps as an important figure in the court of Charles I. The foundation was laid for many of his achievements by the fourth earl’s unwavering commitment to establishing himself as an English noble. However, the fifth earl eclipsed his father’s success at court when appointed an English Privy Counsellor in 1641.
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References
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20 Ó Siochrú, Confederate Ireland, pp 27–54.
21 Ibid., p. 33.
22 Ibid., p. 29.
23 Ibid., pp 34–5.
24 Ibid., p. 35.
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34 Ibid.
35 Ó Siochrú, Confederate Ireland, p. 34.
36 Examination of Edward Dowdall, 13 Mar. 1642 (Gilbert (ed.), Irish Confederation, i, 268–78).
37 Ó Siochrú, Confederate Ireland, p. 35. Aidan Clarke also identifies Burke, Oliver as ‘Clanricarde’s Dominican chaplain, who carried separately the more explicit parts of the earl’s message to the pale’ (Old English, pp 202-3).Google Scholar
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39 Clanricarde to James Davocke, 25 Jan. 1643 (ibid., p. 326).
40 Dominic Burke to Clanricarde, 31 Jan. 1643 (ibid., pp 326–8). There were numerous attempts to discipline Dominic Burke, and to remove him from Clanricarde’s household throughout the 1640s. See, for example, Barberini to Scarampi, 16 Dec. 1643 (O’Ferrall, Richard and O’Connell, Robert, Commentarius Rinuccinianus, de sedis apostolicae legatione adfoederatos Hiberniae Catholicos per annos 1645–9, ed. Stanislaus Kavanagh (6 vols, I.M.C., Dublin, 1932-49), i, 431-2Google Scholar); Rinuccini to Clanricarde, 25 Oct. 1646 (Clanricarde letterbook, p. 300); bishop of Clonfert to Clanricarde, 31 Oct. 1646 (ibid., pp 300–1); Clanricarde to bishop of Clonfert, 1 Nov. 1646 (ibid., p. 301).
41 O’Heyne, John, Irish Dominicans of the seventeenth century, ed. Ambrose Coleman (Dundalk, 1902), p. 173Google Scholar. I must thank Dr Tom Connors for drawing my attention to this reference.
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43 Ibid., p. 131; Commentarius Rinuccinianus, ii, 761–2.
44 Clanricarde’s commentary (Clanricarde letterbook, p. 377).
45 Excommunication published in Connacht by Oliver Burke, 21–5 Jan. 1643 (Clanricarde, Memoirs, pp 322–5); bishop of Clonfert’s declaration upholding the excommunication by Oliver Burke, 2 Mar. 1643 (ibid., p. 352); archbishop of Tuam et al. to Clanricarde, 13 Apr. 1643 (ibid., pp 374–5).
46 Clanricarde suffered from serious health problems at the time. He believed the order to remove Dominic Burke from his household was part of Oliver Burke’s strategy to isolate and put pressure on him by threatening to deny him the last rites in case of death (Clanricarde’s commentary (Clanricarde, Memoirs, pp 355–6)).
47 Commentarius Rinuccinianus, ii, 761–2.
48 Ó Siochrú, Confederate Ireland, p. 28; Ó hAnnracháin, ‘Rebels and Confederates’, p. 98; Debe, D. D., ‘The Irish career of Ulick Burke, fifth earl of Clanricarde and second earl of St Albans, 1641–1643’ (M.Litt. thesis, University College, Dublin, 2004), pp 153-63.Google Scholar
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50 Examination of Edward Dowdall, 13 Mar. 1642 (Gilbert, (ed.), Irish Confederation, i, 268-78)Google Scholar. The misidentification of Clanricarde’s chaplain may have originated with Aidan Clarke, who first put forward the argument linking Clanricarde to the plot for rebel government; see Clarke, Old English, p. 203; Ó Siochrú, Confederate Ireland, p. 34.
51 Examination of Edward Dowdall, 13 Mar. 1642 (Gilbert, (ed.), Irish Confederation, i, 275).Google Scholar
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53 Richard Martin was married to Patrick Darcy’s wife’s sister, and attended the Middle Temple shortly after Darcy: O’Malley, ‘Patrick Darcy’, pp 94–5; Connors, ‘Impact of English colonial expansion’, pp 44, 59; earl of Clanricarde to Henry Lynch, 15 Oct. 1623 (N.L.I., MS 3111, ff 103-5).
54 Wentworth seemed to have won his battle for plantation in Connacht in the 1630s. The final bastion of resistance, in County Gal way, began to disintegrate when the 4th earl of Clanricarde died in 1635 (O’Malley, ‘Patrick Darcy’, pp 95–7; Connors, ‘Impact of English colonial expansion’, pp 46-7).
55 Duignan, ‘Connacht group’, pp 33, 36,47.
56 Ibid., pp 31–2; O’Malley, ‘Patrick Darcy’, p. 99.
57 Bric, Breandán Ó, ‘Galway townsmen as the owners of land in Connacht, 1585–1641’ (M.A. thesis, University College, Galway, 1974), pp 471, 485–9.Google Scholar
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60 Duignan, ‘Connacht group’, p. 53; Canny, ‘Irish rising’, pp 47–54, 58–60; Clarke, Old English, pp 220–34; Russell, Fall of the British monarchies, pp 372–99; Gilbert (ed.), Irish Confederation, i, 64–7; Clanricarde to Essex, 15 Nov. 1641, 23 Feb. 1642 (Clanricarde, Memoirs, pp 14, 62); Clanricarde to Bristol, 14 Nov. 1641 (ibid., p. 15); Clanricarde to the king, 22 Jan. 1642 (ibid., pp 60–2); Clanricarde to Richmond, 23 Feb. 1642 (ibid., pp 62–3); Clanricarde’s commentary (ibid., p. 75).
61 Duignan, ‘Connacht group’, pp 46–7.
62 These are the depositions for County Galway in T.C.D., MS 830.
63 Clanricarde’s commentary (Clanricarde, Memoirs, p. 38).Google Scholar
64 Deposition of William Hammond, 14 Aug. 1643 (T.C.D., MS 830, f. 134b).
65 Deposition of Mrs Hammond, 16 Aug. 1643 (ibid., f. 136); of Joseph Hampton, May 1643 (ibid., f. 138b).
66 Deposition of Margaret Rolwick, 12 Mar. 1643 (ibid., f. 166).
67 Deposition of John Turner, 23 Mar. 1643 (ibid., f. 146).
68 Deposition of Oliver Smith, 1 Mar. 1643 (ibid., f. 158). O’Malley states that Darcy and Martin helped to establish and sat on Galway’s ruling Council of Eight, ‘which had authority to deal with every emergency’ (O’Malley, ‘Patrick Darcy’, p. 103).
69 Deposition of Thomas Bagworth, Sept. 1643 (T.C.D., MS 830, f. 148b).
70 See Perceval-Maxwell, Michael, ‘The Ulster rising of 1641 and the depositions’ in I.H.S., xxi, no. 82 (Sept. 1978), p. 148Google Scholar: ‘there were two main types of depositions: first, the statements of British refugees taken down within a year or two of the events that were alleged to have happened and second, those that were collected at the time the Irish were being tried for their actions in the 1650s … the earlier ones … appear to have been spontaneous reports and not statements implanted by the commissioners for their own purposes.’ The depositions cited were given in 1643, so they qualify as ‘spontaneous reports’, and are more reliable.
71 Deposition of William Hammond, 14 Aug. 1643 (T.C.D., MS 830, f. 134b): ‘the whole county [is in rebellion] except some few that follow the earl of Clanricarde’.
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74 Canny, ‘Irish rising’, pp 56, 60–8; Ó hAnnracháin, ‘Rebels and Confederates’, pp 97–9; idem, Catholic Reformation, p. 69.
75 Canny, ‘Irish rising’, pp 56, 60–8; Ó hAnnracháin, ‘Rebels and Confederates’, pp 97–9, 106–8; idem, Catholic Reformation, pp 69, 80–1; idem, ‘Lost in Rinuccini’s shadow: the Irish clergy, 1645–9’ in Ó Siochrú (ed.), Kingdoms in crisis, pp 176–8.
76 Because of his advanced age, the frail bishop of Elphin was probably not a major force in this movement, and was likely acting only in support of Archbishop O’Queeley, Bishop Burke, and Fr Oliver Burke.
77 There is overwhelming evidence to suggest that Clanricarde was against the rebellion in Ireland; see, for example, his declaration against Galway (Clanricarde, Memoirs, p. 109); Clanricarde to archbishop of Tuam, 4, 8 Apr. 1642 (ibid., pp 113–15); Arthur Hall to parliament, 30 Jan. 1642 (Bodl., Carte MS 4, f. 311); Robert Reynolds and Robert Goodwin to Giles Green, 6 Jan. 1643 (ibid., ff 277, 317).
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81 Archbishop of Tuam et al. to Clanricarde, 17 Apr. 1642 (Clanricarde, Memoirs, p. 116).
82 Ó hAnnracháin, ‘Rebels and Confederates’, p. 101; Canny, ‘Irish rising’, pp 60–8. The threat of censure is also consistent with Clanricarde’s interpretation of the part played by the clergy in convincing would-be loyalists to join the rebellion (Clanricarde, Memoirs, pp 75, 84).
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85 Clanricarde had lived all his adult life in England, where his contacts with the English Catholic clergy were very different from his contacts with clergy in Ireland (Debe, ‘Irish career of Clanricarde’, pp 99–126).
86 Clanricarde to archbishop of Tuam et al., 19 Apr. 1642 (ibid., p. 117).
87 Ibid.
88 Ibid.
89 Clanricarde to Richmond, 23 Jan. 1642 (ibid., p. 63); Clanricarde to the king, 22 Jan. 1642 (ibid., pp 60–2); Clanricarde to Essex, 23 Jan. 1642 (ibid., p. 62); Clanricarde to Cottington, 23 Jan. 1642 (ibid., p. 65); Debe, ‘Irish career of Clanricarde’, pp 20–4, 32–9.
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91 Ó hAnnracháin, ‘Rebels and Confederates’, pp 96–115; idem, Catholic reformation, pp 39–81; Cunnane, D. W., ‘Catastrophic dimensions: the rupture of English and Irish identities in early modern Ireland, 1534–1615’ in Essays in History, xli (1999) (http://etext. virginia.edu/journals/EH/EH41/Cunnane41.html).Google Scholar
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93 He may have had this advice from Dominic Burke or from priests in his household, some of whom were English; Ó hAnnracháin, ‘Rebels and Confederates’, p. 99; Clanricarde to archbishop of Tuam et al., 19 Apr. 1642 (Clanricarde, Memoirs, p. 117).
94 Clanricarde to archbishop of Tuam et al., 19 Apr. 1642 (Clanricarde, Memoirs, p. 117).Google Scholar
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96 Edwards, David, ‘The poisoned chalice: the Ormond inheritance, sectarian division and the emergence of James Butler, 1614–42’ in Barnard, Toby and Fenlon, Jane (eds), The dukes of Ormond, 1610–1745 (Woodbridge, 2000), pp 55, 57–8,70-1,77-8, 82Google Scholar; Ó Siochrú, Confederate Ireland, p. 38; O’Sullivan, M. D., Old Galway: the history of a Norman colony in Ireland (Cambridge, 1942), p. 247Google Scholar; ‘The Roman Catholiques’ reply, 12 Mar. 1662’ (B.L., Add. MS 4781, ff 282–4).
97 Clanricarde’s commentary (Clanricarde, Memoirs, p. 118); Gilbert (ed.), Irish Confederation, i, 105.
98 Deposition of William Hammond, 14 Aug. 1643 (T.C.D., MS 830, f. 134b); of Mrs William Hammond, 16 Aug. 1643 (ibid., f. 136); of Joseph Hampton, May 1643 (ibid., f. 138b); of John Turner, 23 Mar. 1643 (ibid., f. 146); of Thomas Bagworth, Sept. 1643 (ibid., f. 148b); of Oliver Smith, 1 Mar. 1643 (ibid., f. 158); of Margaret Rolwick, 12 Mar. 1643 (ibid., f. 166).
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100 Bourke, Hugh to Wadding, Luke, 12 Apr. 1642 (H.M.C., Franciscan MSS, p. 132).Google Scholar
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102 Mountgarret et al. to Clanricarde, 11 June 1642 (Clanricarde, Memoirs, p. 171); Martin to Clanricarde, 2 Dec. 1642 (ibid., pp 296–8); Ó Siochrú, Confederate Ireland, p. 41.
103 Richard Martin was accompanied by Sir Dominic Brown, Andrew Brown, Sir Valentine Blake and Theobald Burke (Clanricarde, Memoirs, p. 118).
104 Clanricarde to archbishop of Tuam, 4 Apr. 1642 (ibid., pp 113–14); archbishop of Tuam et al. to Clanricarde, 17 Apr. 1642 (ibid., p. 116).
105 Coonan, Irish Catholic Confederacy, p. 139; Ó Siochrú, Confederate Ireland, pp 44–5; acts agreed upon, ordained and concluded in the general congregation held at Kilkenny, 10, 11, 13 May, 1642 (B.L., Stowe MS 82, ff 271–1). The bishop of Elphin, because of his advanced age, was probably not as active in this group.
106 Examination of Edward Dowdall, 13 Mar. 1642 (Gilbert (ed.), Irish Confederation, i, 275–6).
107 Mountgarret et al. to Wadding, 21 Feb. 1642 (H.M.C., Franciscan MSS, p. 119).
108 Ó Siochrú, Confederate Ireland, p. 40; decrees of the provincial synod of Armagh, 22 Mar. 1642 (Moran, P. F. (ed.), Spicilegium Ossoriense: being a collection of original letters and papers illustrative of the history of the Irish Church from the Reformation to the year 1800 (3 vols, Dublin, 1874-84), ii, 2–8Google Scholar; Commentarius Rinuccinianus, i, 314–19.
109 Ó hAnnracháin, Catholic Reformation, pp 68–9.
110 This is suggested in ibid., p. 69.
111 O’Dwyer to Wadding, 1 Apr. 1642 (H.M.C. Franciscan MSS, p. 129); Hugh Bourke to Wadding, 17 May 1642 (ibid., p. 142); Nachera to Wadding, 25 July 1642 (ibid., p. 167); Dermot Dwyer to Wadding, 8 Aug. 1642 (ibid., pp 174–5).
112 O’Dwyer to Wadding, 25 Aug. 1642 (ibid., pp 182–3). Ironically, he was bought and set free by a Calvinist merchant in August 1642.
113 Clanricarde to Gormanston, 23 Feb. 1642 (Clanricarde, Memoirs, pp 77–8).Google Scholar