1 For overviews of the political and military history of Confederate Ireland during the 1640s see especially Siochrú, Micheál O, Confederate Ireland, 1642–1649: a constitutional and political analysis (Dublin, 1999)Google Scholar; Lenihan, Pádraig, Confederate Catholics at war, 1641–49 (Cork, 2001)Google Scholar. For relations between Protestant Ireland and the English parliament see Armstrong, Robert, Protestant war: the ‘British ‘ of Ireland and the Wars of the Three Kingdoms (Manchester, 2005)Google Scholar.

2 Sever all papers of the treatie between His Excellencie lames marques of Ormond, lord lieutenant generall of Ireland for the king, on the one part; and Sir Thomas Wharton, Sir Robert King, Sir John Clotworthy, Sir Robert Meredith, knights, and Richard Salway, esquire, commissioners authorized by the two Houses of Parliament of England; on the other part (London,1646); Some passages of the treaty between the marquesse ofOrmond and the parliaments commissioners at Dublin (London, 1646)Google Scholar. Parliamentary commissioners to Lisle, 24 Nov. 1646 (T.N.A., P.R.O., SP 63/262/37); order of parliamentary commissioners, 24 Nov. 1646 (ibid., SP 63/262/39); parliamentary commissioners to Coote and Hunt, 24 Nov. 1646 (ibid., SP 63/262/40); parliamentary commissioners to Willoughby, 25 Nov. 1646 (ibid., SP 63/262/42); parliamentary commissioners to Cross and Farrington, 26 Nov. 1646 (ibid., SP 63/262/48); parliamentary commissioners to Moore, Jones and Rowe, 30 Nov. 1646 (ibid., SP 63/262/50); parliamentary commissioners to Coote, 1 Dec. 1646 (ibid., SP 63/262/53); parliamentary commissioners to Monro, 1 Dec. 1646 (ibid., SP 63/262/54).

4 Report on Ireland by Annesley et al., 10 Dec. 1646 (H.M.C. rep. 13, app. 1, pp 399–401; also in Bodl., Carte MS 19, ff 336–8).

5 H.M.C. rep. 13, app. 1, p. 399.

6 Ibid.

7 Ibid., p. 400.

8 For full details of the Ulster British forces during the 1640s see Forkan, Kevin, ‘Army list of the Ulster British forces, 1642–6’ in Archiv. Hib., lix (2005), pp 51–65Google Scholar. For an overview of events in Ulster during the 1640s see idem, ‘Scottish-Protestant Ulster and the crisis of the three kingdoms, 1637–1652’ (Ph.D. thesis, National University of Ireland, Galway, 2003).

9 For example, the estates of Lords Montgomery and Hamilton had in 1630 been found to contain 2,718 adult British males, of which 1,900 to 2,000 were Scots. With the theoretical strength of a regiment at 1,000 men, plus officers and a horse troop of around sixty men each, it is clear that virtually all of the adult male British population on these estates served in the two regiments, allowing for those who perished in the rising or fled to England or Scotland.

10 For the career of this army see Stevenson, David, Scottish Covenanters and Irish Confederates: Scottish-Irish relations in the mid-seventeenth century (Belfast, 1981)Google Scholar.

11 For a recent study of the Laggan army see McKenny, Kevin, The Laggan army in Ireland, 1640–1685: the landed interests, political ideologies and military campaigns of the north-west Ulster settlers (Dublin, 2005)Google Scholar.

12 Forkan, ‘Scottish-Protestant Ulster’, ch. 4.

13 See Adamson, John1, ‘Strafford’s ghost: the British context of Viscount Lisle’s lieutenancy of Ireland’ in Ohlmeyer, Jane (ed.), Ireland from independence to occupation, 1641–1660 (Cambridge, 1995), pp 128–59Google Scholar.

14 Matthews to Ormond, 23 June 1645 (Bodl, Carte MS 15, f. 69); Matthews to Ormond, 19 July 1645 (ibid., f. 171); Dillon to Burke, 9 July 1645 (Gilbert, J. T. (ed.), History of the Irish Confederation and the war in Ireland (7 vols, Dublin, 1882-91), iv, 353–1)Google Scholar; Coote to the Committee of Both Kingdoms, 4 June 1646 (Hogan, James (ed.), Letters and papers relating to the Irish rebellion between 1642–46 (Dublin, 1935), pp 189-92Google Scholar); Hannay’s report to the Committee for Ireland, 19 June 1646 (ibid., pp 192–8); Good news from Ireland. Being an exact relation of the late good success at Sliggo against the Irish rebels (London, 1646)Google Scholar.

15 Orders of the Committee for Ireland, 23 Sept. 1646 (Cal. S.P. Ire., 1633–7, p. 415).

16 For their activities see Forkan, ‘Scottish-Protestant Ulster’, pp 135–9, 142–3.

17 Theophilus Jones to Ormond, 3 Dec. 1645 (Bodl., Carte MS 16, f. 280).

18 The changing attitudes within parliament towards the Scottish presence in Ulster and the war in Ireland are outside the scope of this article, and have been covered by others, for example Armstrong, Protestant war; Adamson, ‘ Stafford’s ghost’; Little, Patrick, ‘The Irish “Independents” and Viscount Lisle’s lieutenancy of Ireland’ in Hist. Jn., xliv (2001), pp 941-61Google Scholar. For the revocation of Monro’s command see resolutions of the Grand Committee for Ireland, 15, 20 Dec. 1645 (H.M.C. rep. 13, app. 1, p. 326).

19 Forkan, ‘Scottish-Protestant Ulster’, pp 47–8.

20 Ibid., ch. 4; Michael Perceval-Maxwell, ‘The adoption of the Solemn League and Covenant by the Scots in Ulster’ in Scotia: American-Canadian Journal of Scottish Studies, ii (1978), pp 3–18.

21 For example, Monro’s seizure of Belfast from the royalist garrison of Sir Arthur Chichester in May 1644, or his denial of supplies to the English royalists under Theophilus Jones at Lisnegarvey in August and September of that year (Forkan, ‘Scottish-Protestant Ulster’, pp 118–20, 152–3).

22 For a full discussion of this see Armstrong, Robert, ‘Ireland’s Puritan Revolution? The emergence of Ulster Presbyterianism reconsidered’ in E.H.R., cxxi (2006), pp 1048-74CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

23 Stevenson, David, Revolution and counter-revolution in Scotland, 1644–1651 (London, 1977), pp 66–81Google Scholar.

24 Correspondence between parliamentary commissioners and Scottish officers, 1–7 Dec. 1646 (T.N.A., P.R.O., SP 63/262/54, 55, 60, 67).

25 Parliamentary commissioners to Lisle, 21 Dec. 1646 (ibid., SP 63/262/104).

26 Stevenson, Scottish Covenanters, pp 247–8; orders of the Parliamentary Committee at Derby House for Irish Affairs, 12 Mar. 1646[/7] (Cal. S.P. Ire. Add., 1625–60, p. 736). The Derby House Committee was formed from the English members of the Anglo- Scottish Committee of Both Kingdoms, which was dissolved in January 1647, and retained its strong executive authority in martial affairs.

27 Scottish officers to Montgomery, Gordon and Borthwick, 24 Dec. 1646 (National Library of Scotland (henceforth N.L.S.), Adv. MS 33/4/8).

28 Davies to Perceval, 13 Jan. 1646[/7] (H.M.C., Egmont, i, 352–3); James Montgomery to Perceval, 26 Jan. 1646Į/7] (ibid., p. 355); William Stewart to Perceval, 5 Feb. 1646[/7] (ibid., p. 356).

29 Exceeding good news from Ireland being a perfect relation of the relieving of the city of Dublin, by the regiments belonging to Sir John Clotworthy, Col. Hill and Col. Conway, who fell upon the rebels at Carric-Mac-Rosse in Leinster, putting them all to flight (London, 1647); Two great battels fought in the kingdome of Ireland, the first by the English forces that were lately sent over by the parliament, under the command of Colonell Moore, and Colonell Fenwick, who gave the rebels battell in the north, commanded by their chiefe Generall Owen Oneale (London, 1647).

30 Coote to Moore, 27 July 1647 (H.M.C. rep. 10, app. 4, p. 82); parliamentary commissioners to Moore, 28 July 1647 (ibid.); diary of Moore’s movements, 31 July - 11 Aug. 1647 (ibid., pp 83–5); Lenihan, Confederate Catholics, pp 200–10. Lord Clandeboye had been raised to the earldom of Clanbrassil in July.

31 Casway, Jerrold, Owen Roe O’Neill and the struggle for Catholic Ireland (Philadelphia, 1984), pp 186-7Google Scholar.

32 Orders of the Derby House Committee, 23 Mar. 1646[/7] (Cal. S.P. Ire., 1633–47, p. 609).

33 Orders of the Derby House Committee, 3 July 1647 (Cal. S.P. Ire. Add., 1625–60, p. 758).

34 Ormond to officers in the Lecale, 24 Mar. 1646[/7] (Bodl., Carte MS 20, f. 326); Ormond to Moore, 23 July 1647 (H.M.C. rep. 10, app. 1, p. 83).

35 Orders of the Derby House Committee, 3 July 1647 (Cal. S.P. Ire. Add., 1625–60, p. 758).

36 Perceval to Inchiquin, 18 May 1647 (H.M.C., Egmont, i, 405–6); orders of the Derby House Committee, 3, 9 July, 11 Aug. 1647 (Cal. S.P. Ire. Add., 1625–60, pp 758–9, 760, 761–2).

37 Jones had been one of Ormond’s most useful contacts in east Ulster until he was forced from Lisnegarvey by the parliamentary commissioners in early 1646. He joined the parliamentarians after his brother, the parliamentary commander of Dublin, Michael Jones, secured his release from Owen Roe O’Neill’s army, by whom he had been captured in a skirmish during 1647 (Forkan, ‘Scottish-Protestant Ulster’, pp 137, 246).

38 Beagham to Perceval, 9 Oct. 1647 (H.M.C., Egmont, i, 476).

39 Monck’s correspondence with Rawdon, Hill et al., Nov. 1647 - Apr. 1648 (H.M.C., Hastings, ii, pt 8, pp 352–3).

40 Reid, J. S., History of the Presbyterian Church in Ireland (3 vols, Belfast, 1867), ii, 63Google Scholar; Hill, George (ed.), The Montgomery manuscripts (Belfast, 1869), p. 170Google Scholar.

41 Declaration of the Scottish army, 20 Feb. 1646Į/7] (N.L.S., Adv. MS 33/4/8, f. 129); Monro to Presbyterian ministers of Antrim and Down, 11 Aug. 1647 (ibid., ff 141–2); proceedings of council of war of the Scottish army, 11, 27 Aug. 1647 (ibid., ff 142–4); declaration of the Scottish army, 27 Aug. 1647 (ibid., ff 144—5); Stevenson, Scottish Covenanters, pp 247, 251–2.

42 Adair, Patrick, A true narrative of the rise and progress of the Presbyterian Church in Ireland, ed. Killen, W. D. (Belfast, 1866), pp 138-40Google Scholar.

43 Ibid., p. 139.

44 ‘Presbyterian’ is taken here to mean more moderate parliamentarians who favoured some sort of settlement with the king, and who had allied with the Scottish Covenanters, for whom the imposition of Presbyterianism in the three kingdoms was a primary goal. The Covenanters used the term ‘Independents’ to describe their enemies in the English parliament (those who favoured toleration in religion but were unwilling to compromise with Charles I until he was militarily defeated), and the term ‘Presbyterians’ came into use to describe the Scots’ allies. For more on this see Kaplan, Lawrence, Politics and religion during the English Revolution: the Scots and the Long Parliament, 1643–1645 (New York, 1976), pp 124-6Google Scholar.

45 Morrill, John, The nature of the English Revolution (London, 1993)Google Scholar, ch. 7.

46 For an overview of these events see Bennett, Martyn, The civil wars in Britain and Ireland, 1638–1651 (Oxford, 1997), pp 275-9Google Scholar.

47 Ibid., p. 285; Smith, David, Constitutional royalism and the search for a settlement, c. 1640–1649 (Cambridge, 1994), pp 132-6CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

48 Morrill, English Revolution, pp 320–26.

49 Ormonďs relation to Charles I, Aug. 1647 (Carte, Thomas, A history of the life of James, first duke of Ormond (3 vols, London, 1735-6), iii, 565–71Google Scholar).

50 Smith, Constitutional royalism, pp 136–7; Bennett, Civil wars, p. 286.

51 Stevenson, Revolution & counter-revolution, pp 96–7.

52 Bennett, Civil wars, pp 289–90; Brown, Keith, Kingdom or province? Scotland and the regal union, 1603–1715 (London, 1992), p. 132Google ScholarPubMed.

53 Probably Lt-Col. Hugh Montgomery of Lord Montgomery’s regiment, the son of the earl of Eglinton.

54 Sterling to Monro, 30 Aug. 1647 (MacNeill, Charles (ed.), The Tanner letters: documents of Irish affairs in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries extracted from the Thomas Tanner collection in the Bodleian Library Oxford (Dublin, 1943), pp 262-3Google Scholar); Sterling to Hugh Montgomery, 30 Aug. 1647 (ibid., p. 263).

55 Sterling to Weymes, 30 Aug. 1647 (H.M.C. rep. 13, app. 1, p. 434).

56 Perceval and Jephson to Inchiquin, 23 Sept. 1647 (H.M.C., Egmont, i, 467); orders of the Derby House Committee, 21 Sept. 1647 (Cal. S.P. Ire. Add., 1625–60, p. 764).

57 Stevenson, Scottish Covenanters, pp 253–4.

58 Inchiquin to Ormond, 29 May 1648 (Carte, Ormond, ii, 575–7); Ormond to Lauderdale, 18 July 1648 (Bodl., Carte MS 22, f. 148).

59 Committee of Estates to Inchiquin, 28 June 1647 (H.M.C. rep. 13, app. 1, pp 469–70).

60 [Ormond] to Lanark, 25 Mar. 1648 (H.M.C. rep. 11, app. 6, p. 120); Loudoun et al. to Ormond, 28 Mar. 1648 (Bodl., Carte MS 22, f. 51); Stevenson, Scottish Covenanters, pp 254–5.

61 For what follows see Stevenson, Scottish Covenanters, pp 256–60.

62 Scottish officers to George Monro, 1 Apr. 1648 (N.L.S., Adv. MS 33/4/8, f. 153).

63 Scottish parliament to Scottish army in Ulster, 19 Apr. 1648 (ibid., f. 155).

64 Instructions to Cochrane et al., 10 May 1648 (ibid., ff 161–2).

65 Instructions to Borthwick, 13 May 1648 (ibid., ff 157–8).

66 Notes on Ulster, 1648 (National Archives of Scotland (henceforth N.A.S.), PA 16/3/12/4); instructions to Cochrane etc., 10 May 1648 (N.L.S., Adv. MS 33/4/8, ff 161–2); Stevenson, Scottish Covenanters, p. 258.

67 Montgomery to Lanark, 15 May 1648 (N.A.S., Hamilton papers, GD 406/1/2320).

68 Dalyell to James Montgomery, 24 May 1648 (ibid., Eglinton papers, GD 3/5/418).

69 Robert Stewart to Ormond, 10 June 1648 (Bodl., Carte MS 22, f. 127).

70 Hamilton to Lanark, 26 May 1648 (N.A.S., GD 406/1/2332).

71 Jones to Cromwell, 28 June 1648 (Bodl., Carte MS 118, f. 43).

72 Inchiquin to Ormond, 19 Aug. 1648 (ibid., Carte MS 65, f. 420).

73 Goodwin et al. to Monck, 13 May 1648 (MacNeill (ed.), Tanner letters, pp 292–3).

74 Goodwin et al. to Clanbrassil et al., 23 May 1648 (ibid., p. 292).

75 Hamilton to [Lanark?], 3 July 1648 (N.A.S., GD 406/1/2353).

76 Clarke to Lenthall, [Aug.] 1648 (H.M.C., rep. 13, app. 1, p. 495).

77 Orders of the Derby House Committee, 14 Apr. 1648 (Cal. S.P. Ire. Add., 1625–60, p. 778).

78 Reid, History, ii, 69.

79 Ibid., pp 70–72.

80 Garthland to Lanark, 7 June 1647 (N.A.S., GD 406/1/2338).

81 Stevenson, Scottish Covenanters, pp 260–61.

82 Ibid., p. 262.

83 Case of Robert Stewart, 8 Jan. 1648[/9] (Gilbert, J. T. (ed.), A contemporary history of affairs in Ireland, 1641–52 (3 vols, Dublin, 1879), i, 763–4)Google Scholar.

84 Clarke to Lenthall, [Aug.] 1648 (H.M.C. rep. 13, app. 1, p. 495).

85 Derby House Committee to Monck, 8 Aug. 1648 (T.N.A., P.R.O., SP 63/266/10, PP 3–4).

86 For Monck’s relations with the Ulster Scots in 1649 see Forkan, ‘Scottish-Protestant Ulster’, ch. 9.

87 Reid, History, ii, 79–80.

88 See Adams, Sharon, ‘The making of the radical south-west: Charles I and his Scottish kingdom, 1625–1649’ in Young, John (ed.), Celtic dimensions of the British civil wars (Edinburgh, 1997), pp 53–74Google Scholar.

89 Macinnes, Allan, ‘The Scottish constitution, 1638–1651: the rise and fall of oligarchic centralism’ in Morrill, John (ed.), The Scottish National Covenant in its British context, 1638–51 (Edinburgh, 1990), p. 126Google Scholar.

90 Ibid.

91 Stevenson, Scottish Covenanters, p. 262.

92 Good news from Scotland: being a true relation of the present condition of the army under the command of Lieut. Gen. Crumwel: and of the marquess of Arguile’s taking a ship coming from Denmark laden with ten thousand arms: with the articles about the surrender of Barwick; and the disbanding of the forces under the Lord Lanerick and Monro: as it was sent in a letter from Lieut. General Crumwels quarters neer Berwick to a friend in London (London, 1648).

93 Derby House Committee to Monck, 29 Aug. 1648 (T.N.A., P.R.O., SP 63/266/10, p. 15).

94 Orders of the Derby House Committee, 29 Aug. 1648 (Cal. S.P. Ire. Add., 1625–60, p. 785).

95 Hill (ed.), Montgomery manuscripts, p. 174.

96 Stevenson, Scottish Covenanters, p. 262.

97 Coffey, John, ‘Samuel Rutherford and the political thought of the Scottish Covenanters’ in Young, (ed.), Celtic dimensions, p. 89Google Scholar.

98 Furgol, Edward, ‘Scotland turned Sweden’ in Morrill, (ed.), Scottish National Covenant, pp 141-2Google Scholar.

99 Minute of Committee of Estates, [Oct.] 1648 (N.A.S., PA 11/7, f. 75).

100 Derby House Committee to Monck, 29 Aug. 1648 (T.N.A., P.R.O., SP 63/266/10, p. 15).

101 Hogan, Edmund (ed.), The history of the warr in Ireland from 1641 to 1653 by a British officer of the regiment of Sir John Clotworthy (Dublin, 1873), pp 64—6Google Scholar.

102 Ibid.; Hill (ed.), Montgomery manuscripts, p. 169; Stevenson, Scottish Covenanters, p. 263.

103 A letter concerning Colonel Monks surprizing the town and castle of Carrickfergus and Belfast in Ireland; and his taking General Major Monro prisoner (London, 1648)Google Scholar; Hogan (ed.), Warr in Ireland, p. 66.

104 Kinnaston to Moore, 25 Sept. 1648 (H.M.C., rep. 10, app. 1, p. 92).

105 Orders of the Derby House Committee, 4 Oct. 1648 (T.N.A., P.R.O., SP 63/266/9, PP 2-A).

106 Hill (ed.), Montgomery manuscripts, pp 174–5; Reid, History, ii, 78–9.

107 Taaffe to Ormond, 11 Oct. 1648 (Gilbert (ed.), Ir. Confed., vii, 285–6).

108 Hogan (ed.), Warr in Ireland, p. 66.

109 Derby House Committee to Monck, 4 Oct. 1648 (T.N.A., P.R.O., SP 63/266/10, pp 32–3).

110 Ibid.

111 Michael Jones to Moore, 31 May 1648 (H.M.C. rep. 10, app. 1, p. 91).

112 Orders of the Derby House Committee, 8 Sept. 1648 (Cal. S.P. Ire. Add., 1625–60, p. 785); Derby House Committee to Monck and Jones, 8 Sept. 1648 (T.N.A., P.R.O., SP 63/266/10, p. 24).

113 Derby House Committee to Monck, 5 Sept. 1648 (T.N.A., P.R.O., SP 63/266/10, p. 16).

114 Derby House Committee to Coote and Monck, 4 Oct. 1648 (ibid., pp 35–7).

115 Stevenson, Scottish Covenanters, p. 265.

116 Edward Conway to Harley, 8 Sept. 1648 (H.M.C. rep. 11, app. 2, p. 164).

117 Casway, Owen Roe O’Neill, pp 215–26.

118 Ó Siochrú, Confederate Ireland, pp 171–2, 177–85.

119 According to Carte, Inchiquin received the Remonstrance of the army of November 1648, which demanded that Charles I stand trial on capital charges, and had it reprinted in Cork and distributed among the negotiators (Carte, Ormond, ii, 49). Micheál O Siochrú pinpoints Inchiquin’s intervention as occurring between 24 and 28 December 1648 (Ó Siochrú, Confederate Ireland, p. 196). No copy of Inchiquin’s reissue of the Remonstrance is known to have survived.

120 Townley to Ormond, 2 Dec. 1648 (Bodl., Carte MS 23, ff 1–2).

121 Prince of Wales to Ormond, 28 Dec. 1648 [n.s.] (H.M.C., Pepys, p. 242).

122 Derby House Committee to Coote, 21 Oct. 1648 (T.N.A., P.R.O., SP 63/266/10, pp 39–40).

123 Humphrey Galbraith to Ormond, 26 Jan. 1648[/9] (Gilbert (ed.), Ir. Confed., vii, 224–6).

124 Coote and Monck to Morgan, 22 Dec. 1648 (Bodl, Carte MS 23, f. 74).

125 Humphrey Galbraith to Ormond, 26 Jan. 1648[/9] (Gilbert (ed.), Ir. Confed., vii, 224–6).

126 Reid, History, ii, 80.

127 Case of Sir Robert Stewart, 8 Jan. 1648[/9] (Gilbert (ed.), Contemp. hist., 1641–52, i, 763–4).

128 For Ulster see Forkan, ‘Scottish-Protestant Ulster’, esp. chs 4, 9. For Scotland see Stevenson, Revolution & counter-revolution, pp 237–40; Brown, Kingdom or province?, pp 133–4.

129 For these events see Forkan, ‘Scottish-Protestant Ulster’, ch. 9.

130 [Milton, John], Observations upon the articles of peace (London, 1649), p. 61Google Scholar.

131 I would like to thank Professor Jane Ohlmeyer for her careful reading of this article and for her helpful comments and suggestions. I would also like to express my gratitude to the Irish Research Council for the Humanities and Social Sciences for providing me with the wherewithal, through a Government of Ireland Postdoctoral Fellowship, to complete the article.