¹ Nkopo, Athinangamso, Kwoba, Brian and Chantiluke, Roseanne (eds), Rhodes Must Fall: the struggle to decolonise the racist heart of empire (London, 2018)Google Scholar; Dalia Gebrial, Kerem Nişancıoğlu and Gurminder K. Bhambra, Decolonising the university (London, 2018); Pimblott, Kerry, ‘Decolonising the university: the origins and meaning of a movement’ in Political Science Quarterly, xci, no. 1 (2019), pp 210–16Google Scholar; Gopal, Priyamvada, ‘On decolonisation and the university’ in Textual Practice, xxxv, no. 5 (2021), pp 1–27Google Scholar.

² Nicholas Canny (ed.), The Oxford history of the British empire, vol. 1: The origins of empire: British overseas enterprise to the close of the seventeenth century (Oxford, 1998); Kenny, Kevin (ed.), Ireland and the British Empire (Oxford, 2004)Google Scholar; Howe, Stephen, Ireland and empire: colonial legacies in Irish history and culture (Oxford, 2000)Google Scholar. See also Jeffery, Keith (ed.), An Irish empire? Aspects of Ireland and the British Empire (Manchester, 1996)Google Scholar; McDonough, Terence (ed.), Was Ireland a colony? Economics, politics and culture in nineteenth-century Ireland (Dublin, 2005)Google Scholar; Roberts, Daniel Sanjiv and Wright, Jonathan Jeffrey (eds), Ireland's imperial connections, 1775–1947 (Basingstoke, 2019)Google Scholar.

³ Livesey, James and Murray, Stuart, ‘Post-colonial theory and modern Irish culture’ in I.H.S., xxx, no. 119 (1997), pp 452–61Google Scholar.

⁴ Carroll, Clare and King, Patricia (eds), Ireland and postcolonial theory (Cork, 2003)Google Scholar.

⁵ The T.O.R.C.H. event is available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4iB1GOtppRs. All cited websites accessed 12 July 2021.

⁶ Explored at length in my 2021 Ford Lectures, available at https://www.rte.ie/history/2021/0304/1201023-ireland-empire-and-the-early-modern-world-watch-the-lectures.

⁷ Much of the recent literature is concerned with teaching practice rather than research: Meleisa Ono-George, ‘Beyond diversity: anti-racist pedagogy in British history departments’ in Women's History Review, xxviii, no. 3 (2019), pp 500–07.

⁸ Charles W. Mills, ‘Racial liberalism’ in Publications of the Modern Language Association of America, cxxiii, no. 5 (Oct. 2008), pp 1380–97.

⁹ There is a separate question about the appropriate moral tone to adopt: contrast Christopher A. Bayly, ‘Moral judgment: empire, nation and history’ in European Review, xiv (2006), pp 385–91, with Richard Drayton, ‘Where does the world historian write from? Objectivity, moral conscience and the past and present of imperialism’ in Journal of Contemporary History, xlvi, no. 3 (2011), pp 671–85.

¹⁰ Ian McBride, Eighteenth-century Ireland: the isle of slaves (Dublin, 2009).

¹¹ See, for example, John Rosinbum, ‘Decolonizing the US History survey: integrating Native voices through digital history’ in Perspectives on history: the newsmagazine of the American Historical Association (summer 2018) (https://www.historians.org/publications-and-directories/perspectives-on-history/summer-2018/decolonizing-the-us-history-survey-integrating-native-voices-and-experiences-through-digital-history); University of Massachusetts, ‘Teaching Native American histories’ (http://teachnativehistories.umass.edu/); National History Center: An initiative of the American Historical Association, ‘Decolonization resource collection: Americas’ (https://nationalhistorycenter.org/decolonization-resource-collection-americas/).

¹² Alex Lichtenstein, ‘Decolonizing the AHR’ in American Historical Review, cxxiii, no. 1 (2018), pp xiv, xvi.

¹³ See, for example Jason Arday, ‘Why we need Black History in UK schools’ in History Workshop Journal, (2020) (https://www.historyworkshop.org.uk/why-we-need-black-history-in-uk-schools/); Eleanor Newbigin, ‘What does it mean to decolonise History teaching and research at SOAS?’ in History Workshop Journal (2019) (https://blogs.soas.ac.uk/decolonisingsoas/2019/02/28/history-workshop-what-does-it-mean-to-decolonise-history-teaching-and-research-at-soas/); Jonathan Saha, ‘The RHS Race, Ethnicity & Equality Report: a response to critics’ in History Workshop Journal (2018) (https://www.historyworkshop.org.uk/the-rhs-race-ethnicity-equality-report-a-response-to-critics/); Olivette Otele, ‘Bristol, slavery and the politics of representation: the Slave Trade Gallery in the Bristol Museum’ in Social Semiotics, xxii, no. 2 (2012), pp 155–72; Caroline Bressey, ‘Seeing colour in black and white: The role of the visual in diversifying historical narratives at sites of English heritage’ in Critical Social Policy, xxxii, no. 1 (2012), pp 87–105.

¹⁴ See Royal Historical Society, ‘Race, ethnicity & equality in UK History: a report and resource for change’ (Oct. 2018) (https://royalhistsoc.org/racereport/), p. 8.

¹⁵ Barry Crosbie, Irish imperial networks: migration, social communication and exchange in nineteenth-century India (Cambridge, 2012); Jane Ohlmeyer, ‘Eastward enterprises: Colonial Ireland, Colonial India’ in Past & Present, ccxl (2018), pp 83–118. See also Alix Chartrand, ‘The evolution of British Imperial perceptions in Ireland and India c.1650–1800’ (Ph.D. thesis, University of Cambridge, 2019), and Andrew McKillop, Human capital and empire: Scotland, Ireland, Wales and British imperialism in Asia, c.1690–c.1820 (Manchester, 2021).

¹⁶ For example, see McDonough, Was Ireland a colony?; Jane Ohlmeyer, ‘A laboratory for empire? Early modern Ireland and English Imperialism’ in Kenny (ed.) Ireland and the British Empire, pp 27–60; J. C. Bender, ‘Ireland and Empire’ in Richard Bourke and Ian McBride (eds), The Princeton history of modern Ireland (Princeton, NJ, 2016), pp 342–60.

¹⁷ On imperial lives, see Oonagh Walsh (ed.), Ireland abroad: politics and professions in the nineteenth century (Dublin, 2003); David Lambert and Alan Lester (eds), Colonial lives across the British Empire: imperial careering in the long nineteenth century (Cambridge, 2006). For a critical intervention that does seek to make deeper claims, see Howe, Ireland and empire.

¹⁸ See Joe Cleary, ‘Amongst empires: a short history of Ireland and empire studies in international context’ in Éire-Ireland, xlii, nos 1–2 (spring/summer 2007), pp 11–57; Christopher Shepard, ‘Irish journalists in the intellectual diaspora: Edward Alexander Morphy and Henry David O'Shea in the Far East’ in New Hibernia Review, xiv, no. 3 (autumn 2010), pp 75–90; T. G. McMahon, Michael de Nie and Paul Townend (eds), Ireland in an imperial world: citizenship, opportunism, and subversion (London, 2017), pp 4–5.

¹⁹ For example, see Michael Holmes and Denis Holmes (eds), Ireland and India: connections, comparisons, contrasts (Dublin, 1997); Tadhg Foley and Maureen O'Connor (eds), Ireland and India: colonies, culture and empire (Dublin, 2006); Kate O'Malley, Ireland, India and Empire: Indo-Irish radical connections, 1919–1964 (Manchester, 2008); K. L. Shonk, Jr., ‘The shadow metropole: the varieties of anticolonialism in Ireland, 1937– 68’ in McMahon, de Nie and Townend (eds), Ireland in an imperial world, pp 265–82. On post-independence engagement in imperial management and policing, see Helen O'Shea, Ireland and the end of the British Empire: the republic and its role in the Cyprus emergency (London, 2015); and S. W. Gannon, The Irish Imperial Service: policing Palestine and administering empire, 1922–1966 (London, 2019).

²⁰ Frantz Fanon, The wretched of the earth (New York, 1963), p. 36.

²¹ To my mind, the best interrogation of this historiographical debate can be found in Gearóid Ó Tuathaigh's chapter ‘Exemplar, outlier, impostor? A reflection on Ireland and the discourses of colonialism’ in Róisín Healy and Enrico Del Lago (eds), The shadow of colonialism on Europe's modern past (Basingstoke, 2014), pp 36–53.

²² Seán Donnelly's recent excellent thesis shows the potential of interrogating what if any insights postcolonial theory can bring to Irish history without rehashing the tired debates of the 1980s: Séan Donnelly, ‘“Conservative-minded revolutionaries”? Treatyite political thought and the intellectual formation of the Irish Free State, 1891–1932’ (Ph.D. thesis, Teesside University, 2019).

²³ Evi Gkotzaridis's extensive account of historiographical disputes in Ireland mentions only Said and Fanon, with no other leading postcolonial or related theorist from the Global South referenced: Evi Gkotzaridis, Trials of Irish history: genesis and evolution of a reappraisal, 1938–2000 (London, 2006). The same is true of Brendan O'Leary's recent A treatise on Northern Ireland, Vol 1: Colonialism (Oxford, 2019). In both texts, discussions on historiography interpreted postcolonial theory through the prism of other influential Irish writers such as Conor Cruise O'Brien and Declan Kiberd, a feature that seems strikingly present in the broader historiography. Even mainstream figures like Achille Mbembe, Mahmood Mamdani and Chandra Talpade Mohanty have had limited resonance in historical writing about Ireland, though this is less the case in other fields. Recent projects and initiatives exploring the coloniality of our public education and heritage have tended to look primarily towards examples in Global North contexts, especially the U.K., with much less engagement with the theory and praxis emerging from spaces like Senegal, South Africa, Kenya and India.

²⁴ Gurminder K Bhambra's article ‘Postcolonial and decolonial dialogues’ in Postcolonial Studies, xvii, no. 2, (2014), pp 115–21, provides a good overview of contemporary debates in post-colonial and decolonial thought, with references to the major works of decolonial thinkers such as Walter Mingolo, Aníbal Quijano and María Lugones. Sabelo J. Ndlovu-Gatsheni's recent article offers a good summary of where the debate around these issues currently lies in one of the main centres of decolonial thought, South Africa: Sabelo J. Ndlovu-Gatsheni, ‘The dynamics of epistemological decolonisation in the 21st century: towards epistemic freedom’ in Strategic Review for Southern Africa, xl, no. 1 (2020), pp 16–45.

²⁵ Una Mullally. ‘Why women have risen to the top in 1916 lore’, Irish Times, 28 Mar. 2016  (https://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/una-mullally-why-women-have-risen-to-the-top-in-1916-lore-1.2588986).

²⁶ https://www.facebook.com/BlackandIrish.

²⁷ Royal Historical Society, ‘Race, Ethnicity & Equality in UK History’, p. 8.

²⁸ Shahmima Akhtar, ‘Radical Object: Ballymaclinton’ in History Workshop Online (2020) (https://www.historyworkshop.org.uk/ballymaclinton/). Shahmima Akhtar, ‘A Cultural History of Irish Identity on Display’ in Historical Transactions Blog (2019) (https://blog.royalhistsoc.org/2019/07/31/irish-identity-on-display/).

²⁹ Shahmima Akhtar, Exhibiting Irishness: empire and identity, 1851–1970 (forthcoming, Manchester, 2023).

³⁰ Jane Ohlmeyer, Civil war and restoration in the three Stuart Kingdoms: the political career of Randal MacDonnell first marquis of Antrim (1609–83) (Cambridge, 1993); eadem, ‘“Civilizinge of those rude partes”: the colonization of Ireland and Scotland, 1580s–1640s’ in Canny (ed.), The Oxford history of the British Empire, vol. 1, pp 124–47; eadem, ‘A laboratory for empire?’, pp 26–60; eadem, ‘Conquest, civilization, colonization: Ireland, 1540–1660’ in Bourke and McBride (eds), Princeton history of modern Ireland, pp 21– 47.

³¹ Discussed further with Kathy Sheridan from the Irish Times (https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/people/the-women-s-podcast/the-irish-times-women-s-podcast-ep-467-professor-jane-ohlmeyer-1.4462123) and Hugh Linehan (https://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/inside-politics/inside-politics-empire-imperialism-and-ireland-with-prof-jane-ohlmeyer-1.4502048).

³² Jane Ohlmeyer, ‘Ireland, India and the British Empire’ in Studies in People's History, ii, no. 2 (2015), pp 169–88.

³³ Ohlmeyer, ‘Eastward enterprises: Colonial Ireland, Colonial India’.

³⁴ See, for example, Ian McBride, ‘Swift, Locke and slavery’ (https://pastandpresent.org.uk/swift-locke-slavery/). For Locke, see James Farr, ‘“So vile and miserable an estate”: the problem of slavery in Locke's political thought’ in Political Theory, xiv (1986), pp 263–89; James Farr, ‘Locke, natural law and new world slavery’ in Political Theory, xxxvi, no. 4 (2008), pp 495–522; David Armitage, ‘John Locke, Carolina and the two treatises of government’ in Political Theory, xxxii, no. 5 (2004), pp 602–27; David Armitage, ‘John Locke, theorist of empire?’ in Sankar Muhta (ed.), Empire and modern political thought (Cambridge, 2012), pp 84–111; Carole Pateman, The sexual contract (Cambridge, 1988), esp. chs 2–3.

³⁵ Ian McBride, ‘Ireland's History troubles’ in Field Day Review, iii (2007), pp 204–13; idem, ‘The shadow of the gunman: Irish historians and the IRA’ in Journal of Contemporary History, xlvi (July 2011), pp 686–710; ‘J. G. A. Pocock and the politics of the new British history’ in Margaret M. Scull and Naomi Lloyd-Jones (eds), United Kingdom: four nations approaches to modern ‘British’ history (London, 2018), pp 33–57; ‘The Peter Hart affair: history, ideology and the Irish revolution’ in Hist. J., lxi, issue 1 (2018), pp 249–71.

³⁶ T. G. McMahon, Grand opportunity: the Gaelic revival and Irish society, 1893–1910 (Syracuse, NY, 2008).

³⁷ Laura McAtackney, An archaeology of the Troubles: the dark heritage of Long Kesh/Maze prison (Oxford, 2014).

³⁸ www.kilmainhamgaolgraffiti.com

³⁹ Laura McAtackney, Krysta Ryzewski and John F Cherry, ‘Contemporary Irish identity on the Emerald Isle of the Caribbean; St Patrick's Day on Montserrat and the invention of tradition' in Diane Sabenacio Nititham and Rebecca Boyd (eds) Heritage, diaspora and the consumption of culture: movements in Irish landscape (Aldershot, 2014).

⁴⁰ Kevin Kenny, ‘Diaspora and comparison: the global Irish as a case study’ in Journal of American History, xc, no. 1 (2003), pp 134–62; idem, ‘Two diasporic moments in Irish emigration history: the famine generation and the contemporary era’ in Studi irlandesi, ix (2019), pp 43–65; idem, Diaspora: a very short introduction (New York, 2013); idem, Ireland and the British empire.

⁴¹ Steven Hahn, A nation without borders: the United States and its world in an age of civil wars, 1830–1910 (New York, 2016).

⁴² S. A. Miller and James Riding In (eds), Native historians write back: decolonizing American Indian history (Lubbock, TX, 2011); Florencia Mallon (ed.), Decolonizing Native histories: collaboration, knowledge, and language in the Americas (Durham, NC, 2012); Stephen Perkins, R. R. Drass, and S. C. Vehik, ‘Decolonizing the borderland: Wichita frontier strategies’ in Great Plains Quarterly, xxxvi, no. 4 (2016), pp 259–80.

⁴³ Department of History Land Acknowledgment, New York University (https://as.nyu.edu/history/about-us/about-us1.html).

⁴⁴ Kevin Kenny, Peaceable kingdom lost: the Paxton Boys and the destruction of William Penn's holy experiment (New York, 2009); Patrick Griffin, The people with no name: Ireland's Ulster Scots, America's Scots Irish, and the creation of a British Atlantic world (Princeton, NJ, 2001).

⁴⁵ Kevin Kenny, The American Irish: a history (New York, 2000); idem, ‘Irish emigration, ca. 1845–1900’ in James Kelly (ed.), The Cambridge history of Ireland: vol. iii, 1730–1880 (Cambridge, 2018), pp 666–87.

⁴⁶ D. B. Quinn, Ireland and America: their early associations, 1500–1640 (Liverpool, 1991); Nicholas Canny, The Elizabethan conquest of Ireland: a pattern established 1565–1576 (New York, 1976); idem, Kingdom and colony: Ireland in the Atlantic world, 1560–1800 (Baltimore, 1988).

⁴⁷ Nini Rogers, Ireland, slavery and anti-slavery, 1612–1685 (London, 2007) and Jenny Shaw, Everyday life in the early English Caribbean: Irish, Africans, and the construction of difference (London, 2013) are good examples.

⁴⁸ Steven Ellis, ‘Writing Irish history: revisionism, colonialism, and the British isles’ in The Irish Review, xix, no. 1 (1996), pp 1–21; idem, Tudor frontiers and noble power: the making of the British state (Oxford, 1995); Hiram Morgan, ‘Mid-Atlantic blues’ in Irish Review, xi (1991), pp 50–55; Andrew Murphy, ‘Ireland and ante/anti-colonial theory’ in Irish Studies Review, vii, no. 2 (1999), pp 153–61; idem, But the Irish Sea betwixt us: Ireland, colonialism and Renaissance literature (Lexington, KY, 1999); Alison Games, The web of empire: English cosmopolitans in an age of expansion, 1560–1660 (Oxford, 2008); Audrey Horning, Ireland in the Virginian sea: colonialism in the British Atlantic (Williamsburg, VA, 2013).

⁴⁹ Canny (ed.), The Oxford history of the British Empire, vol. 1; Howe, Ireland and Empire.

⁵⁰ Horning, Ireland in the Virginian Sea, pp vii, viii.

⁵¹ Gerard Farrell, The ‘mere Irish’ and the colonisation of Ulster, 1570–1641 (Basingstoke, 2017), p. 287.

⁵² I owe this point to Fred Cooper.

⁵³ Ian McBride, ‘Swift, Locke and slavery’.

⁵⁴ P. J. Marshall, Edmund Burke and the British empire in the West Indies: wealth, power and slavery (Oxford, 2019).

⁵⁵ Kenny, Ireland and the British Empire; Bender, ‘Ireland and Empire’.

⁵⁶ David Roediger, The wages of whiteness: race and the making of the American working class (New York, 1991); Noel Ignatiev, How the Irish became white (New York, 1995).

⁵⁷ Eric Arnesen, ‘Whiteness and the historians’ [sic] imagination’ in International Labor and Working-Class History, lx (2001), pp 3–32; Barbara J. Fields, ‘Whiteness, racism, and identity’ in International Labor and Working-Class History, lx (2001), pp 48–56.

⁵⁸ Survey and Landscape on Montserrat (https://blogs.brown.edu/archaeology/fieldwork/montserrat/).

⁵⁹ John F Cherry and Krysta Ryzewski, An archaeological history of Montserrat in the West Indies (Oxford, 2020).

⁶⁰ Orla Power, ‘Irish Planters; Atlantic Merchants: the development of St Croix, Danish West Indies, 1740–1766’ (Ph.D. thesis, National University of Ireland, Galway, 2011).

⁶¹ Crosbie, Irish imperial networks.

⁶² Edmund M. Hogan, The Irish missionary movement: a historical survey, 1830–1980 (Dublin, 1990); Colin Barr, Ireland's empire: the Catholic Church in the English-speaking world, 1829–1914 (Cambridge, 2020); Colin Barr and H. M. Carey (eds), Religion and greater Ireland: Christianity and Irish global networks, 1750– 1950 (Montreal, 2015); T. G. McMahon, ‘A new role for Irish Anglicans in the later nineteenth century: the HCMS and imperial opportunity’ in Ciaran O'Neill (ed.), Irish elites in the nineteenth century (Dublin, 2013), pp 222–32.

⁶³ Daniel Corkery, The hidden Ireland: a study of Gaelic Munster in the eighteenth century (1924, repr. Dublin, 1967), p. 9.

⁶⁴ See for example, Vincent Morley, Irish opinion and the American Revolution, 1760–1783 (Cambridge, 2002); idem, ‘George III, Queen Sadhbh and the historians’ in Eighteenth-Century Ireland, xvii (2002), pp 112–20.

⁶⁵ Lesa Ní Mhunghaile, ‘The legal system in Ireland and the Irish language 1700–c.1843’ in Michael Brown and S. P. Donlan (eds), The laws and other legalities of Ireland, 1689–1850: (Abingdon, 2016), pp 325–58.

⁶⁶ A. S. Thompson, ‘Unravelling the relationships between humanitarianism, human rights, and decolonization: time for a radical rethink?’ in Martin Thomas and A. S. Thompson (eds), The Oxford handbook of the ends of empire (Oxford, 2017), p. 454.

⁶⁷ Dipesh Chakrabarty, Provincialising Europe: Postcolonial thought and historical difference (Princeton, NJ, 2008), p. 19.

⁶⁸ See Douglas Hyde, ‘The necessity for de-anglicising Ireland’ in C. G. Duffy (ed.), The revival of Irish literature (London, 1894). Compare this insight to Ngũgĭ Wa Tiong'o, Decolonising the mind: the politics of language in African literature (Nairobi, 1994).

⁶⁹ Brian Ó Conchubhair, Fin de siècle na Gaeilge: Darwin, an athbheochan agus smaointeoireacht na hEorpa (Indreabhán, 2009).

⁷⁰ N. M. Wolf, An Irish-speaking island: state, religion, community, and the linguistic landscape in Ireland, 1770–1870 (Madison, WI, 2014); Breandán Mac Suibhne, The end of outrage: post-Famine adjustment in rural Ireland (Oxford, 2017); Margaret Kelleher, The Maamtrasna murders: language, life and death in nineteenth-century Ireland (Dublin, 2018).

⁷¹ The Conservative think tank Policy Exchange launched a monitoring project called ‘History Matters’ in June 2020, which ‘confirms that history is the most active front in a new culture war’ and tracks institutions who have endeavoured to remove statues, rename buildings or update university curricula.

⁷² David Olusoga, ‘Cultural warriors attacking ‘woke’ history care little for truth’, The Guardian, 24 Jan. 2021.

⁷³ See John Hildebrand, ‘Story of Famine stirs educational melting pot’, Newsday, 13 Mar. 2001; Kate Zernike, ‘Using the Irish Famine to explore current events’, New York Times, 21 Mar. 2001.

⁷⁴ Justin Champion, ‘What are historians for?’ in Historical Research, lxxxi, no. 211 (Feb. 2008), pp 167–88.

⁷⁵ Ohlmeyer, ‘A laboratory for empire?’, p. 58.

⁷⁶ Matthew Kelly, ‘Irish nationalist opinion and the British Empire in the 1850s and 1860s’ in Past & Present, cciv (2009), pp 127–54.

⁷⁷ Robert Burroughs's book does a great job of centring African voices and analysing European hierarchies of credibility in the report and related accounts of atrocities: Congo: African testimony in the movement for Congo reform: the burden of proof (London, 2020).

⁷⁸ Enda Delaney, ‘Our island story? Towards a transnational history of late modern Ireland’ in I.H.S., xxxvii, no. 148 (Nov. 2011), pp 599–621; Kenny, ‘Diaspora and comparison’.

⁷⁹ Kenny, ‘Diaspora and Comparison’; Donald Harman Akenson, The Irish diaspora: a primer (Toronto, 1993).

⁸⁰ Glucksman Ireland House N.Y.U., Black, Brown and Green Voices (https://as.nyu.edu/content/nyu-as/as/research-centers/irelandhouse/academic-initiatives/black--brown-and-green-voices.html).

⁸¹ A. L. Stoler, Along the archival grain: epistemic anxieties and colonial common sense (Princeton, NJ, 2008).

⁸² A. L. Stoler (ed.), Imperial debris: on ruins and ruination (Duke, 2013).

⁸³ Martin Hall, Archaeology and the modern world: colonial transcripts in South Africa and Chesapeake (London, 2000), p. 9.

⁸⁴ Hall, Archaeology and the modern world, p. 40.

⁸⁵ Dónal Hassett, Hussein Omar and Laura McAtackney, ‘The case for rethinking Ireland and Empire’ (https://www.rte.ie/brainstorm/2021/0419/1210712-case-rethinking-ireland-empire/).

⁸⁶ The Guardian, 11 Feb. 2021, and https://www.rte.ie/culture/2021/0225/1199429-machnamh-100-ireland-and-the-british-empire/.

⁸⁷ Jane Ohlmeyer, ‘Ireland has yet to come to terms with its imperial past, Irish Times, 29 Dec. 2020 (www.irishtimes.com/opinion/ireland-has-yet-to-come-to-terms-with-its-imperial-past-1.4444146).

⁸⁸ This project is led by Dr Ciarán O'Neill and Dr Patrick Walsh. See https://histories-humanities.tcd.ie/research/colonial-legacies/.

⁸⁹ ‘Irish Universities and Imperial Legacies’, Trinity Long Room Hub, Trinity College Dublin, 17 Nov. 2020 (https://www.tcd.ie/trinitylongroomhub/whats-on/details/event.php?eventid=149475948).

⁹⁰ See, for example, O'Malley, Ireland, India and empire; Michael Silvestri, Ireland and India: nationalism, empire and memory (London, 2009), Sikata Banerjee, Muscular nationalism: gender, violence and empire in India and Ireland, 1914–2004 (New York, 2002); and M. C. Rast, ‘“Ireland's sister nations”: internationalism and sectarianism in the Irish struggle for independence, 1916–22’ in Journal of Global History, x, no. 3 (2015), pp 479–501. A forthcoming Global History of the Irish Revolution edited by Fearghal McGarry and Patrick Mannion and set to appear with N.Y.U. Press will add detail and further national contexts to existing research.

⁹¹ Tweet from Hussein Omar, 17 May 2021 (https://twitter.com/chebhocine/status/1394216217276211207).

⁹² K. A. Miller, B. Boling and D. N. Doyle, ‘Emigrants and exiles: Irish cultures and Irish emigration to North America, 1790–1922’ in I.H.S., xxii, no. 86 (1980), pp 97–125; K. A. Miller, Emigrants and exiles: Ireland and the Irish exodus to North America (New York, 1985).

⁹³ Enda Delaney, The Irish in post-war Britain (Oxford, 2007); idem, Demography, state and society: Irish migration to Britain, 1921–71 (Montreal and Kingston, Ontario, 2000); Clair Wills, The best are leaving: emigration and post-war Irish culture (Cambridge, 2015).

⁹⁴ For the multidisciplinary perspective of a historically minded literary scholar, see Joe Cleary, ‘Postcolonial Ireland’ in Kenny (ed.), Ireland and the British Empire, pp 251–88.

⁹⁵ Tom Garvin, Preventing the future: why was Ireland so poor for so long? (Dublin, 2004); M. E. Daly, The slow failure: population decline and independent Ireland, 1920–1973 (Madison, WI, 2006).

⁹⁶ See, for instance, I. S. Patel, We're here because you were there: immigration and the end of empire (London, 2021).

⁹⁷ George J Sefa Dei, ‘Foreword’ in Anila Zainub (ed.), Decolonization and anti-colonial praxis: shared lineages (Leiden, 2019).

⁹⁸ Ian McBride, ‘Dealing with the past: historians and the Northern Ireland conflict’ (2017) (https://www.academia.edu/34290336/Dealing_with_the_Past_Historians_and_the_Northern_Ireland_Conflict), pp 2–3.

⁹⁹ Caroline Elkins and Susan Pedersen (eds), Settler colonialism in the twentieth century (New York, 2005), p. 5.

¹⁰⁰ Cooper, Colonialism in question, ch. 1.

¹⁰¹ Tom Jones, George Berkeley: a philosophical life (Princeton, NJ, 2021). I am grateful to the author for a preview of this authoritative book.

¹⁰² Christopher Leslie Brown, Moral capital: foundations of British abolitionism (Chapel Hill, NC, 2006), p. 59.

¹⁰³ Marshall, Edmund Burke and the British empire in the West Indies, esp. ch. 8.

¹⁰⁴ Compare Gannon, The Irish imperial service and Shonk, ‘The shadow metropole’, pp 265–82.

¹⁰⁵ Rothberg, Michael, The implicated subject: beyond victims and perpetrators (Stanford, CA, 2019)Google Scholar.