No CrossRef data available.
Article contents
The Expansion of Irish Christianity to 1200
An Historiographical Survey
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 28 July 2016
Extract
Like most historical subjects the question of the expansion has suffered both from an over-enthusiastic and too uncritical an approach and from an unduly sceptical and hypercritical attitude towards the sources of information. And both attitudes are visible from the very beginning of interest in the subject.
- Type
- Research Article
- Information
- Copyright
- Copyright © Irish Historical Studies Publications Ltd 1944
References
1 Part I appeared in no. II (March 1943).
2 Epistola ad Eahfridem, ed. R. Ehwald (Mon. Ger. Hist., Auct. antiq., xv), p. 492; Migne, Patrologia latina, lxxxix, col. 94; Ussher, ‘Epist. Hib. sylloge ‘, epist. xiii, in The whole works of James Ussher, ed. Elrington and Todd (Dublin, 1847–64), iv, 448–52; cf. article ‘Aldhelm', in Dictionnaire d'histoire et de géographie ecclésiastiques, ii, col. 53.
3 Denique vidimus, quibusdam a serpente percussis, rasa folia codicum, qui de Hibernia fuerant, et ipsam rasuram aquae inmissam ac potui datam, talibus protinus totam vim veneni grassantis, totum inflati corporis absumsisse ac sedasse tumorem. Hist. ecc., lib. i, cap. I, ed. C. Plummer, Oxford, 1896, i. 13).
1 Ed. M. Pertz (Mon. Ger. Hist., Scriptores, ii), pp. 731–63.
2 Ibid., p. 731 ; cf. Kenney, , Sources, i. 533, no. 339Google Scholar.
3 Levy, Max, Der Sabbath in England (Leipzig, 1933).Google Scholar
1 Acta sanctorum, Feb., ii. 361 ff.
2 De propagatione fidei christianae in Belgio per sanctos ex Hibernia viros (Louvain, 1639).
3 Ozanam, A. F, Études germaniques (2 vols, Paris, 1872)Google Scholar.
4 Six months in the Apennines in search of vestiges of the Irish saints in Italy (London, 1892) ; Three months in the forests of France: a pilgrimage in search of vestiges of Irish saints (London, 1895).
5 ’ Ueber die Bedeutung des irischen Elements für die mittelalterliche Cultur ‘ ﹛Preussiscke Jahrbücker, lix, 1887), trans. J. L. Edmonds, The Irish element in mediaeval culture (New York, 1891); The Celtic church in Great Britain and Ireland ﹛London, 1902).
6 Ireland and the making of Britain (New York, 1922) ; Ireland and the foundations of Europe (New York, 1927).
7 This writer has written some delightful books and articles of a popular character under the pen-name A. O'Flanders : Erin (Nieuport, 1922) ; De ziel van Ierland (Tielt, 1929) ; lersche legenden (Tongerloo, 1931) ; De vuurtoren van Erin (Tielt, 1934); Tongerloo en Ste Dimfna, of de eeuwenoude eeredienst in de Abdij van Tongerloo van de lersche Maagd en Martelares Ste Dimfna (Turnhout, 1936).
8 Schoel, C. G, De ecclesiasticae Britonum Scottorumque historiae fontibus (Berlin, 1851), p. 61 Google Scholar
1 Cf. Kenney, , Sources, i. 429-33.Google Scholar
2 The origins of Christianity in Aberdeenshire (2nd ed., Aberdeen, 1925) ; The historical St Columba (2nd ed., Aberdeen, 1927) ; The Celtic church in Scotland (Aberdeen, 1935 ; Aberdeen University Studies, no. in); ‘ Some thoughts on the Celtic church in Scotland ‘, in Scot. Gaelic St., v (1942). 169–82.
1 Delehaye, H., Les légendes hagiographiques (3rd ed., Brussels, 1927)Google Scholar; Cinq leçons sur la méthode hagiographique (Brussels, 1934).
2 Étude critique et littéraire sur les vitae des saints mérovingiens de l'ancienne Belgique (Louvain and Paris, 1907) ; see especially pp. 82 ff.
3 Irène Snieders, ‘ L'influence de l'hagiographie irlandaise sur les vitae des saints irlandais de Belgique ‘, in Rev. Hist. Ecc, xxiv (1928). 596–627, 827–68.
1 Chronicles and annals: a brief outline of their origin and growth (Oxford, 1926).
2 'An Irish historical tract dated A.D. 721 ‘, in R.I.A. Proc, xxviii (1910) ; ‘ The authorship and structure of the annals of Tigernach', in Ériu, vii (1914). 30 ff.; Phases of Irish history (Dublin, 1919), pp. 178 ff.; Celtic Ireland (Dublin, 1921), passim ; see also his preface, ‘ The sources and structure', in the The Annals of Inisfalien (Dublin, 1933), pp. 26–9.
3 van Hamel, A. G,’ Ueber die vorpatrizianischen irischen Annalen ‘, in Z.C.P., xvii (1928). 241–60.Google Scholar
4 'The annals attributed to Tigernach', in I.H.S., ii (1940). 154-9; ‘The dating of Irish annals', in I.H.S., ii. (1941). 355–75.
5 Ibid., iv (1944). 38–57.
6 Cf. Binchy, D., ‘ The Irish Benedictine congregation in medieval Germany', in Studies, xviii (1929). 194 ff.Google Scholar
7 ’ Irish Benedictines in Nuremberg ‘, in Studies, xxii (1933). 435-53.
1 de Jubainville, Henri d'Arbois, Introduction à l'étude de la littérature celtique (Paris, 1883; Cours de litterature celtique, i)Google Scholar.
2 Schultze, W, ‘ Die Bedeutung der iroschottischen Mönche für die Erhaltung und Fortplanzung der mittelalterlichen Wissenschaft', in Centralblatt für Bibliothekswesen, vi (1889), 185–98, 233–41, 281–98.Google Scholar
3 Dottin, Georges, Les littératures celtiques (Paris, 1924)Google Scholar ; ‘ Notes bibliographiques sur l'ancienne littérature chrétienne de l'Irlande', in Rev. d“hist, et de Hit. relig., v (1900), 162-7
4 See p. 133, note 5 above, and add : Pelagius in Irland (Berlin, 1901).
5 Roger, M., Uenseignement des lettres classiques d'Ausone a Alcuin (Paris, 1905).Google Scholar
6 Turner, W, ‘ Irish teachers in the Carolingian revival of learning’, in Cath. Univ. Bull., xiii (1907).Google Scholar
7 ’ Beginnings of Latin culture in Ireland ‘, in Studies, xx (1931).
8 Learning in Ireland in the fifth century and the transmission of letters (Dublin, 1913).
9 ’ Hiberno-Latin manuscripts in the libraries of Switzerland ‘, in R.I.A Proc., xxviii (1910), sect, c, pp. 62–95, xxx (1912). 1–14; ‘ Latin writers of medieval Ireland', in Hermathena, no. 14 (1907), pp. 519 ff., 15 (1909), pp. 353 ff., 16 (1910), pp. 58 ff., 325 ff. (cf. Ir. Theol. Quart., iv (1909). 181 ff.; ‘ The knowledge of Greek in Ireland during the middle ages', in Studies, i (1812). 665–83 ; 'On the earliest Latin life of St Brigid of Kildare ‘ (R.I.A. Proc, xxx (1912), sect, c, pp. 307–26) ; ‘ Notes on Hiberno-Latin manuscripts in Belgian libraries ‘, in Archiv. Hib., iii (1914). 203–9) ; ‘ An Irish teacher at the Carolingian court: Dicuil', in Studies, iii (1914). 651–76 ; ‘ The sources of Conchubranus’ Life of St Monenna ‘, in E.H.R., xxxv (1920). 71–8 ; ‘ A seventh-century commentary on the catholic epistles', in Fn. Theol. St., xxi (1920). 316–18;’ Notes on Latin learning and literature in mediaeval Ireland ‘, in Hermathena, no. 45 (1930), pp. 225–60, no. 47 (1932), pp. 253–71, no. 48 (1933), pp. 221–49, no. 49 (1935), PP. 120–65, no. 50; (1937), pp. 139–83 ; ‘ The poems of Colmanus nepos Cracavist’ and Dungalus ’ praecipuus Scottorum ‘, in Jn. Theol. St., xxxiii (1932). 113-31
10 Graham, Hugh, The early Irish monastic schools (Dublin, 1923).Google Scholar
1 Clark, J. M., The abbey of St Gall as a centre of literature and art (Cambridge, 1926)Google Scholar.
2 Hanson, W G, The early monastic schools of Ireland (Cambridge, 1927)Google Scholar.
3 Flower, Robin,’ Ireland and medieval Europe ‘, in Brit. Acad. Proc, xiii (1929)Google Scholar; ’ Religion and literature in Ireland in the eighth and ninth centuries', in The Church of Ireland, A.D. 432—1932 (Dublin, 1932), pp. 66–75.
4 Laistner, M. L. W, Thought and letters in western Europe, A.D. 500 to 900 (London, 1931).Google Scholar
5 ’ Religious literature and ecclesiastical culture, seventh to twelfth century', in Sources, i. 622–744.
6 Jean Scot Érigène: sa vie, son æuvre, sa pensée (Louvain and Paris, 1933), pp. 14-53, etc.
1 Epistola ad Eahfridum, as above,p. 131, n. 2; Ussher, Works,iv. 451 i; Cappuyns, p. 24.
1 Works, iv. 448, n. b.
2 Venerabilis Baedae opera historica, i, pp. liii–liv ; ii. 196–7
3 Christianity in Celtic lands, p. 248, n. 3.
4 See Plummer, , Baedae opera, i, pp. lii–lvii Google Scholar.
5 Hist, ecc, lib. iii, cap. 27.
6 See Plummer, , Baedae opera, ii. 196-7Google Scholar
7 Cf. Gougaud, , Christianity in Celtic lands, p. 248.Google Scholar
8 Ibid., pp. 153, 248.
1 See P Moncelle, article ‘ Alcuin ‘, in Dictionnaire d'histoire et de géographie ecclésiastiques, ii, col. 30–40.
2 Cf. Mon. Ger. Hist., Epistolae, iv (1895), pp. 437–8.
3 Jean Scot, pp. 25–6.
4 See, in addition to the works already mentioned, Hellmann, S., Sedulius Scottus (Munich, 1906), pp. 99–104 Google Scholar; Ryan, John, Irish monasticism (Dublin, 1931), pp. 382 ff.Google Scholar; Taylor, H. O., The mediaeval mind: a history of the development of thought and emotion in the middle ages (New York, 1919), i. 180 Google Scholar ; H. Leclercq, article ‘ Irlande ‘ in Dictionnaire d'archéologie et de liturgie, vii, col. 1511.
1 See Antiq. Jn., xiii (1933). 476.
2 Jean Scot, pp. 141, 384: ‘ Si par certains côtes Jean Scot appartient à la génération d'un Loup de Ferrières, d'un Ratramne de Corbie ; par d'autres, au contraire, il apparaît comme un grand isolè'
3 See above, p. 137; also Steinacker, H., ‘Die römische Kirche und die griechischen Sprachkentnisse des Frühmittelalters', in Festschrift Th. Gompertz (Vienna, 1902), pp. 324–41Google Scholar; Dräseke, J., ‘ Maximus confessor und Johannes Scotus Erigena', in Theologische Studien und Kritiken, lxxxiv (1911). 22–5Google Scholar; Thèry, G., ‘ Scot Érigène traducteur de Denys', in Bull. Du Cange, vi (1931). 202–12.Google Scholar
4 Geschichte der lateinischen Literatur des Mittelalters (2 vols, Munich, 1911, 1923).
5 A history of classical scholarship from the sixth century to the end of the middle ages (3rd ed., Cambridge, 1921).
6 See above, p. 137, n. 5.
1 The long series of descriptive catalogues of manuscript collections published by James between 1895 and 1932 contains many incidental references of great value for the critical study of expansionist literature.
2 Founders of the middle ages (Cambridge (Mass.), 1928).
3 A history of Christian Latin poetry (Oxford, 1927).
4 A history of secular Latin poetry in the middle ages (Oxford, 1934).
5 ’ La littérature latine du moyen âge : quelques questions à propos de son histoire ‘, in Les études classiques, vii (1938). 492–513.
6 Littérature latine au moyen âge (Paris, 1939). T i : Depuis les origines jusqu'à la fin de la renaissance carolingienne; t. ii : De la renaissance carolingienne à saint Anselme.
1 See especially, t. i. 29 ff.; 92 ff.; 108 ff.; t. ii. 9 ff.; 168 ff.
2 Einführung in das Mittellatein (Berlin, 1929), trans. P van de Woestijne, Introduction à l'étude du latin médiéval (Ghent, 1933).
3 Handschriften antiker Autoren in mittelalterlichen Bibliothekskatalogen (Leipzig, 1935).
1 De propagatione fidei Christianae in Belgio per sanctos ex Hibernia viros (Louvain, 1639).
2 See for instance vol. ii. 106 ff., 261 ff., 431–94 ; iii. 73–142, 157–65, 255 ff., 280 ff.
R.I.A. Proc., vi (1853–7). 452–61.
4 Hauswirth, E., Abriss einer Geschichte der Benedictinerabtei U.L.F zu den Schotten in Wien (Vienna, 1858)Google Scholar; Urkunden der Benedictinerabtei U.L.F zu den Schotten in Wien, 1158-1418 (Vienna, 1859, Fontes rerum austriacarum, 2 Abteil., xviii).
5 Wieland, M., ‘Das Schottenkloster zu St Jakob in Würzburg', in Archiv des histor. Vereins von Unterfranken und Aschaffenburg, xvi (1863), 1–182 Google Scholar.
6 Albert Hübl,’ Die Wiener Schotten und ihr Mutterkloster St Jakob in Regensburg', in Jahresbericht des kk. Obergymnasiums zu den Schotten in Wien, 1909.
7 von Walderdoff, Hugo, ‘ St Mercherdach und St Marian und die Anfänge der Schottenklöster zu Regensburg', in Verhandlungen des historischen Vereins von Oberpfalz und Regensburg, xxxix (1878), 189–232.Google Scholar
8 Janner, F, Geschichte der Bischöfe von Regensburg (Regensburg, 1883)Google Scholar; Die Schotten in Regensburg, die Kirche zu St Jakob und deren Nordportai (Regensburg, 1885).
9 Meier, Johann, Das ehemalige Schottenkloster St Jakob in Regensburg und dessen Grundherrschaft (Regensburg, 1910)Google Scholar.
10 Wattenbach, W, ‘ Die Kongregation der Schottenklöster in Deutschland ‘, in Zeitschrift für christliche Archäologie und Kunst, i (Leipzig, 1856), 21–30, 49-58Google Scholar ; translated under title ‘ The Irish monasteries in German ‘, in U J.A., vii (1859). 227–47, 295–313; ‘ Un autographe de Marianus Scottus', in Rev. Celt., i (1870–72). 262–4.
1 Binchy, D., ‘ The Irish Benedictine congregation in medieval Germany ‘, in Studies, xviii (1929). 193 ff.Google Scholar
2 Hogan, J. H., ‘The Irish monasteries of Ratisbon', in I.E.R., xv (1894). 1015-29Google Scholar ; articles on figures of the expansion and Irish activity on the continent by Mgr Hogan will be found in I.E.R., series 1, xi. 385-98, xiii. 961–78, xiv. 58–77, 192–213, 385–96, 577–89, 1057–73, xv. 35–54; series 3, xv. 289–301, 403–17, 673–81 ; series 4, xvii. 403–16, iii. 536–93, iv. 265–9, x“ 481–, xiii. 406–17, xxi. 507–17
3 Fuhrmann, J. P, Irish medieval monasteries on the continent (Washington, 1927).Google Scholar
4 Barry, P J., Die Zustände im Wiener Schottenkloster vor der Reform des Jahres 1418 (Aichach, 1927)Google Scholar; ‘A medieval forgery', in The Placidian, vii (1930). 35-48 ; ‘ Irish Benedictines in Nuremberg ‘, in Studies, xxii (1933). 435-53.See also G. A. Renz, ‘ Beiträge zur Geschichte der Schottenabtei St Jakob und des Priorates Weih St Peter in Regensburg \ in Studien und Mittheilungen aus dem benedictiner- und dem cistercienser- Or den, xvi (1895). 64 ff.
5 ’ Die neun vormaligen Schottenkirchen in Mainz und Oberhessen ‘, in Archiv fur hessische Geschichte, ix (1861). 319–48.
6 Falk, F, ‘Die irischen Mönchen in Mainz’, in Katholik, N.S., xx (1868). 311–16.Google Scholar
7 ’ Ueber einige Beziehungen Irlands zu Reichsstadt Aachen und Diözese Lüttich ‘, in Zeitschrift des Aachener Geschichtsvereins, xiv (1892). 38–53.
8 Fischer, J., ‘ Kann Bischof Johannes aus Irland mit Recht als erster Märtyrer Amerikas bezeignet werden?’ in Zeitschrift für katholische Theologie, xxiv (1900). 756–58.Google Scholar
9 Abraham, L., ‘ Mnisi irlandzcy w Kijovvie ‘ [Irish missionaries in Kiev], in Bulletin international de Académie des Sciences de Cracovie (Phil.-hist. cl.), 1901, pp.137 ff.Google Scholar
1 ’ Poczatki chrystjanismu w Poise i Misya Irlandska’ [The beginnings of Christianity in Poland and the Irish mission], in Annuaire de la Société des Sciences de Posen, 1902.
2 ’ Perrona scottorum: ein Beitrag zur Ueberlieferungsgeschichte und zur Palaeographie des Mittelalters', in Sitzungsberichte der philosophisch-philologischen und historischen Classe der kgl. bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1900, pp. 469–538, also reprinted in Vorlesungen und Abhandlungen, herausg. von F. Boll, vols i–iii (Munich, 1909–20); ‘ Palaeographische Forschungen, V : Autographa des Iohannes Scottus', in Abhandlungen der kgl. Bayerischen Akademie der Wissen-schaften, Phil, und hist. Kl., vol. xxvi (Munich, 1912) ; in the same Abhandlungen Traube had previously published ‘ O Roma nobilis: Philologische Untersuchungen aus dem Mittelalter ‘, xix (1892). 299-395 ; he edited Iohannis Scotti carmina (Mon. Ger. Hist. Poetae Lat., iii), pp. 518-53 (Berlin, 1896).
3 Pfleger, Luzian, ‘ Beiträge zur Geschichte der Predigt und des religiösen Volksunterrichts im Elsass wahrend des Mittelalters', in Historisches Jahrbuck, xxxviii (1917). 661-83Google Scholar; Nikolaus Paulus (Gebweiler, 1931).
4 ’ Les relations entre l'Aquitaine, le Poitou et l'Irlande du Ve au IXe siècle ‘, in Bulletin de le Société des Antiquaires de l'Ouest, serie é2, iv (1917). 181–202.
5 Crépin, Joseph, ‘ Le monastère des Scots de Fosses', in La Terre Wallonne, viii (1923). 357–85Google Scholar; on Fosses see also Ursmer Berlière, O.S.B., Le monasticon beige (Maredsous, 1890) i. 57 ff.
6 Magnússon, Eirikr, ‘ The conversion of Iceland to Christianity', in Saga-book of the Viking Club, ii (1897–1900). 348-76.Google Scholar
7 Gjerst, Knut, History of Iceland (London, 1924), pp. 21 ffGoogle Scholar. For the latest historian of Iceland that country's Christian past seems to have no interest: no reference to it will be found in Björn Thórdarson's Iceland past and present (Oxford University Press, 1941), though a brief reference to Irish monks occurs on p. 3.
8 Bauerreiss, R., ‘ Irische Frühmissionäre in Südbayern', in Wissenschaftliche Festgabe zum zwölfhundertjährigen Jubiläum des hl. Korbinian (Munich, 1924), pp. 43–60.Google Scholar
9 Voigt, H. G., ’ Von der iroschottischen Mission in Hessen und Thüringen und Bonifatius Verhältnis zu ihr', in Theologische Studien und Kritiken, ciii (1931). 256–84.Google Scholar
1 Studies in medieval life and thought, vol. xi (Cambridge, 1933); for a good criticism of this work see the article of Gougaud, Dom L., ’ Monasticism in Scotland ‘ in the Catholic World, cxxxviii (1933). 27–32.Google Scholar
2 London and Edinburgh, 1937
3 Oxford, 1932.
4 Columban und Gall: die Urgeschichte des schweixerischen Christentums (Zurich, 1940).
5 See above, pp. 138-42.
1 Cf. Iohannis Scotti annotationes in Marcianum, ed. by Cora E. Lutz (Cambridge (Mass.), 1939, Medieval Academy of America publications, no. 34); Coulter, Cornelia C., ‘ The date of John the Scot's annotationes in Marcianum', in Speculum, xvi (1941). 487.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
2 Hist. ecc. lib. v, cap. 9–11 ; see notes in Plummer's edition, ii. 285-94.
3 Vita Willibrordi, ed. W Levison (Mon. Ger. Hist., Script, rer. Merov., vii, 1920), cap. 4 ; ed. A. Poncelet, Acta SS, Nov., iii. 439.
4 Cf. Kenney, , Sources, i. 634, no. 460.Google Scholar
5 Cf. Verbist, Gabriel H., Saint Willibrord (Bruges & Paris, 1939)Google Scholar ; see also Levison, W, ‘ St Willibrord and his place in history ‘, in Durham Univ. Jn. i (1940).Google Scholar
1 Gougaud, , Christianity in Celtic lands, pp. 129–31Google Scholar
2 Dictionnaire d'archélogie et de liturgie, t. xiv (1938), col. 244.
3 ’ L'Irlande et le monachisme de saint Benoît', in Revue liturgique et monastique, 1928, pp. 30–7
1 ’ Les origines de 1'exemption des religieux ‘, in Revue de V Université d'Ottawa, vii (1937). 5–31, 226–38.
2 Étude sur les privilèges d'exemptions et de jurisdiction ecclesiastiques des abbayei normandes depuis les origines jusqu'en 1140 (Archives de la France monastiques, vol. xxxiii, 1937).
3 Cf. Gougaud, , Christianity, pp. 223 ff.Google Scholar
4 Bittermann, Helen R.,’ The influence of Irish monks on Merovingian diocesan organisation ‘, in A.H.R., xl (1935). 232-45.Google Scholar
1 Saint Amand, apotre de la Belgique et du Nord de la France (Louvain, 1927) ; see especially pp. 111–14, 132 ff., 152,252,259,610.
2 Die Klosterbishöfe des Frankenreiches (Beiträge zur Geschichte des alten Monchtums und des Benediktinerordens, Helft 17, Miinster, 1932).
3 T P McLaughlin, Le très ancien droit monastique de I'Occident (Archives de la France monastique, xxxviii, Paris, 1925).
4 Christianity, pp. 283 ff.
6 Sources, i. 235–50.
1 Le péché et la pénitence (Bibliothèque catholique des sciences religieuses, vol. xxii, Paris, 1929) ; L'église et la rémission des péchés aux premiers siècles (Paris, 1932); ’ A propos de la pénitence primitive : méthodes et conclusions', in Rev. Hist. Ecc, xxx (1934), 517–57, 797–846 ‘ Pénitents et “ convertis “ : de la pénitence latine à la pénitence celtique ‘, ibid., xxxiii (1937). 5–26, 278–305 ; see also the article of Aman, É.,’ Pénitence-repentir ‘, in Dictionnaire de théologie catholique, xii (1933), col. 722–948 Google Scholar and ‘ Pénitentiels', by G Le Bras in the same Dictionnaire, xii, col. 1160–79.
2 English penitential discipline and Anglo-Saxon law (Columbia University Studies in History, cvii, no. 2, New York, 1923) ; ‘ Medieval penance and the secular law', in Speculum, vii (1932). 515–25 ; ‘ Commutations and redemptions of penance in the penitentials', in Cath. Hist. Rev., xviii (1932), 341 ff.; ‘The origins of Irish penitential discipline ‘, ibid., xix (1933), 320-32 ; ‘ Cultural affiliations of early Ireland in the penitentials', in Speculum, viii (1933). 489–500 ; ‘ A great Irish penitential and its authorship ‘, in The Romanic Review (Columbia) xxv (1934). 25–33; ‘Alleviations of penance in the continental penitentials', in Speculum, xii (1937). 488–502 ; ‘ Celtic penance : its sources, affiliations and influence', in I.E.R., series 5, lii (1938). 147–64, 581–601 ; ‘Some neglected aspects in the history of penance ‘, in Cath. Hist. Rev., xxiv (1938). 293–309 ; ‘ The penitentials as sources for mediaeval history ‘, in Speculum, xv (1940). 210–23.
3 The origins of private penance in the western church (Oxford, 1939).
4 Cf. McNeill, J. T and Gamer, H. M., Medieval handbooks of penance (New York, 1938), pp. 4–9 Google Scholar ; Dr McNeill had previously studied the question in a long article, ‘ The Celtic penitentials and their influence on continental Christianity ‘, in Rev. Celt., xxxix (1922). 257–300 ; Gougaud, , Christianity, pp. 283 ff.Google Scholar
1 Fournier, P, ‘ Études sur les pénitentiels', in Revue d'histoire et de littérature religieuses, vi (1901). 289–317 Google Scholar ; vii (1902). 59–70 ; viii (1903). 528–53 ; ix(i9O4). 97–103 ; ‘ Études critiques sur le décret de Burchard de Worms ‘, in Nouvelle revue historique de droit français et étranger, xxxiv, 1910, 41–112, 213–21, 289–331, 564–84 ; Fournier, P and Le Bras, G, Histoire des collections canoniques en Occident depuis les fausses décrétales jusqu' au décret de Gratian (2 vols, Paris, 1931, 1932)Google Scholar.
2 Watkins, O. D., A history of penance (2 vols, London, 1920)Google Scholar ; on this work see H.Thurston,’ An anglican history of confession ‘,in The Month, no. 137 (1921), pp. 44–55.
3 The Celtic penitentials (Paris, 1923) and the more recent work mentioned on p. 154 above, notes 1–4.
4 Poschmann, B., Die abendländische Kirchenbusse im Ausgang des christlichen Altertums (Munich, 1928)Google Scholar ; Die abendländische Kirchenbusse im frühen Mittelalter (Breslau, 1930).
5 Schmitz, H. J., Die Bussbücher und die Bussdisciplin der Kirche (Mainz, 1883)Google Scholar ; Die Bussbücher und die kanonische Bussverfahren (Düsseldorf, 1898). Cf. Archiv für katholisches Kirchenrecht, li (1884). 25 ff.
6 See p. 154 above, n. 3.
1 Thompson, J. W, The middle ages (2 vols, New York, 1931)Google Scholar; see La Piana, G. in Speculum, vii (1932). 314–15.Google Scholar
2 Cf. Oakley, , ‘ The penitentials as sources of mediaeval history ‘, in Speculum, xv (1940). 210 ff.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
3 Oakley, , ‘ Celtic penance ‘, in I.E.R., lii (1938). 593 ff.Google Scholar
1 In addition to the works mentioned above, p. 154, notes 1–4, cf. Latourette, K. S., A history of the expansion of Christianity, vol. ii : The thousand years of uncertainty, A.D. 500-1500 (London, 1938), pp. 355 ff.Google Scholar
2 See H. Leclercq, article ‘ Pénitentiels', in Dictionnaire d'archéologie chrétienn et de liturgie, vol. xiv (1938), cols. 215–51 ; see especially col. 244 for a useful summary.
1 ’ Irish monks and the Cluniac reform ‘, in Studies, xxix (1940). 409-30.
2 Histoire de l'Europe des invasions au XVIe siècle (Paris and Brussels, 1936), trans. B. Miall, A history of Europe from the invasions to the sixteenth century (London, 1939).
1 ’ Scots on the continent', in Remains, ed. by A. P. Forbes (Oxford and London, 1876), pp. 258–94.
2 ‘ Læuvre des “ scotti “ dans l'Europe continentale ‘, in Rev. Hist. Ecc, ix (1908). 21–37, 255–77
3 ’ Les saints irlandais dans les traditions populaires des pays continentaux', in Rev. Celt., xxxix (1922). 199–226, 355–58.
4 Gaelic pioneers of Christianity : the work and influence of Irish monks and saints in continental Europe (vith-xiith cent.) (Dublin, 1932).
1 ’ Die Iren und die Frankische Kirche ‘, in Historiscke Zeitschrift, cix (1912). 1–22.
2 ’ Die Iren auf dem Kontinent im Mittelalter \ in Hochland, xiii (1915-16), pp. 605–14.
3 ’ Missionaires d'Irlande dans l'Europe mérovingienne ‘, in Revue générate, 1928, pp. 129–46.
4 It is explicitly stated in the ‘ General instructions’ given to the writers that the book was’ to supply the want of an authoritative work to which appeal can be made by those who may be called upon to explain or to defend the church's position as a national institution deep-rooted in the past history of Ireland.The book is thus intended as a measure of defence against hostile propaganda ‘Such a preconceived plan deprived the collaborators of all freedom of enquiry.
1 Tommasini, Fr Anselmo, O.F.M., , I santi irlandesi in Italia (Milan, 1932)Google Scholar ; transl. by J. F Scanlan, Irish saints in Italy (London, 1937).
2 Tommasini, op. cit., pp. 399–400.
1 Sources, i. 184–5.
2 Christianity, p. 158.
3 A. Pedemonte, ‘ S. Frediano ‘, in Bolletino storico Lucchese, ix (1937), no. 1 ; ’ L'antico catalogo dei vescovi di Lucca ‘, ibid., x (1938), n. 2 ; see also Guerra, A., Compendio di storia ecclesiastica Lucchese (Lucca, 1924), pp. 46 ff., 35 ff.Google Scholar
4 Histoire de l'Éiglise depuis les origines jusqu''à nos jours, vols i-vi (Paris, 1936-8).
5 See vol. v, Grégoire le Grand, les États barbares et la conqêite arabe, by Louis Bréhier and René Aigrain (Paris, 1938), pp. 590–757 ; also pp. 301 ff., 511 ff.; vol. vi, L'époque carolingienne, by Émile Amann (Paris, 1937), has interest for the Irish student from p. 71 ff.
1 Cf. 511 ff.
2 Kirsch, J. P, Kirchengeschichte (Freiburg, 1930).Google Scholar
3 Josef Greven, Die Geschichte der Kirche vom 8 bis 13 Jahrhundert.
4 Die Kirche in der antiken grieschisch-romischen Kulturwelt, pp. 612–765.