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The 1941 mission of Frank Aiken to the United States: an American perspective

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 July 2016

Joseph L. Rosenberg
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Extract

Éire was economically and militarily impotent, strategically significant, and the only European neutral behind allied lines in World War II. Although the Taoiseach, Eamon de Valera, refused to co-operate openly with his protectors in Britain and his friends in America or even to distinguish publicly between them and Nazi Germany, he wanted Anglo-American aid, and he wanted it without conditions. He wanted what the American minister at Dublin, David Gray, called a ‘free ride’

On St Patrick’s Day, 1941, de Valera announced that he would send a special agent to purchase American food and weapons and expressed the hope that Ireland’s friends would help the mission. Acknowledging that the war was causing shortages, he repeated earlier claims that the belligerents, blockading each other, were blockading Éire, a land determined to avoid involvement in any ‘imperial adventure’

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Articles
Information
Irish Historical Studies , Volume 22 , Issue 86 , September 1980 , pp. 162 - 177
Copyright
Copyright © Irish Historical Studies Publications Ltd 1980

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References

1 David Gray, memo, 27 Sept. 1941, in ’Report/Myron Taylor, 1941’ (Myron C. Taylor Papers, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library [hereafter FDRL] and David Gray Papers, Archive of Contemporary History, University of Wyoming [hereafter GP]); Gray to secretary of state, 11 Feb. 1942, 123 Gray, David/37 (General Records of the Department of State, Record Group 59, National Archives); Gray to Franklin D. Roosevelt, 4 Apr. 1941 (President’s Secretary’s File, FDRL); Gray to Erskine H. Childers, 10 July 1941 and Gray to Homer Whitman, 18 July 1941 (GP); Gray to secretary of state, 18 Mar and 8 Apr. 1944, in Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States, Diplomatic Papers, 1944, iii: The British Commonwealth and Europe (Washington, 1965), pp 242, 254. An anglophile and interventionist, Gray was very critical of Irish isolationism. This article is necessarily based on American, mainly Gray’s, papers. Access to recent Irish archival material remains extraordinarily limited.

2 Irish Independent, 18 Mar 1941, p. 5; The New York Times, 18 Mar. 1941, p. 3:5–6; The Irish World and American Industrial Liberator (New York), 71 (22 Mar. 1941), pp 1, 12 (hereafter IW); enc., Gray to secretary of state, 18 Mar. 1941, 841D.24/47 (RG 59).

3 Enc. 1, Gray to secretary of state, 13 Jan, 1941, 740.0011 European War 1939/8310 (RG 59); Gray to Seán T O’Kelly, n.d. [1958] (GP); DáilÉireann deb., lxxxiv, 1902–03.

4 Gray to Roosevelt, 4 Apr. 1941 (President’s Secretary’s File, FDRL).

5 Gray to Roosevelt, 6 June and 8 Sept. 1940 and 18 June 1940 diary entry (GP); Gray to secretary of state, 24 Feb. 1941, in Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States, Diplomatic Papers, 1941, iii: The British Commonwealth, the Near East and Africa (Washington, 1959), 218–19.

6 W P (40) 233 Annex II CAB 66/9 (Minutes and Memoranda of the British War Cabinet, 1939-1940 [microfilmed copy, FDRL]); Gray to Roosevelt, 28 June 1940 (30 June addition) (GP); Gray to secretary of state, 2 and 23 July 1940,740.0011 European War 1939/4360½, and 841D.00/1275 (RG 59).

7 Congressional Record, 76:3 (86:17) (12 Aug. 1940), A4927-A4929; IW, 71 (21 Sept. 1940), pp 1, 3.

8 Vinton Chapin, memo, 14 Sept. 1940 (Records of the Foreign Service Posts of the Department of State [Dublin], RG 84, Department of State).

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22 W 2227/273/68 (P.R.O., FO 371/29108).

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28 Sumner Welles, notation, 19 Mar 1941, to Robert B. Stewart, memo, 18 Mar. 1941, 841D.24/57 (RG 59).

29 W 4121/273/68 (P.R.O., FO 371/29108).

30 Gray to Sumner Welles, 7 Mar. 1941 and Welles to Ray Atherton, 20 Mar. 1941 and Welles to Gray, 27 Mar 1941, 841D.00/1306 (RG 59).

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32 Dean Acheson, memo, 2 Apr 1941, in Foreign Relations 1941, iii, 223–5; enc, Acheson to Gray, 14 Apr 1941, 841D.24/59 (RG 59).

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35 Ibid.

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39 M. A. Le Hand to Henry A. Wallace, 24 Apr. 1941 (Henry A. Wallace Papers, Ms. Division, Library of Congress [micro-filmed copy, The University fo Iowa]).

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46 Gray to secretary of state (and enclosures), 1 May 1941, 740.0011 European War 1939/11833 and Gray to secretary of state, 1 May 1941, 740.0011 European War/10546 (RG 59); Longford, /O’Neill, , Eamon De Valera, pp 381–2Google Scholar; Gray to Roosevelt, 7 May 1941 (President’s Secretary’s File, FDRL). De Valera’s denial that Aiken was anti-British is deleted from the printed telegram (Foreign Relations 1941, iii, 229–232).

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53 W 6472/273/68 (P.R.O., FO 371/29108).

54 Department of State to Irish Legation, memo, 24 May 1941, in Foreign Relations 1941, iii, 236–7

55 ‘Address delivered by Frank Aiken, Irish Minister for Coordination of Defense Measures, over a Columbia Broadcasting System Network, June 21,1941,9.15 to 9.30 P.M.’ (AFINP).

56 New York Daily News, 24 Apr. 1941, clipping (AFINP).

57 Clipping [Irish Press, 9 May 1941] (GP); Gray to secretary of state, 12 May 1941, 740.0011 European War 1939/10852 (RG 59).

58 Robert B. Stewart, memo, n.d. [17 Apr. 1941], 841D.24/60 (RG 59).

59 W 5071/273/68 (P.R.O., FO 371/29108).

60 Stephen T Early, memo, 20 May 1941 (Official File 218, FDRL).

61 Major C. V Allan, memo, 1 Apr. 1941, 841D.24/79 and Colonel Orlando Ward, memo, 2 Apr. 1941, 841D.002/21 (RG 59); Major General Robert C. Richardson, Jr. to Stephen Τ Early, 5 June 1941 (Official File 218, FDRL).

62 John G. Winant (London) to secretary of state, 11 Mar. 1941,740.0011 European War 1939/8944 and Robert B. Stewart, memo, 18 Mar. 1941, 841D.42/42 (RG 59).

63 E.g., John D. Norton to secretary of state, 12 May 1941,84 ID. 24/55 (RG 59); G A, 38 (12 Apr. 1941), p. 6 and (10 May 1941), p. 5; The Irish Weekly and Ulster Examiner (Belfast), 63 (17 May 1941), p. 1; New York World-Telegram, 1 Apr 1941, clipping (AFINP).

64 Maurice N. Cotter to Roosevelt, 9 June 1941, enc. in Cotter to Marguerite Le Hand, 9 June 1941 (Official File 218, FDRL); Cotter to Senator James E. Murray, 30 June 1941, enc. in Murray to secretary of state, 2 July 1941, 841D.24/69 (RG 59).

65 Enc, Representative Aime J. Forand to Major General Edwin M. Watson, 21 Apr. 1941 and enc, Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr. to secretary of state, 1 Apr. 1941, 841D.24/51 and /36 (RG 59); Congressional Record, 77:1 (87:3)(25 Apr. 1941), 3295; IW, 71 (12 Apr 1941), p. 1 and (26 Apr. 1941), p. 12 and (10 May 1941), p. 12 and (7 June 1941), p. 12.

66 Montana Standard (Butte) (ed.), ‘The Democracy that Cost Centuries of Struggle!’, 2 May 1941, clipping (AFINP); Senator James E. Murray to ‘Dear Friend’ (form letter), 23 May 1941 (James E. Murray Papers, Ms. Division, University of Montana).

67 IW, 71 (29 Mar. 1941), p. 1; GA, 38 (29 Mar 1941), p. 8 and (12 Apr 1941), p. 6; Congressional Record, 77:1 (87:3) (19 Mar. 1941), 2353.

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69 Representative William B. Barry to Roosevelt, 22 May 1941, 841 D.24/64 (RG 59); The New York Times, 24 May 1941, p. 6:5; GA, 38 (31 May 1941), p. 8 and (14 June 1941), p. 7

70 E.g., Congressional Record, 77:1 (87:3) (19 Mar 1941), 2350–51 and (25 Mar. 1941), 2570–71 and (87:11) (25 Apr 1941), A1911-A1912.

71 House Resolutions 150 and 154 and House Joint Resolutions 144,185, and 246(77 Congress, 1 Session).

72 IW, 71 (10 May 1941), p. 12 and (24 May 1941), pp 1,12; The Tablet(Brooklyn), 33 (19 Apr. 1941), p. 14.

73 W 6889/273/68 (P.R.O., FO 371/29108); cf. IW, 71 (17 May 1941), p. 1.

74 Roger Faherty to Joseph C. Walsh, 13 May 1941 (Roger Faherty Papers, Chicago Historical Society).

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76 Address delivered by Michael G. McGlynn, National Organizer for the American Friends of Irish Neutrality, Murray Hill Hotel, at a meeting of organisation at Flushing, Queens, New York City, May 13, 1941’ (AFINP).

77 The Bayonne Times (New Jersey), 21 June 1941, p. 2, clipping (AFINP).

78 Eleanor Roosevelt, ‘My Day’, New York World-Telegram, 15 May 1941, p. 25.

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82 Joseph Scott to William M. Agar, 21 May 1941, enc. in Scott to Joseph C. Walsh, 28 May 1941 (Jose C. Walsh Papers, Ms. Division, New York Public Library).

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84 IW, 71 (29 Mar 1941) (ed.), ‘Second Thoughts are Best’, p. 4 and (3 May 1941) (ed.), ‘Out of the Depths’, p. 4 and (14 June 1941) (ed.), ‘What it Comes to’, p. 4 and (5 July 1941) (ed.), ‘Mr. Aiken’s Visit’, p. 4 and (30 Aug. 1941) (ed.), ‘Aiken and Aitken’, p. 4 and 72(27 Sept. 1941) (ed.), ’All Out of Step But Our Johnny’, p. 1 and (14 Feb. 1942) (ed.), ’Is Britain Facing the Facts?’, p. 4.

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89 Sumner Welles, memo, 29 Apr. 1941, 740.0011 European War 1939/10391a (RG 59) and in Foreign Relations 1941, iii, 228–9. Again, the ellipses (at 228) conceal the American belief that Aiken was anti-British.

90 W 5071/273/68 (P.R.O., FO 371/29108).

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98 Military Intelligence Division, War Department General Staff, Report No. 55953 (London), 16 Apr 1943 (Records of the War Department General and Special Staffs [G-2 Regional File: 1933-44, Ireland], RG 165, Washington National Records Center); enc, Helen Kirkpatrick to John G. Winant, 25 Aug. 1941 and Gray to General Lucius D. Clay, 23 May 1947 (GP); Office of Strategic Services, Report (11 Mar. 1943), A-2630, 30131 (Records of the Office of Strategic Services, RG 226, National Archives); British Empire Section, [Coordinator of Information], ’Ireland’ (prepared by Kermit Roosevelt, Jr. and Conyers Read) (5 Nov 1941), p. 5, R & A Report No. 10 (RG 59); Smyllie, R. M., ‘Unneutral Neutral Eire’, in Foreign Affairs, 24 (Jan. 1946), p. 322.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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108 Gray to secretary of state, 27 Mar 1941, 841D.50/31 (RG 59).

109 Gray to Roosevelt, 7 May 1941 (President’s Secretary’s File, FDRL); Gray to secretary of state (and enc. 1), 1 May 1941, 740.0011 European War 1939/11833 (RG 59); Gray to Sean T O’Kelly, 8 May 1941 and Gray to John Cudahy, 19 Sept. 1941 (GP); Gray, memo, 27 Sept. 1941, in ’Report/Myron Taylor, 1941 ’ (Myron C. Taylor Papers, FDRL and GP).

110 Gray to Roosevelt, 11 and 28 July 1941 (President’s Secretary’s File, FDRL); Gray to Herschel V Johnson, 25 July 1941 and Gray to Roosevelt, 12 Sept. 1941 (GP); Gray to John D. Hickerson, n.d. [Apr. 1944], 123 Gray, David/113 (RG 59).

111 Gray to Sumner Welles, 10 Sept, 1941 and Aaron S. Brown to Frederick B. Lyon, 19 Mar 1943, 841D.00/1317 and /1407 (RG 59); Gray to Roosevelt, 12 Sept. 1941 (GP).

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115 Gray to Sumner Welles, 10 Sept. 1941, 841D.00/1317 (RG 59).

116 E.g., John G. Winant (London) to secretary of state, 30 Jan. 1942, in Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States, Diplomatic Papers, 1942, i: General, the British Commonwealth, the Far East (Washington, 1960), 754-5; Gray to Roosevelt, 17 Dec. 1941 (President’s Secretary’s File, FDRL); Gray to Roosevelt and Gray to Winant, both 27 Jan. 1942 (GP); Gray, memo, 27 Sept. 1941, in ’Report/Myron Taylor, 194Γ (Myron C. Taylor Papers, FDRL and GP).

117 Gray to Sean T O’Kelly, 8 May 1941 (GP).

118 24 Apr. 1941 diary entry, in [Lindbergh], Wartime Journals, p. 477

ll9 GA, 38 (24 May 1941) (ed), ‘Ireland’s Peril’, p. 4.

120 Gray to Roosevelt, 28 July 1941 (President’s Secretary’s File, FDRL); Gray to Erskine H. Childers, 10 July 1941 and memo, 4 Mar. 1942 (GP); Gray to secretary of state, 21 July 1941, in Foreign Relations 1941, iii, 243–5; Gray, memo, 27 Sept. 1941, in ’Report/Myron Taylor, 194Γ (Myron C. Taylor Papers, FDRL and GP); Gray to Sumner Welles, 10 Sept. 1941, 841D.00/1317 and Gray to secretary of state, 11 Feb. 1942, 123 Gray, David/37 (RG 59); Gray to Robert B. Stewart, 11 Sept. 1941, 841D.00/1318 (RG 59 and GP).

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