Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-p9bg8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T07:06:25.044Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The 1941 mission of Frank Aiken to the United States: an American perspective

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 July 2016

Joseph L. Rosenberg
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Éire was economically and militarily impotent, strategically significant, and the only European neutral behind allied lines in World War II. Although the Taoiseach, Eamon de Valera, refused to co-operate openly with his protectors in Britain and his friends in America or even to distinguish publicly between them and Nazi Germany, he wanted Anglo-American aid, and he wanted it without conditions. He wanted what the American minister at Dublin, David Gray, called a ‘free ride’

On St Patrick’s Day, 1941, de Valera announced that he would send a special agent to purchase American food and weapons and expressed the hope that Ireland’s friends would help the mission. Acknowledging that the war was causing shortages, he repeated earlier claims that the belligerents, blockading each other, were blockading Éire, a land determined to avoid involvement in any ‘imperial adventure’

Type
Articles
Information
Irish Historical Studies , Volume 22 , Issue 86 , September 1980 , pp. 162 - 177
Copyright
Copyright © Irish Historical Studies Publications Ltd 1980

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 David Gray, memo, 27 Sept. 1941, in ’Report/Myron Taylor, 1941’ (Myron C. Taylor Papers, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library [hereafter FDRL] and David Gray Papers, Archive of Contemporary History, University of Wyoming [hereafter GP]); Gray to secretary of state, 11 Feb. 1942, 123 Gray, David/37 (General Records of the Department of State, Record Group 59, National Archives); Gray to Franklin D. Roosevelt, 4 Apr. 1941 (President’s Secretary’s File, FDRL); Gray to Erskine H. Childers, 10 July 1941 and Gray to Homer Whitman, 18 July 1941 (GP); Gray to secretary of state, 18 Mar and 8 Apr. 1944, in Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States, Diplomatic Papers, 1944, iii: The British Commonwealth and Europe (Washington, 1965), pp 242, 254. An anglophile and interventionist, Gray was very critical of Irish isolationism. This article is necessarily based on American, mainly Gray’s, papers. Access to recent Irish archival material remains extraordinarily limited.

2 Irish Independent, 18 Mar 1941, p. 5; The New York Times, 18 Mar. 1941, p. 3:5–6; The Irish World and American Industrial Liberator (New York), 71 (22 Mar. 1941), pp 1, 12 (hereafter IW); enc., Gray to secretary of state, 18 Mar. 1941, 841D.24/47 (RG 59).

3 Enc. 1, Gray to secretary of state, 13 Jan, 1941, 740.0011 European War 1939/8310 (RG 59); Gray to Seán T O’Kelly, n.d. [1958] (GP); DáilÉireann deb., lxxxiv, 1902–03.

4 Gray to Roosevelt, 4 Apr. 1941 (President’s Secretary’s File, FDRL).

5 Gray to Roosevelt, 6 June and 8 Sept. 1940 and 18 June 1940 diary entry (GP); Gray to secretary of state, 24 Feb. 1941, in Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States, Diplomatic Papers, 1941, iii: The British Commonwealth, the Near East and Africa (Washington, 1959), 218–19.

6 W P (40) 233 Annex II CAB 66/9 (Minutes and Memoranda of the British War Cabinet, 1939-1940 [microfilmed copy, FDRL]); Gray to Roosevelt, 28 June 1940 (30 June addition) (GP); Gray to secretary of state, 2 and 23 July 1940,740.0011 European War 1939/4360½, and 841D.00/1275 (RG 59).

7 Congressional Record, 76:3 (86:17) (12 Aug. 1940), A4927-A4929; IW, 71 (21 Sept. 1940), pp 1, 3.

8 Vinton Chapin, memo, 14 Sept. 1940 (Records of the Foreign Service Posts of the Department of State [Dublin], RG 84, Department of State).

9 The Earl of Longford and O’Neill, T P., Éamon De Valera (Boston, 1971), p. 374.Google Scholar

10 Briscoe, Robert, For the Life of Me (Boston, 1958), pp 208–09.Google Scholar

11 [Horgan, J. J.] ‘Ireland Re-Emerges’, in The Round Table, 33 (Sept. 1945), p. 308.Google Scholar

12 Gray to Roosevelt, 31 Dec. 1940 (President’s Secretary’s File, FDRL); Gray to Sumner Welles, 7 Mar. 1941, 841D.00/1306 (RG 59).

13 Gray to Sir John Maffey, 24 June 1940 (not sent) and Gray to Roosevelt, 28 June 1940 (30 June addition) (GP).

14 Major Timothy A. Mclnerney to Gray, 21 Jan. 1943 (GP).

15 W 2227/273/68 (FO 371/29108) (Foreign Office Papers, Public Record Office, London [hereafter P.R.O.]).

16 Gray, memo, 26 Feb. 1941, enc. in Gray to Eamon de Valera, n.d. (GP); Gray to secretary of state, 24 Feb. 1941, in Foreign Relations 1941, iii, 218–19.

17 Frank MacDermott to Gray, 25 Mar 1941 (GP); Gray to secretary of state, 27 Mar 1941, 841D.50/31 (RG 59): Sunday Times (London), 20 Apr and 18 May 1941, pp 6 and 6.

18 Gray to Sumner Welles, 7 Mar 1941, 841D.00/1306 (RG 59).

19 John Cudahy to secretary of state, 6 Dec. 1938, 841D.20/14 (RG 59).

20 Gray to secretary of state, 7 Mar 1941,841D.24/32 and Robert B. Stewart, memo, 18 Mar 1941, 841 D.42/42 (RG 59). The words quoted were deleted from the telegram as published in Foreign Relations 1941, iii, 221–22.

21 Gray to Thomas W Lamont and Gray to Clarence W Dillon, both 6 Mar 1941 and Frank Aiken to Gray, 4 Mar. 1941 (GP).

22 W 2227/273/68 (P.R.O., FO 371/29108).

23 Eduard Hempel to Foreign Ministry, 2 Apr. 1941, in Friedländer, Saul, Prelude to Downfall: Hitler and the United States, 1939–1941 (New York, 1967), p. 215.Google Scholar

24 William A. Smale to Gray. 18 Mar. 1941 and Gray to Smale, 20 Mar. 1941 (RG 84[Cork]).

25 ‘An Address In Reply to the Toast: “The President of the United States” By Secretary of the Navy, Frank Knox, to the Hibernian society of Baltimore, Maryland’[17 Mar 1941] (Frank Knox Papers, Ms. Division, Library of Congress); clippings (American Friends of Irish Neutrality Papers, Ms. Division, St. John’s University [hereafter AFINP]); The Irish Weekly and Ulster Examiner (Belfast), 63 (22 Mar. 1941), p. 1.

26 Secretary of state to Gray, 28 Feb. 1941, in Foreign Relations 1941, iii, 220; Complete Presidential Press Conferences of Franklin D. Roosevelt (New York, 1972; 25 vols, in 12), 17:203–4, 195 (18 and 14 Mar 1941); Irish Independent, 15 Mar. 1941, p. 5; Seanad Éireann deb., xxv, 816-18; Gray to secretary of state, 16 Mar. 1941 and secretary of state to Gray, 19 Mar 1941, 841D.24/35 (RG 59); Brennan, Robert, ‘My War-time Mission in Washington’ (9), The Irish Press, 7 May 1958, p. 8.Google Scholar

27 John G. Winant (London) to secretary of state, 6 Apr 1941, 740.0011 European War 1939/9664 (RG 59); W 2227/273/68 (P.R.O., FO 371/29108).

28 Sumner Welles, notation, 19 Mar 1941, to Robert B. Stewart, memo, 18 Mar. 1941, 841D.24/57 (RG 59).

29 W 4121/273/68 (P.R.O., FO 371/29108).

30 Gray to Sumner Welles, 7 Mar. 1941 and Welles to Ray Atherton, 20 Mar. 1941 and Welles to Gray, 27 Mar 1941, 841D.00/1306 (RG 59).

31 The Irish Minister to acting secretary of state (and enc), 21 Mar. 1941, 84 ID.24/43 (RG 59); Sumner Welles, memo, 20 Mar 1941, in Foreign Relations 1941, iii, 223.

32 Dean Acheson, memo, 2 Apr 1941, in Foreign Relations 1941, iii, 223–5; enc, Acheson to Gray, 14 Apr 1941, 841D.24/59 (RG 59).

33 Langer, W L. and Gleason, S. E., The Undeclared War, 1940–1941 (New York, 1953), p. 219.Google Scholar

34 W 4121/273/68 (P.R.O., FO 371/29108).

35 Ibid.

36 The Gaelic American (New York), 38 (12 Apr. 1941), p. 1 (hereafter GA).

37 24 May 1941 diary entry, in The Wartime Journals of Charles A. Lindbergh (New York, 1970), p. 495; Mclnerney, Michael, ‘Gerry Boland’s Story’ (11), The Irish Times, 19 Oct. 1968, p. 12 Google Scholar; the Earl of Longford and O’Neill, T P, Eamon De Valera, p. 381 Google Scholar;, Brennan, , ‘War-time Mission’ (9), The Irish Press, 7 May 1958, p. 8 Google Scholar (instalment was entitled ’Roosevelt got angry when Mr. Aiken stood firm’).

38 Eamon de Valera to Roosevelt, 4 Mar. 1941, in Foreign Relations 1941, iii, 221, enc, Sumner Welles to Roosevelt, 15 Apr 1941, 841D.24/46 (RG 59); Roosevelt to de Valera, 15 Apr 1941 (Official File 218, FDRL).

39 M. A. Le Hand to Henry A. Wallace, 24 Apr. 1941 (Henry A. Wallace Papers, Ms. Division, Library of Congress [micro-filmed copy, The University fo Iowa]).

40 Quoted in Chamberlain, W H., America’s Second Crusade (Chicago, 1950), p. 184.Google Scholar

41 Brennan, , ‘War-time Mission’ (10), The Irish Press, 8 May 1958, p. 8 Google Scholar; The Memoirs of Cordell Hull (New York, 1948), ii, 1352; Cordell Hull, memo, 11 Ap. 1941, 841D.24/45 (RG 59 and Cordell Papers, Ms. Division, Library of Congress).

42 Gray to secretary of state, 8 Apr 1941, in Foreign Relations 1941, iii, 225; Gray to Roosevelt, 4 Apr. 1941 (President’s Secretary’s File, FDRL); [Hull, ], Memoirs, 2, 1352.Google Scholar

43 Gray to secretary of state, 22 and 27 Mar. 1941, 841D.24/62 and 841D. 50/31 (RG 59).

44 Secretary of state to Gray, 9 Apr. 1941 (not sent) and Summer Welles, memo, 10 Apr. 1941, 841D.24/40 (RG 59); secretary of state to Gray, 10 Apr. 1941, in Foreign Relations 1941, iii, 226; Hull, , Memoirs, 2, 1352.Google Scholar

45 Hull, , Memoirs, 2, 1353–1354 Google Scholar; secretary of state to Gray, 25 Apr. 1941, 740,0011 European War 1939/1039 la (RG 59). Secretan/ Hull crossed out the phrase ’and not to General Aiken’ from the instruction; the reference to Aiken’s hate is deleted from the telegram as published in Foreign Relations 1941, iii, 226–7

46 Gray to secretary of state (and enclosures), 1 May 1941, 740.0011 European War 1939/11833 and Gray to secretary of state, 1 May 1941, 740.0011 European War/10546 (RG 59); Longford, /O’Neill, , Eamon De Valera, pp 381–2Google Scholar; Gray to Roosevelt, 7 May 1941 (President’s Secretary’s File, FDRL). De Valera’s denial that Aiken was anti-British is deleted from the printed telegram (Foreign Relations 1941, iii, 229–232).

47 Ernst Woermann, memo, 29 May 1941, in Friedländer, , Prelude to Downfall, p. 215.Google Scholar

48 Irish Legation to Department of State, memo, 15 May 1941, in Foreign Relations 1941, iii, 233.

49 Longford, /O’Neill, , Eamon De Valera, p. 382.Google Scholar

50 Gray to Roosevelt, 28 May 1941 (President’s Secretary’s File, FDRL).

51 Gray to secretary of state, 17 May 1941, in Foreign Relations 1941, iii, 234.

52 Brennan, , ‘War-time Mission’ (11), The Irish Press, 9 May 1958, p. 6 Google Scholar; Complete Presidential Press Conferences, 17:331–2, 334, 335 (20 May 1941); The New York Times, 21 May 1941, p. 7:1–2; New York Daily News, 21 May 1941, p. 8, clipping (AFINP); The Times (London), 21 May 1941, p. 4d; unidentified memo, 20 May 1941 (President’s Secretary’s File, FDRL).

53 W 6472/273/68 (P.R.O., FO 371/29108).

54 Department of State to Irish Legation, memo, 24 May 1941, in Foreign Relations 1941, iii, 236–7

55 ‘Address delivered by Frank Aiken, Irish Minister for Coordination of Defense Measures, over a Columbia Broadcasting System Network, June 21,1941,9.15 to 9.30 P.M.’ (AFINP).

56 New York Daily News, 24 Apr. 1941, clipping (AFINP).

57 Clipping [Irish Press, 9 May 1941] (GP); Gray to secretary of state, 12 May 1941, 740.0011 European War 1939/10852 (RG 59).

58 Robert B. Stewart, memo, n.d. [17 Apr. 1941], 841D.24/60 (RG 59).

59 W 5071/273/68 (P.R.O., FO 371/29108).

60 Stephen T Early, memo, 20 May 1941 (Official File 218, FDRL).

61 Major C. V Allan, memo, 1 Apr. 1941, 841D.24/79 and Colonel Orlando Ward, memo, 2 Apr. 1941, 841D.002/21 (RG 59); Major General Robert C. Richardson, Jr. to Stephen Τ Early, 5 June 1941 (Official File 218, FDRL).

62 John G. Winant (London) to secretary of state, 11 Mar. 1941,740.0011 European War 1939/8944 and Robert B. Stewart, memo, 18 Mar. 1941, 841D.42/42 (RG 59).

63 E.g., John D. Norton to secretary of state, 12 May 1941,84 ID. 24/55 (RG 59); G A, 38 (12 Apr. 1941), p. 6 and (10 May 1941), p. 5; The Irish Weekly and Ulster Examiner (Belfast), 63 (17 May 1941), p. 1; New York World-Telegram, 1 Apr 1941, clipping (AFINP).

64 Maurice N. Cotter to Roosevelt, 9 June 1941, enc. in Cotter to Marguerite Le Hand, 9 June 1941 (Official File 218, FDRL); Cotter to Senator James E. Murray, 30 June 1941, enc. in Murray to secretary of state, 2 July 1941, 841D.24/69 (RG 59).

65 Enc, Representative Aime J. Forand to Major General Edwin M. Watson, 21 Apr. 1941 and enc, Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr. to secretary of state, 1 Apr. 1941, 841D.24/51 and /36 (RG 59); Congressional Record, 77:1 (87:3)(25 Apr. 1941), 3295; IW, 71 (12 Apr 1941), p. 1 and (26 Apr. 1941), p. 12 and (10 May 1941), p. 12 and (7 June 1941), p. 12.

66 Montana Standard (Butte) (ed.), ‘The Democracy that Cost Centuries of Struggle!’, 2 May 1941, clipping (AFINP); Senator James E. Murray to ‘Dear Friend’ (form letter), 23 May 1941 (James E. Murray Papers, Ms. Division, University of Montana).

67 IW, 71 (29 Mar. 1941), p. 1; GA, 38 (29 Mar 1941), p. 8 and (12 Apr 1941), p. 6; Congressional Record, 77:1 (87:3) (19 Mar. 1941), 2353.

68 ‘Irish Demand Donovan’s Removal’, 24 Nov. 1941 press release (AFINP); 1W, 72 (29 Nov. 1941), p. 1.

69 Representative William B. Barry to Roosevelt, 22 May 1941, 841 D.24/64 (RG 59); The New York Times, 24 May 1941, p. 6:5; GA, 38 (31 May 1941), p. 8 and (14 June 1941), p. 7

70 E.g., Congressional Record, 77:1 (87:3) (19 Mar 1941), 2350–51 and (25 Mar. 1941), 2570–71 and (87:11) (25 Apr 1941), A1911-A1912.

71 House Resolutions 150 and 154 and House Joint Resolutions 144,185, and 246(77 Congress, 1 Session).

72 IW, 71 (10 May 1941), p. 12 and (24 May 1941), pp 1,12; The Tablet(Brooklyn), 33 (19 Apr. 1941), p. 14.

73 W 6889/273/68 (P.R.O., FO 371/29108); cf. IW, 71 (17 May 1941), p. 1.

74 Roger Faherty to Joseph C. Walsh, 13 May 1941 (Roger Faherty Papers, Chicago Historical Society).

75 IW, 71 (17 May 1941), p. 1, GA, 38 (17 May 1941), pp 1, 3.

76 Address delivered by Michael G. McGlynn, National Organizer for the American Friends of Irish Neutrality, Murray Hill Hotel, at a meeting of organisation at Flushing, Queens, New York City, May 13, 1941’ (AFINP).

77 The Bayonne Times (New Jersey), 21 June 1941, p. 2, clipping (AFINP).

78 Eleanor Roosevelt, ‘My Day’, New York World-Telegram, 15 May 1941, p. 25.

79 17 May 1941 press release (AFINP); IW, 71 (24 May 1941), p. 1.

80 The Tablet (Brooklyn), 33 (6 Sept. 1941), p. 20; clippings (AFINP).

81 GA, 38 (4 Oct. 1941), pp 1,2.

82 Joseph Scott to William M. Agar, 21 May 1941, enc. in Scott to Joseph C. Walsh, 28 May 1941 (Jose C. Walsh Papers, Ms. Division, New York Public Library).

83 IW, 71 (10 May 1941), p. 12.

84 IW, 71 (29 Mar 1941) (ed.), ‘Second Thoughts are Best’, p. 4 and (3 May 1941) (ed.), ‘Out of the Depths’, p. 4 and (14 June 1941) (ed.), ‘What it Comes to’, p. 4 and (5 July 1941) (ed.), ‘Mr. Aiken’s Visit’, p. 4 and (30 Aug. 1941) (ed.), ‘Aiken and Aitken’, p. 4 and 72(27 Sept. 1941) (ed.), ’All Out of Step But Our Johnny’, p. 1 and (14 Feb. 1942) (ed.), ’Is Britain Facing the Facts?’, p. 4.

85 M. T Gunn [sic], ‘1941 Irish Lament’ (AFINP); Neutrality News, 1 (9 July 1941 ), p. 3 (AFINP and Senator Joseph O’Mahoney Papers, Archive of Contemporary History, University of Wyoming).

86 Representative Sol Bloom to secretary of state, 18 Apr. 1941 (three letters) and secretary of state to Bloom, 18 Apr 1941 (three letters and — tougher — drafts), 841D.24/48 (RG 59).

87 Cordell Hull, memo, 19 Apr. 1941, 741.41D/121 (RG 59).

88 W 4121/273/68 (P.R.O., FO 371/29108); Sumner Welles, memo, 26 Apr 1941, in Foreign Relations 1941, iii, 227–8.

89 Sumner Welles, memo, 29 Apr. 1941, 740.0011 European War 1939/10391a (RG 59) and in Foreign Relations 1941, iii, 228–9. Again, the ellipses (at 228) conceal the American belief that Aiken was anti-British.

90 W 5071/273/68 (P.R.O., FO 371/29108).

91 James, Robert Rhodes (ed.), Winston S. Churchill: His Complete Speeches, 1897–1963 (New York, 1974; 8 vols.), vi, 6376, 6383 (9 and 27 Apr. 1941)Google Scholar.

92 Joseph C. Walsh to Roger Faherty, 17 May 1941 and Faherty to Walsh, 21 May 1941 (Roger Faherty Papers, Chicago Historical Society).

93 24 May 1941 diary entry, in [Lindbergh], Wartime Journals, p. 495.

94 The New York Times, 25 June 1941, p. 7:4–5.

95 Memo for Major General Edwin Watson, M., n.d. (Official File 218, FDRL); Complete Presidential Press Conferences, 17:414 (27 June 1941)Google Scholar; The New York Times, 26 June 1941, p. 7:4; Irish Independent, 30 June 1941, p. 3; Irish Press, 30 June 1941, p. 3.

96 ‘Address delivered by Frank Aiken, Irish Minister for Coordination of Defense Measures, over a Columbia Broadcasting System network, June 21, 1941, 9.15 to 9.30 P.M.’ (AFINP); IW, 71 (28 June 1941), p. 12; Irish Press, 28 June 1941, p. 1, Gray to secretary of state, 1 July 1941, 841D.24/68 (RG 59).

97 Gray to Roosevelt, 26 June 1941 (27 June addition), 740.0011 European War 1939/13197½ (RG 59 and President’s Secretary’s File, FDRL).

98 Military Intelligence Division, War Department General Staff, Report No. 55953 (London), 16 Apr 1943 (Records of the War Department General and Special Staffs [G-2 Regional File: 1933-44, Ireland], RG 165, Washington National Records Center); enc, Helen Kirkpatrick to John G. Winant, 25 Aug. 1941 and Gray to General Lucius D. Clay, 23 May 1947 (GP); Office of Strategic Services, Report (11 Mar. 1943), A-2630, 30131 (Records of the Office of Strategic Services, RG 226, National Archives); British Empire Section, [Coordinator of Information], ’Ireland’ (prepared by Kermit Roosevelt, Jr. and Conyers Read) (5 Nov 1941), p. 5, R & A Report No. 10 (RG 59); Smyllie, R. M., ‘Unneutral Neutral Eire’, in Foreign Affairs, 24 (Jan. 1946), p. 322.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

99 Kirkpatrick, Helen, in New York Post, 27 Aug. 1941, p. 11 Google Scholar, Kirkpatrick to Frank Gallagher, 15 Sept. 1941, enc. in Kirkpatrick to Gray, 16 Sept. 1941 (GP).

100 Gray to secretary of state, 21 July 1941, in Foreign Relations 1941, iii, 243-4; Longford, /O’Neill, , Eamon De Valera, p. 385 Google Scholar.

101 Dáil Eireann deb., lxxxiv, 1240-43; Irish Independent, 14 July 1941, p. 3.

102 Gray to secretary of state, 7 Aug. 1942, 841D.711/5 (RG 59).

l03 Dáil Éireann deb., lxxxiv, 1081.

104 Irish Legation to Department of State, 15 May 1941, in Foreign Relations 1941, iii, 233; Longford, O’Neill, Eamon De Valera, pp 380–1Google Scholar, Dwyer, T R., ’The United States and Irish Neutrality, 1939–1945’ (unpub. ds., North Texas State University, 1973), pp 103–04.Google Scholar

105 Brennan, , ‘War-time Mission’ (10), The Irish Press, 8 May 1958, p. 8.Google Scholar

106 Gray to secretary of state, 26 June 1942, 701.41 Dl 1/179 (RG 59).

107 Joseph Scott to Joseph C. Walsh, 28 May 1941 (Joseph C. Walsh Papers, Ms. Division, New York Public Library); IW, 71 (17 May 1941), p. 1, G A, 38 (5 July 1941), PP 1,7

108 Gray to secretary of state, 27 Mar 1941, 841D.50/31 (RG 59).

109 Gray to Roosevelt, 7 May 1941 (President’s Secretary’s File, FDRL); Gray to secretary of state (and enc. 1), 1 May 1941, 740.0011 European War 1939/11833 (RG 59); Gray to Sean T O’Kelly, 8 May 1941 and Gray to John Cudahy, 19 Sept. 1941 (GP); Gray, memo, 27 Sept. 1941, in ’Report/Myron Taylor, 1941 ’ (Myron C. Taylor Papers, FDRL and GP).

110 Gray to Roosevelt, 11 and 28 July 1941 (President’s Secretary’s File, FDRL); Gray to Herschel V Johnson, 25 July 1941 and Gray to Roosevelt, 12 Sept. 1941 (GP); Gray to John D. Hickerson, n.d. [Apr. 1944], 123 Gray, David/113 (RG 59).

111 Gray to Sumner Welles, 10 Sept, 1941 and Aaron S. Brown to Frederick B. Lyon, 19 Mar 1943, 841D.00/1317 and /1407 (RG 59); Gray to Roosevelt, 12 Sept. 1941 (GP).

112 Hans Thomsen to Foreign Ministry, 28 June 1941, in Friedländer, , Prelude to Downfall, p. 215.Google Scholar

113 Gray to secretary of state, 18 July 1941, 841D.01/187 (RG 59).

114 British Empire Section, [Coordinator of Information], ’Ireland’ (prepared by Kermit Roosevelt, Jr. and Conyers Read) (5 Nov. 1941), p. 5, R & A Report No. 10 (RG 59).

115 Gray to Sumner Welles, 10 Sept. 1941, 841D.00/1317 (RG 59).

116 E.g., John G. Winant (London) to secretary of state, 30 Jan. 1942, in Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States, Diplomatic Papers, 1942, i: General, the British Commonwealth, the Far East (Washington, 1960), 754-5; Gray to Roosevelt, 17 Dec. 1941 (President’s Secretary’s File, FDRL); Gray to Roosevelt and Gray to Winant, both 27 Jan. 1942 (GP); Gray, memo, 27 Sept. 1941, in ’Report/Myron Taylor, 194Γ (Myron C. Taylor Papers, FDRL and GP).

117 Gray to Sean T O’Kelly, 8 May 1941 (GP).

118 24 Apr. 1941 diary entry, in [Lindbergh], Wartime Journals, p. 477

ll9 GA, 38 (24 May 1941) (ed), ‘Ireland’s Peril’, p. 4.

120 Gray to Roosevelt, 28 July 1941 (President’s Secretary’s File, FDRL); Gray to Erskine H. Childers, 10 July 1941 and memo, 4 Mar. 1942 (GP); Gray to secretary of state, 21 July 1941, in Foreign Relations 1941, iii, 243–5; Gray, memo, 27 Sept. 1941, in ’Report/Myron Taylor, 194Γ (Myron C. Taylor Papers, FDRL and GP); Gray to Sumner Welles, 10 Sept. 1941, 841D.00/1317 and Gray to secretary of state, 11 Feb. 1942, 123 Gray, David/37 (RG 59); Gray to Robert B. Stewart, 11 Sept. 1941, 841D.00/1318 (RG 59 and GP).

121 Callières, Monsieur de, On the Manner of Negotiating with Princes (Notre Dame, 1963 [1716]), pp 58–9. Google Scholar

122 Robert Β. Stewart to Laurence Lafore, 28 May 1976, enc. in Lafore to author, 1 June 1976.

123 Interview with Dr. John V Connorton (New York), 27 June, 1973.

124 Gray to Robert B. Stewart, 11 Jan. 1942 (GP).

125 Dean Acheson, memo, 2 Apr. 1941, in Foreign Relations 1941, iii, 224; General Aiken, Frank, ‘Ireland Will Fight’, in The American Magazine, 132 (Aug. 1941), 101.Google Scholar