Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-gb8f7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T04:18:48.738Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Some Aspects of Incised Drawing and Mosaic in the Early Dynastic Period

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 August 2014

Extract

One of the most distinctive, if comparatively minor, characteristics of craftsmanship in the Early Dynastic period in central and southern Mesopotamia was the prevalence of incised drawing on stone, shell and baked clay. Since much of the work was small scale and often on very friable objects their survival is the more remarkable and clearly reflects a significant aspect of craftsmanship in the Sumerian period which did not survive the establishment of the dynasty of Akkad. In the following pages I have united a number of examples of incised drawing, some previously unpublished, in an attempt to explore further than is usual in the standard works on the history of art in Mesopotamia the scope and significance of this technique during one of the most important periods in the cultural development of the area. I have also included some preliminary observations on the role of incised drawings in the preparation of designs for execution in other media.

Type
Research Article
Information
IRAQ , Volume 29 , Issue 2 , Autumn 1967 , pp. 97 - 116
Copyright
Copyright © The British Institute for the Study of Iraq 1967

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 I am most grateful to R. W. Hamilton, Keeper of the Ashmolean Museum, for permission to publish these objects, to Professor M. E. L. Mallowan for reading a draft of this paper and to Mrs. P. Pogson, who did the drawings.

2 Iraq 1 (1934) pl. XVIb, p. 123 (K.2399—Ashmolean Museum: 1933.1331)Google ScholarPubMed.

3 Asshur and the Land of Nimrod, 1897, pp. 409 ffGoogle Scholar.

4 Particularly its association with Nergal, E. Dhorme, Les Religions …, 1949, pp. 39 ff, 52Google Scholar.

5 Adams, R. M., Sumer, 14 (1958) p. 101Google Scholar; Mr. McGuire Gibson kindly confirmed for me that there was surface evidence for a late Prehistoric settlement.

6 This stone is very much harder and closer grained than the gypsum and limestone normally used for these plaques.

7 Greatest existing dimensions are: · 130 m. wide, · 185 m. high.

8 Frankfort, H., Cylinder Seals, 1939, pp. 5 ffGoogle Scholar; The Art and Architecture of the Ancient Near East, 1954, pp. 1516Google Scholar, comment on pl. 8b.

9 Deshayes, J., Les Outils de Bronze …, 1961, I, pp. 39 ffGoogle Scholar. It is perhaps worth emphasizing that stone drill bits fed with abrasive would be equally, if not more, effective and may have been more widely used than is commonly assumed. Compare Egyptian examples: Petrie, W. M. F., Tools and Weapons, 1916, pp. 44 ffGoogle Scholar.

10 Frankfort, H., Sculpture of the Third Millennium B.C. … OIP 44, 1939, pl. 112Google Scholar.

11 Cf. Hansen, D. P., JNES 22 (1963) pl. IV, pp. 153 ff.,pp. 157 ffGoogle Scholar.

12 Ibid., pp. 145 ff.

13 Frankfort, H., The Art and Architecture of the Ancient Orient, pp. 32–3Google Scholar.

14 Sarzec, de, Découvertes en Chaldée, 2, pl. 57, 1Google Scholar.

15 UE, 4, pl. 44–U.6463, p. 48, n. 8, p. 78.

16 UVB 8 (1937) p. 45, pl. 48K–W. 16618Google ScholarPubMed.

17 UVB 17 (1961) pl. 25a, cGoogle ScholarPubMed.

18 Frankfort, H., Stratified Cylinder Seals …, OIP 72, 1955, No. 880 (35.793)Google Scholar.

19 UE 3, pl. 17.340, pl. 18.360; pl. 20.385.

20 UE 4, p. 78, fig. 17b—ED II–IIIGoogle Scholar.

21 UE 4, pl. 39c, pp. 45–6Google Scholar; Moortgat, , Vorderasiatische Kollsiegel, 1940, No. 144Google Scholar.

22 XK 1, pl. XXI.3b; de Clercq Collection, 1888, I, pl. II. 14Google Scholar.

23 Amiet, nos. 1287–90, 1472–5; also Kish Y.27—pot stand.

24 Amiet, nos. 1158, 1164.

25 Ibid., nos. 645, 647–9, 651–2, 658, 671. 678; UVB 17 (1961) pl. 25nGoogle ScholarPubMed.

26 Amiet, nos. 1141, 1150.

27 Ibid., nos. 643, 646, 649, 650–2, 654.

28 Heinrich, E., Kleinfunde, 1936, pl. 2, 3, 38Google Scholar.

29 Ibid., pp. 1 ff.

30 Ibid., pl. i8a–d; see also van Buren, E. D., Or. 25 (1956) pp. 39 ffGoogle Scholar.

31 E. Heinrich, Kleinfunde, pl. 38.

32 Ibid., pl. 150, 19 c, 19 i.

33 See reported comments by Lenzen in Goff, B. L., Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia, 1963, pp. 265 ffGoogle Scholar. and her appraisal of the problem.

34 Porada, E. in Ehrich, , Chronologies in Old World Archaeology, 1965, p. 155Google Scholar; Frankfort, H., Stratified Cylinder Seals … pp. 45Google Scholar.

35 AfO 13 (19391941) p. 42Google Scholar; Symbols of the Gods, 1945, p. 47Google Scholar.

36 Hansen, , JNES 22 (1963) pp. 156 ff., pl. IIIGoogle Scholar.

37 XK 4, pl. XXVIII. 1; for the level see also Iraq 28 (1966) pp. 29 ffGoogle ScholarPubMed.

38 Hansen, , JNES 22 (1963) pl. IV, pp. 157 ffGoogle Scholar.

39 Hilprecht, H. V., Old Babylonian Inscriptions, 1 (2), 1896, pl. XVT.37, 38Google Scholar; good illustrations in Zervos, , L'Art de la Mésopotamie, 1935, pl. 92–3 (not numbered)Google Scholar.

40 Delougaz, p. 106, n.173.

41 Pritchard, J. B., The Ancient Near East in Pictures, 1954, fig. 601Google Scholar.

42 Hansen, , JNES 22 (1963), pl. V, p. 154Google Scholar.

43 Iraq 19 (1957) p. 120, fig. 43.11–13Google Scholar; Amiet, P., Elam, 1966, pp. 174 ff.Google Scholar; pl. 125–9.

44 Legrain, , UE 3, no. 475, pl. 56Google Scholar.

45 Parrot, , Tello, 1948, pl. VIIb, fig. 22dGoogle Scholar.

46 Banks, E. J., Bismya, 1912, p. 272–3 with photographGoogle Scholar.

47 van Buren, , AfO 13 (19391941) p. 41, fig. 9Google Scholar; see Hansen, , JNES 22 (1963) p. 148 n. 19 for dateGoogle Scholar. ED II–III rather than Late Prehistoric as Mrs. van Buren. From Ingharra: trench B, ‘plain level’, 1926–7.

48 ILN 6th 11, 1937, p. 793, fig. 6Google ScholarPubMed.

49 Ashmolean Museum: 1925.366.

50 OIC 19 (1935), fig. 52 cf.Google Scholar bearded soldier incised on a baked clay model chariot wheel from Susa: RA 22 (1925) p. 8, fig. 5Google Scholar. See also Iraq 26 (1964) pl. XXIIbGoogle Scholar; UVB 22, 1966, pl. 19a, p. 40Google Scholar.

51 Recently Nagel, W. in Moortgat Festschrift, 1965, p. 196Google Scholar.

52 Delougaz, P., Pre-Sargonid Temples of the Diyala Region, 1942, p. 289–90, fig. 204Google Scholar.

53 Parrot, A., AfO 12 (1939) pp. 319 ff., fig. 1–7Google Scholar; Syria 38 (1961) pp. 349–50Google Scholar. Crawford, , Bulletin of the Metropolitan Museum, New York (04, 1960)pp. 245–6Google Scholar.

54 OIC 20 (1936) pp. 61 ffGoogle ScholarPubMed.

55 Frankfort, H., Sculpture of the Third Millennium B.C. …, pp. 16 ffGoogle Scholar.

56 Frankfort, H., More Sculpture from the Diyala Region, OTP 60, 1943, pp. 11 ffGoogle Scholar.

57 Amiet, pp. 53 ff.

58 Biggs, R. D., JCS 20 (1966) pp. 73 ff.Google Scholar; Edzard, D. O., ZA 53 (1959) pp. 24 ffGoogle Scholar.

59 Frankfort, H., Sculpture of the Third Millennium B.C. …, p. 47, nos. 197–8Google Scholar.

60 For the date of palace ‘A’ as excavated see my provisional remarks in Iraq 26 (1964) p. 91Google Scholar; Iraq 28 (1966) p. 44Google Scholar.

61 See also the inlays from a Pre-Sargonid palace at Mari Parrot, A., Syria 42 (1965) pl. XIV.3, p. 215CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

62 Parrot, A., Syria 30 (1953) pp. 213 ff.Google Scholar; 21 (1940) pl. VI.4; 31 (1954) p. 163, pl. XV.2, XVIII-XIX; 29 (1952) pp. 194 ff., pl. XX.I; 39 (1962) pp. 163 ff., pl. XI–XII, figs. 11–13. he Temple d'Ishiar, 1956, pp. 136 ff., pl. LVI–LVIIIGoogle Scholar.

63 Tell Asmar, OIC 19 (1935) fig. 25Google Scholar; Nippur, , Archaeology 15 (1962) fig. 6, p. 79Google Scholar.

64 XK I, pl. XXXVI.i (Baghdad); pl. XXXIX (Oxford).

65 AM I. I p. 97Google Scholar.

66 See the 3rd millennium B.C. statuettes from Persia inlaid with iron, Parrot, A., Syria 40 (1963) pl. XIV.1–2, pp. 231 ffCrossRefGoogle Scholar.

67 AM, I, pp. 120121. pl. XXII, XXXV.2, 3: UGA 1501 (Baghdad)Google Scholar.

68 Such cymbals were found in cemetery ‘A’—AM I, pl. XVII.2, 3, 5, 6.

69 AM I, p. 97Google Scholarcf. Hansen's comment on the position of votive plaques at Nippur: JNES 22 (1963) p. 152Google Scholar.

70 XK I, pl. XXXVII, pl. XXXIX, Pl. XLI, pl. XLII (lower rt.), pl. XLIII—all Ashmolean Museum.

71 XK I, pl. XLI—rt. upper head.

72 XK I, pl. XXXVIII—upper left.

73 Ashmolean 1924.717: figure raising a cup.

74 XK I, pl. XXXVIII rt.

75 Ashmolean 1925.368.

76 XK I, pl. XXXVIII.

77 Hall, H. R., UE I, p. 89Google Scholar.

78 Parrot, A., Le Temple d'Ishtar, pp. 135 ff., pl. LV ff.Google Scholar; Syria 42 (1965) pl. XIV.3Google Scholar: UE 2, pls. 91–2.

79 Amiet, nos. 1193, 1213, 1216 particularly.

80 Amiet, pp. 127 ff.

81 Guterböck, H. G., AJA 61 (1957) p. 68 (Sargon II)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

82 AM, I, p. 97Google Scholar.

83 XK I, pl. VI (upper left) = AM I, pl. XXXV.I. Hallo, W. W., Early Mesopotamian Royal Titles, p. 21, n. 2Google Scholar, considers it the earliest in the series of Kish royal titles; Nagel, W. in Moortgat Festschrift, pp. 184, 190, 210, 215 places the ruler between En-me-bara-gesi and Mesilim, i.e. ED II–IIIaGoogle Scholar.

84 Cros, G., Nouvelles Fouilles de Tello, Paris 19101914, pl. II. IGoogle Scholar.

85 Amiet, p. 127.

86 Amiet, no. 1359—Kish Y.192 (Baghdad).

87 XK I, pl. XLII, left.

88 XK I, pl. XIII—in caption read shell for limestone = AM I, pl. XXXV.I; XK I, pl. XIV.I—upper row; pl. XL—probably not from slate plaque as caption; pl. XLII.

89 See such inlays from the ‘Plano-convex Building’ at Kish, -Iraq 26 (1964) p. 86Google Scholar.

90 Hall, H. R., UE I, pp. 61 ffGoogle Scholar.

91 Amiet, nos. 1141–50.

92 In Ehrich, , Chronologies in Old World Archaeology, 1965, p. 161 noteGoogle Scholar.

93 OIC 19, fig. 25.

94 Hansen, D. P., Archaeology 15 (1962) p. 79, fig. 6Google Scholar.

95 Hall, H. R., UE I, pp. 126 ffGoogle Scholar. see esp. pl. XXXVII T.O. 317–8, 422 for comparison with the Kish limestone inlays.

96 Porada, E. in Enrich, , Chronologies in Old World Archaeology, 1965, p. 162Google Scholar.

97 Porada, E., Bi.Or. 18 (1961) p. 162Google Scholar.

98 Banks, E. J., Bismya, p. 272 figGoogle Scholar. Evidence from other sites for the date of these inlays in very imprecise.

99 MDP 7 (1905) p. 26, fig. 15Google Scholar; Amiet, P., Elam, pp. 194–5Google Scholar.

100 Woolley, C. L., UE 2, pl. 95–100Google Scholar.

101 For full details see Appendix.

102 Lenzen, H., UVB 7 (1936) pp. 16 ffGoogle Scholar.

103 UVB 8 (1937) pl. 29c (W 16119)Google ScholarPubMed.

104 UVB 7 (1936) pp. 41 ff.Google Scholar, UVB 8 (1937) pp. 5 ffGoogle Scholar.

105 AASOR 8 (1928) p. 44, figs. 2, 3Google Scholar. See also inlay fragments said to be from Uruk in the British Museum, Hall, H. R., Babylonian and Assyrian Sculpture in the British Museum, 1928, pl. V topGoogle Scholar.

106 Woolley, C. L., UE 2, pl. 116–U.12435; pl. 103–U.9112Google Scholar.

107 Woolley, C. L., UE 4, pl. 39–U.18309Google Scholar.

108 Woolley, C. L., UE 2, pl. 91 ffGoogle Scholar.

109 Parrot, A., Tello, pp. 110 ff, fig. 27Google Scholar.

110 Hall, H. R., UE 1, pl. XXXV.3Google Scholar.

111 Banks, E. J., Bismya, p. 273, pl. on p. 274, topGoogle Scholar.

112 Hilprecht, H. V., The Excavations in Assyria and Babylonia, 1904, p. 540Google Scholar.

113 Crawford, V. E., Archaeology 12 (1959) p. 79, fig.Google Scholar; Bulletin of the Metropolitan Museum (04, 1960) p. 249, figs. 7, 8Google Scholar.

114 XK 4, pl. XXXI.3; AM I, p. 82 (Mound ‘B’)Google Scholar.

115 OIC 17 (1934) fig. 57 rtGoogle ScholarPubMed.

116 A. Pzttot, Le Temple d'Ishtar, pl. LVIII. 1027,1049.

117 Syria 13 (1932) p. 112Google ScholarPubMed.

118 King, L.W., PSBA (1910) pp. 243 ff., pl. XXXIXGoogle Scholar; see fine unprovenanccd piece in Weber, , Altorientalische Siegelbilder, 1920, fig. 275Google Scholar.

119 RA 27 (1930) p. 184Google ScholarPubMed.

120 Delougaz, p. 82, pl. 71 a.

121 Ibid., pl. 85b, pl. 139a, p. 88.

122 Ibid., pl. 80c, p. 88.

123 de Genouillac, , Fouilles de Telloh, I, 1934, pp. 76 ff., pl. 63–5Google Scholar.

124 Woolley, C. I., UE 4, p. 78, fig. 17bGoogle Scholar.

125 Ashmolean: 1927.3296, British Museum 121749 (Kish); Heinrich, E., Fara, 1931, pl. 14e, 14gGoogle Scholar; Banks, Bismya, p. 348, figureGoogle Scholar.

126 AM I, pl. XLV.10—Ashmolean: 1924.235.

127 de Genouillac, , Fouilles de Telloh, I, p. 76, figureGoogle Scholar.

128 Delougaz, pp. 119 ff., for one type of ware, for another see: Louvre, Encyclopédie Photographique, 1935, pls. 252–3; A. Parrot, Nineveh and Babylon 1961, fig. 376; Parrot, A., Syria 29 (1952) pp. 196 ff.Google Scholar, pl. XVIII. 3–4; 39 (1962) p. 175, fig. 17. Ashmolean: 1930.209–sherd from Kish incised with a face of Humbaba.

129 See recently: Klengel-Brandt, , Or. 35 (1966) pp. 123 ff., pl. XLIIIGoogle Scholar.

130 H. Frankfort, The Art and Architecture of the Ancient Orient, pl. 32.

131 Woolley, C. L., UE 2, pp. 299 ff., p. 297 for technical discussion; pl. 139Google Scholar.

132 A. Parrot, Tello, fig. 26 f.; Nagel, W., Moortgat Festschrift, pp. 179 ffGoogle Scholar.

133 Kees, H., Ancient Egypt, 1961, pp. 288 ff. (El-Amarna) with referencesGoogle Scholar; d'Abbadie, J. Vandier, Catalogue des Ostraca figurés de Deir el Médineh, Cairo 1936, 1959Google Scholar; see also Edgar, C. C., Sculptors’ Studies and Unfinished Works, Cairo, 1906Google Scholar.

134 From Mesopotamia see for instance: Frankfort, H., Sculpture of the Third Millennium … pp. 37 ff., pl. 93AGoogle Scholar; Loud, G., Khorsabad, I, OIP 38, Chicago 1936, fig. 90, p. 79Google Scholar; Layard, , The Monuments of Nineveh, I, London 1849, pl. 95.1Google Scholar; H. R. Hall, Babylonian and Assyrian Sculpture in the British Museum, pl. LVII, LVIII—lower two. Gadd, C. J., The Stones of Assyria, London 1936, p. 228, pl. 8.2Google Scholar. See also the important information on sculptors’ methods revealed by examination of the Karatepe reliefs: Mellink, M. J., Bi. Or. 7 (1950) pp. 1434Google Scholar; and the quarry at Yesemek near Zinjirli—Alkim, U., Belleten 21 (1957) pp. 359 ff.Google Scholar; Belleten 24 (1960) pp. 1 ffGoogle Scholar.

135 AM I, pl. XXXVI.9 (UGA 771—Ashmolean 1924.283); pl. L.12.

136 Legrain, , UE 3, pl. 12.243Google Scholar; pl. 16.304, 305, 308, 316; compare pl. 12.242, pl. 13.252–3.

137 Frankfort, H., Cylinder Seals, p. 41 n. 1Google Scholar; Hansen, , JNES 22 (1963) p. 156, n. 54Google Scholar.

138 Amiet, nos. 890, 894; pl. 72 bis C.

139 Amiet, p. 132, pl. 94.

140 Amiet, no. 1176.

141 AM I, p. 61, pl. VI. 1—UGA 1329 (Baghdad)Google Scholar.

142 Frankfort, H., Cylinder Seals, p. 5Google Scholar.

143 The best example known to me of an ancient seal cutter's progress from a sketch to a finished drilling is on a four-sided chalcedony seal probably made in Egypt in the ist century B.C.—Fürtwangler, A., Antike Gemmen, 3 (1900) pp. 400 ff., figs. 207–210Google Scholar.

144 Heinrich, Fara, pls. 27–33.

145 Biggs, R. D., JCS 20 (1966) p. 82 n. 67Google Scholar.

146 Ibid., p. 75, n. 19–21.

147 See Gadd, C. J., Teachers and Students …, London 1956Google Scholar, for the location of schools in private houses in the early 2nd millennium B.C.

148 UVB II (1938) pl. 38i, p. 26Google Scholar; UVB 21 (1965) pl. 16d, e, fGoogle Scholar.

149 UE 3, nos. 474, 475, 540, pl. 56.

150 OIC 17 (1934) pp. 21 ff., fig. 18Google ScholarPubMed.

151 Heinrich, Fara, pl. 27 f.

152 Ibid., pl. 27e.

153 Heinrich, Fara, pl. 27d cf. XK I, pl. VI, XXXVII–IX; pl. 27b cf. XK I, pls. XXXVI.

154 Heinrich, Fara, pl. 27a, c cf. E. D. van Buren, day Figurines …, no. 1330.

155 Heinrich, Fara, pl. 31m, 33 b, c.

156 Ibid., pl. 31d.

157 Ibid., pl. 30k.

158 Potratz, J., Orlens Antiquus 3 (1964) fig. 3.8–12Google Scholar.

159 Ibid., fig. 10.6 cf. Louvre, : Encyclopédie Photographique de l'Art, I, Paris 1935, p. 208 (Telloh)Google Scholar.

160 Legrain, L., Culture of the Babylonians, 1925, nos. 105 8–1068Google Scholar; Reuther, O., Die Innenstadt …, 1926, p. 18, pl. 7f–gGoogle Scholar; Amiet, P., Elam, fig. 243, p. 324Google Scholar. See also E. D. van Buren, Clay Figurines … nos. 1325 (Senkereh), 1328 (Ur), 1331 (Assur).

161 Guterböck, H. G., AJA 61 (1957) pp. 70 ff., n. 52–59CrossRefGoogle Scholar. The question of maps and plans is quite distinct and goes far beyond the scope of this discussion.

162 Ant Journ 12 (1932) p. 390Google Scholar; UE 9, p. 129— U.18124Google Scholar; Legrain, , UE 10, nos. 701–841Google Scholar.

163 Legrain, , UE 10, no. 810Google Scholar.

164 Ant Journ 12 (1932) p. 390 n. 1Google Scholar.

165 See Oppenheim, A. L., Ancient Mesopotamia, 1964, p. 329Google Scholar.

166 Smith, S., JEA 18 (1932) pp. 28 ff., pl. IIIGoogle Scholar.

167 Richter, G., AJA 50 (1946) pp. 28 ff., fig. 26Google Scholar.