Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-q99xh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T00:14:48.414Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

A Medieval City Within Assyrian Walls: The Continuity of the Town of Arbīl in Northern Mesopotamia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 April 2014

Karel Nováček ,
Narmin Ali Muhammad Amin  and
Miroslav Melčák
Karel Nováček
Affiliation:
University of West Bohemia Plzeň, Czech Republic, [email protected]
Narmin Ali Muhammad Amin
Affiliation:
Salahaddin University Hawlêr (Arbīl), Iraq - CRNS Paris, UMR 8167 (Orient et Méditerranée), France
Miroslav Melčák
Affiliation:
University of West Bohemia Plzeň, Czech Republic, [email protected]
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

This study presents a first attempt at an archaeological topography of the city of Arbīl (Arbela, Urbilum, Arbail). Arbīl's large tell and citadel are among the most famous sites in northern Iraq, although research on the site has begun only recently. The study of the immediate hinterlands of the tell, complementary use of written sources, remote sensing and surveys offer a perspective on the extremely long-term evolution of the lower town, whose architectural remains have entirely disappeared under modern building development. Despite many lacunae in the data and a predominance of indirect hypotheses, the urban structure of Assyrian Arbail becomes comprehensible in the context of other Assyrian royal capitals. During the Islamic period, the city underwent a transformation, which merged the once prosperous Sasanian provincial capital with the expanding Muslim community.

Type
Research Article
Information
IRAQ , Volume 75 , 2013 , pp. 1 - 42
Copyright
Copyright © The British Institute for the Study of Iraq 2013

References

Abdullah, Y. Kh. 2009. Knew pishkinin le Girdi Qesra: werzi yekem behari 2004. Subartu 3: 12–29.Google Scholar
al-Fidā', Abū 1840. Taqwīm al-buldān. Paris.Google Scholar
Abu al-Soof, B. 1969. Excavations at Tell Qalinj Agha (Erbil). Sumer 25: 3–42.Google Scholar
Abu al-Soof, B. and al-Siwwani, S. 1967. More soundings at Tell Qalinj Agha (Erbil), Sumer 23: 69–75.Google Scholar
Adler, M. N. (ed.) 1905. The Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela. The Jewish Quarterly Review 17, No. 2: 286–306.Google Scholar
Ahmad, Z. M. 2007. Manarhi Çoli. Subartu 1: 22–25.Google Scholar
Ainsworth, W. F. 1888. A Personal Narrative of the Eufrates Expedition. Vol. II. London.Google Scholar
Al-ʿAzzāwī, ʿA. 1946–1947. Āl Buktikīn—Muzaffar al-Dīn Kūkburī aw imārat Irbil fi ʿahdihim (522–630 AH). Majallat ahmajmaʿ al-ʿilmi al- ʿarabī bi-Dimašq 21 (1946): 40–418, 515–529; 22 (1947): 55–64, 138–149, 223–231.Google Scholar
Al-Balādhurī, A. b. Y. b. J. 1866. Kitāb futūh al-buldān. Leiden.Google Scholar
Banks, E. J. 1898. Eight Oracular Responses to Esarhaddon. The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures 14, No. 4: 267–277.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hebraeus, Bar 1932. Chronography (translated by Budge, E. A. Wallis). London.Google Scholar
Barbanes, E. 1999. Heartland and Province: Urban and Rural Settlement in the Neo-Assyrian Empire. PhD thesis, Near Eastern Studies, University of California, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Barbanes, E. 2003. Planning the Empire: City and Settlement in the Neo-Assyrian Period. C.S. M. S. Bulletin 38: 15–22.Google Scholar
Barton, G. A. 1893. The Semitic Ištar Cult. Hebraica 9, No. 3/4: 131–165.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Battini, L. 1998. Opposition entre acropole et ville basse come critere de définition de ville mesopotainienne. Akkadica 108: 5–29.Google Scholar
Beaujour, F. de 1829. Voyage militaire dans l'Empire Othoman. Vol. 2. Paris.Google Scholar
Benjamin, I. J. 1858. Acht Jahre in Asien und Afrika von 1846 bis 1855. Hannover.Google Scholar
Bonatz, D. 2004. Ashurbanipal's Headhunt: An Anthropological Perspective. Iraq 66: 93–101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brauer, E. 1993. The Jews of Kurdistan. Detroit.Google Scholar
Buckingham, J. S. 1827. Travels in Mesopotamia, Vol. 1. London.Google Scholar
Campanile, G. 2004. Histoire du Kurdistan. Études kurdes I, trans. Bois, T., Paris.Google Scholar
Charpin, D. 2004. Chroniques bibliographiques 3. Données nouvelles sur la région du Petit Zab au XVIIIe siècle av. J.C. Revue d'assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale 98: 151–178.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chaumont, M. L. 1987. Un document méconnu concernant l'envoi d'un ambassadeur parthe vers Septime Sévère (P. Dura 60 Bo). Historia—Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte 36, No. 4: 422–447.Google Scholar
Clément, A. 1866. Excursion dans le Kourdistan Ottoman Méridional de Kerkout a Ravandouz. Le Globe—Journal géographique 5: 184–277.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Colliva, L., Colluci, A. and Guidi, G. F. 2011. Geophysical Prospections with GPR RIS/MF System. A Preliminary Archaeological Survey on Erbil Citadel. In: Cereti, C. G. and Giunta, R. (eds.). Preservation of Cultural Heritage of the Kurdish Region in Iraq. Italian Cooperation Project in Iraqi Kurdistan (2009–2010). Roma: 39–46.Google Scholar
Creswell, K. A. C. 1926. The Evolution of the Minaret, with Special Reference to Egypt III, The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs 48, No. 279: 290–298.Google Scholar
Cuinet, V. 1892. La Turquie d'Asie. Géographie administrative, statistique, descriptive et raisonnée de chaque province de l'Asie-Mineure. Vol. 2. Paris.Google Scholar
Demirji, M. S. 1982. Foreword. Sumer 38: 6–16.Google Scholar
Dupré, A. 1819. Voyage en Perse, fait dans les années 1807, 1808 et 1809, en traversant la Natolie et la Mésopotamie, depuis Constantinople jusqu'a l'extrémité du Golfe Persique, et de la a Irewan. Vol. 1. Paris.Google Scholar
Ehrmann, T. F. (ed.) 1805. G. A. Olivier's Reise duch das Türkische Reich, Aegypten und Persten. Vol. 2. Weimar.Google Scholar
Eidem, J. and Læssøe, J. 2001. The Shemshara Archives Vol. 1: The Letters. Historisk-filosofiske Skrifter 23. Copenhagen.Google Scholar
Fiey, J. M. 1965. Assyrie chrétienne. Contribution à l'étude de l'histoire et de la géographie ecclésiastiques et monastiques du nord de l'Iraq, Vol. 1. Beyrouth.Google Scholar
Fiey, J. M. 1967. Auteur et date de la Chronique d'Arbèles. L'Orient Syrien 12: 265–302.Google Scholar
Fletcher, J. P. 1850. Narrative of a two years' residence at Nineveh, and travels in Mesopotamia, Assyria, and Syria. Vol. 2. London.Google Scholar
Forand, P. G. 1969. The Governors of Mosul According to al-Azdī's Ta'rīkh al-Mawṣil. Journal of the American Oriental Society 89, No. 1: 88–105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ghaidan, U. and al-Dabbagh, N. 2005: Iraq, State of Ecology and Built Heritage after Four Decades of Adversity. In: Heritage at Risk 2004/2005: ICOMOS Report:111–121.Google Scholar
Godbey, A. H. 1917. The Rab-Šitirtê. The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures 34, No. 1: 13–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gut, R. V. 1995. Das prähistorische Ninive. Zur relativen Chronologie der frühen Perioden Nordmesopotamiens. Baghdader Forschungen 19. Mainz.Google Scholar
Hage, W. 1988. Early Christianity in Mesopotamia: Some Remarks Concerning the Authenticity of the Chronicle of Arbela. The Harp; A Review of Syriac and Oriental Studies 1: 39–46.Google Scholar
Al-Hamawī, Y. 1977. Muʿjam al-buldān. Beirut.Google Scholar
Hamilton, A. M. 1937. Road through Kurdistan. The Narrative of an Engineer in Iraq. London.Google Scholar
Hasan, H. M. 1985. Amthila min al-buyūt al-turāthīya fī qalʿat Arbīl al-tārīkhīya. Sumer 44: 214–240.Google Scholar
Al-Haydarī, ʿA. ʿA. 1985. Al-Tajdīd al-hadarī li-qaʿat Arbīl. Al-Mawsil.Google Scholar
Heidemann, S. 1996. Al-ʿAqr, das islamische Assur, Ein Beitrag zur historischen Topographie Nordmesopotamiens. In: Bartl, K. and Hauser, S. R. (eds.). Continuity and Change in Northern Mesopotamia from the Hellenistic to the Early Islamic Period, Berlin: 259–285.Google Scholar
Heidemann, S. 2002. Die Renaissance der Städte in Nordsyrien und Nordmesopotamien. Städtische Entwicklung und wirtschaftliche Bedingungen in ar-Raqqa und Harrān von der Zeit der beduinischen Vorherrschaft bis zu den Seldschuken. Leiden.Google Scholar
Heidemann, S. 2006. The Citadel of al-Raqqa and Fortifications in the Middle Euphrates Area. In: Kennedy, H. (ed.). Muslim Military Architecture in Greater Syria. Leiden—Boston: 122–150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heidemann, S. 2007. Entwicklung und Selbstverständnis mittelalterlicher Städte in der islamischen Welt (7.–15. Jahrhundert). In: Jäschke, K.-U. and Schrenk, Ch. (eds.). Was machte im Mittelalter zur Stadt? Selbstverständnis, Aussensicht und Erschienungsbilder mittelalterlicher Städte. Heilbronn: 203–244.Google Scholar
Heude, W. 1819. A Voyage Up the Persian Gulf And a Journey Overland from India to England in 1817. London.Google Scholar
Hijara, I. H. 1973. Fouilles de Tell Qalinj Agha. Sumer 29:13–34.Google Scholar
Hillenbrand, R 1985. The History of the Jazira, 1100–1250: A Short Introduction. In: Raby, J. (ed.). The Art of Syria and the Jazira 1100–1250. Oxford Studies in Islamic Art 1. Oxford: 9–19.Google Scholar
Hillenbrand, R. 2000. Islamic Architecture. Form, Function and Meaning. Edinburgh.Google Scholar
Husayn, K. 1962. Al-Tanqīb hawla al-mi'dhana al-muzaffarīya fī Arbīl. Sumer 18: 205–207.Google Scholar
al-Fuwatī, Ibn 1995. Majmaʿ al-ādāb fī muʿjam al-alqāb. Tehran.Google Scholar
al-Fuwatī, Ibn 2003. Al-Hawīdith al-jīmiʿa wa al-tajʿr ib al-nāfiʿa fī al-mi'a al-sābʿa. Beirut.Google Scholar
Hawqal, Ibn 1964. Configuration de la terre (trans, by Kramers, J. H. and Wiet, G.). Vol. 1. Beirut—Paris.Google Scholar
Khallikān, Ibn 1843. Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary (trans, by Slane, B. Mac Guckin de). Vol. 2. Paris.Google Scholar
Khallikīn, Ibn 1977. Wafayät al-aʿyān wa anbā' abnā' al-zamān. Beirut.Google Scholar
Khurdādhbih, Ibn 1889. Kitāb al-masālik wa al-mamīlik. Leiden.Google Scholar
al-Mustawfī, Ibn 1980. Tārīkh Irbil. Nabāhat al-balad al-khāmil bi-man waradahu min al-amāthil. Baghdād.Google Scholar
Ibn al-Šaʿʿār, 2005. Qaiā'id al-jumān fī farā'd shuʿarā hādhā al-zamān. Beirut.Google Scholar
James, B. 2006. Saladin et les Kurdes. Perception d'un groupe au temps des Croisades. Études kurdes. Paris.Google Scholar
Al-Janabi, T. J. 1982. Studies in Mediaeval Iraqi Architecture. Baghdad.Google Scholar
Kawerau, P. (ed.) 1985. Die Chronik von Arbela. Corpus scriptorum christianorum orientalium 468. Louvain.Google Scholar
Kaznayi, ʿA. A. 1997. Arbīl wa mā al-šurb fī al-mādī wa al-hīdir. Hewlêr.Google Scholar
Korn, L. 2004. Ayyubidische Architektur in Ägypten und Syrien. Bautätigkeit im Kontext von Politik und Gesellschaft 564–658/1166–1260. Abhandlungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts Kairo, Islamische Reihe 10, Heidelberg.Google Scholar
Al-Kīrānī, ʿA. S. 1939. Min ʿAmmān ilā al-ʿAmādīya aw jawia fī Kurdistān ai-janūbīya. (s.l.)Google Scholar
Lehmann-Haupt, C. F. 1928. Armenien einst und jetzt, Bd. 2. Auf chaldischer und griechischer Spur im türkischen Ostarmenien, in Nordassyrien und vom großen Zab zum Schwarzen Meer. Berlin.Google Scholar
Lycklama a Nijeholt, T. M. 1875. Voyage en Russie, au Caucase et en Perse, dans la Mésopotamie, le Kurdistan, la Syrie, la Palestine et laTurquie. Vol. 4. Paris—Amsterdam.Google Scholar
MacGinnis, J. 2011. Erbil in the Cuneiform Sources and Documents. Erbil.Google Scholar
Minorsky, V. 1986. Kurds, Kurdistān. In: The Encyclopaedia of Islam, New Edition. Vol. 5. Leiden: 447–464.Google Scholar
Mohamed, Z. A. 2009. Minbar al-jāmiʿ al-kabīr fī qalʿat Arbīl. Subartu 3: 194–195.Google Scholar
Morony, M. G. 2005. Iraq After The Muslim Conquest. Piscataway.Google Scholar
Muhammad Husayn, M. 1976. Arbīl fī al-ʿahd al-atābakā. Baghdad.Google Scholar
Muhammad Amʿn, N. A. 2008. Nubdha ʿan al-hammāmāt al-turāthīya fī Kurdistān. Subartu 2: 140–142.Google Scholar
Mühl, S. 2012. Human Landscape: Site (Trans-) Formation in the Transtigris Area. In: Hofmann, R., Moetz, F.-K. and Müller, J. (eds.). Tells: Social and Environmental Space. Proceedings of the International Workshop “Socio-Environmental Dynamics over the Last 12,000 Years: The Creation of Landscapes II (14th-18th March 2011) in Kiel”. Bonn: 79–92.Google Scholar
Al-Naqšbandī, H. 1989. Khitat Irbil fi kitāb Ibn al-Mustawfī: Ta'rīkh Irbil al-musammā nabāhat al-balad al-khāmil bi-man waradahu min al-amāthil. Abhāth: Majallat Jāmiʿat Salāh al-Dīn li-l-ʿulūm al-insānīya 1: 135–158.Google Scholar
Neusner, J. 1964. The Conversion of Adiabene to Judaism: A New Perspective. Journal of Biblical Literature 83, No. 1: 60–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Niebuhr, C. 1780. Voyage en Arabie et en d'autres pays circonvoisins II. Amsterdam-Utrecht.Google Scholar
Nováček, K. 2008. Architektura citadely v Arbílu. Předběžná zpráva o druhé sezóné výzkumu citadely v roce 2007—The Architecture of the Arbil Citadel: A Preliminary Report on the 2nd Season of the Citadel Survey in 2007. In: Pecha, L. (ed.). Orientalia Antiqua Nova VIII. Plzeň: 260–283Google Scholar
Nováček, K. 2013. Ard Hazza, ard Arbíl: Projekt výzkumu středověkých měst v oblasti mezi Velkým a Malým Zábem v severovýchodní Mezopotámii. Ard Hazzá, ard Arbil: A project of the research of medieval urban landscape between Great and Little Zab in northeastern Mesopotamia. Orientalia Antiqua Nova 9.Google Scholar
Nováček, K., Chabr, T., Filipský, D., Janíček, L., Pavelka, K., Šida, P., Trefný, M. and Vařeka, P. 2008. Research of the Arbil Citadel, Iraqi Kurdistan, First Season. Památky archeologické 99: 259–302.Google Scholar
Novák, M. 1999. Herrschaftsform und Stadtbaukunst—Programmatik im mesopotamischen Residenzstadtbau von Agade bis Surra man ra'a. Schriften zur Vorderasiatischen Archäologie 7. Saarbrücken.Google Scholar
Novak, M. 2004. From Assur to Nineveh: The Assyrian Town-planning Programme. Iraq 66: 177–185.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oates, J. 2008. The Fall of Assyria (635–609 B.C.). In: Cambridge Ancient History, vol. 3/2: The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and other States of the Near East from the Eigth to the Sixth Centuries B. C.. Cambridge: 162–193.Google Scholar
Oppert, J. 1863. Expédition scientifique en Mésopotamie exécutée par ordre du gouvernement de 1851 a 1854. Vol. 1. Paris.Google Scholar
Patton, D. 1991. Badr al-Dīn Lu'lu': Atabeg of Mosul, 1211–l259. Washington.Google Scholar
Place, V. 1852. Lettre de M. Place a M. Mohl, sur une expédition faite a Arbèles. Journal asiatique 20: 441–470.Google Scholar
Porter, B. N. 2004. Ishtar of Nineveh and her collaborator, Ishtar of Arbela, in the reign of Assurbanipal. Iraq 66: 41–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Postgate, J. N. 1995. Assyria: the Home Provinces. In: Liverani, M. (ed.). Neo-Assyrian Geography. Rome: 1–17.Google Scholar
Al-Qazwīnī, Z. 1848. Kitāb āthār al-bilād wa akhbār al-ʿibīd. Göttingen.Google Scholar
Al-Qazzāz, W. ʿA. 1960. Al-Manāra al-muzaffarīya fī Arbīl: ta 'rīkhuhā wa wasfuhā. Sumer 14: 127–128.Google Scholar
Radner, K. 2011. The Assur—Nineveh—Arbela Triangle, Central Assyria in the Neo-Assyrian Period. In: Miglus, P. A. and Mühl, S. (eds.). Between the Cultures. The Central Tigris Region from the 3rd to the 1st Millennium BC (Conference at Heidelberg, 01 22nd–24th, 2009). Heidelberg: 321–329.Google Scholar
Rassam, H. 1897. Asshur and the Land of Nimrod. New York.Google Scholar
Rauwolf, L. 1582. Leonhard Rauwolfen Aigentliche beschreibung der Raißl so er vor diser zeit gegen Auffgang in die Morgenländerl fürnemlich Syriam, Iudæam, Arabiom, Mesopotamiam, Babyloniam, Assyriam, Armeniom etc. nicht ohne geringe mühe vnnd grosse gefahr selbs volbracht (…). Lauingen.Google Scholar
Reade, J. E. 2002. The Ziggurat and Temples of Nimrud. Iraq 64: 135–216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rich, C. J. 1836. Narrative of a Residence in Koordistan and on the Site of Ancient Nineveh; with the Journal of a Voyage down the Tigris to Bagdad and an Account of a Visit to Shirauz and Persepolis. Vol. 2. London.Google Scholar
Rouault, O. and Masetti-Rouault, M.-G. (in press). Researches in Qasr Shemamok/Kilizu (Iraqi Kurdistan): An Assyrian Town?. In: Proceedings of the 8th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East (04 30—May 4, 2012 Warsaw). Wiesbaden.Google Scholar
Sachau, E. 1900. Am Euphrat und Tigris: Reisenotizen aus dem Winter 1897–1898. LeipzigGoogle Scholar
Safar, F. 1946. Sennacherib's Project for Supplying Arbil with Water. Sumer 2: 50–52.Google Scholar
Safar, F. 1947. Sennacherib's Project for Supplying Erbil with Water. Sumer 3: 23–25.Google Scholar
Sahid, M. 2004. Antiques Buildings in Erbil (Hawleir) Citadel. A Comparative Study of Traditional Buildings Throughout Iraq. In: 1st Scientific Conference for Renovation and Reconstruction of Arbil Citadel. Erbil: 6–9.Google Scholar
Salibi, K. and Khoury, Y. K. (eds.) 1997, The Missionary Herald. Reports from Northern Iraq 1833–1870. Amman: Royal Institute for Inter-faith Studies.Google Scholar
Al-Saqqār, S. b. Kh. 1992. Imārat Irbil fi al- ʿasr al-ʿabbāsī wa mu 'arrikhuhā Ibn al-Mustawfī. Riyadh.Google Scholar
Sarre, F. and Herzfeld, E. 1911. Archäologische Reise im Euphrat- und Tigris-Gebiet I. Berlin.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sarre, F. and Herzfeld, E. 1920. Archäologische Reise im Euphrat- und Tigris-Gebiet II. Berlin.Google Scholar
von Schweiger-Lerchenfeld, A. 1876. Ingenieur Josef Černik's technische Studien-Expedition durch die Gebiete des Euphrat und Tigris nebst Ein- und Ausgangs-Routen durch Nord-Syrien II. Gotha.Google Scholar
von Schweiger-Lerchenfeld, A. 1882. Der Orient. Wien.Google Scholar
Sestini, D. 1789. Voyage de Constantinople a Bassora en 1781 par le Tigre et l'Eufrate, et retour a Constantinople en 1782. Paris.Google Scholar
Shiel, J. 1838. Notes on a Journey from Tabriz, Through Kurdistan, via Vân, Bitlis, Se'ert and Erbil, to Suleïmaniyeh, in July and August, 1836. Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London 8: 54–101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
al-Jawzī, Sibt ibn 1907. Mir'āt al-zamān fī tārīkh al-aʿyān. Chicago.Google Scholar
Simpson, St J. 1996: From Tekrit to the Jaghjagh: Sasanian Sites, Settlement Patterns and Material Culture in Northern Mesopotamia. In: Bartl, K. and Hauser, S. R. (eds.): Continuity and Change in Northern Mesopotamia from the Hellenistic to the Early Islamic Period. Berlin: 87–126.Google Scholar
Smith, G. 2002. Assyrian Discoveries: An account of explorations and discoveries on the site of Nineveh during 1873 and 1874 (Gorgias Press reprint). Piscataway.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Soane, E. B. 1912. To Mesopotamia and Kurdistan in Disguise. Boston.Google Scholar
Sourdel, D. 1990. Irbil. In: The Encyclopaedia of Islam, New Edition. Vol. 4. Leiden: 76–77.Google Scholar
Southgate, H. 1840. Narrative of a Tour through Armenia, Kurdistan, Persia and Mesopotamia (…). Vol. 2. New York.Google Scholar
Streck, M. 1987. Irbil. In: E. J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam 1913–1936. Vol. 3. Leiden: 521–523.Google Scholar
Šida, P. and Nováček, K. (in prep.). Middle Palaeolithic Settlement at Arbil, Northern Mesopotamia.Google Scholar
Tabbaa, Y. 1997. Constructions of Power and Piety in Medieval Aleppo. The Pennsylvania State University Press.Google Scholar
Tabbaa, Y. 2001. The Transformation of Islamic Art during the Sunni Revival. Seattle—London.Google Scholar
Tavernier, J.-B. 1713: Les six voyages de monsieur Jean-Baptiste Tavernier (…) en Turquie, en Perse et aux Indes. Vol. 1. Paris.Google Scholar
Ulucam, A. 1989. Irak'taki Türk mimari eserleri. Ankara.Google Scholar
Unger, E. 1928. Arbaïlu. In: Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie. Vol. 1/3. Berlin: 141–142.Google Scholar
Ur, J. A. 2010. Cycles of Civilization in Northern Mesopotamia, 4400–2000 BC. Journal of Archaeological Research 18: 387–431.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ur, J. 2013. The Morphology of Neo-Assyrian Cities. Subartu 6–7: 11–22.Google Scholar
Ur, J., Karsgaard, P. and Oates, J. 2011. The Spatial Dimensions of Early Mesopotamian Urbanism: The Tell Brak Suburban Survey, 2003–2006. Iraq 73: 1–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ur, J., Jong, L. de, Giraud, J., Osborne, J. F. and MacGinnis, J. (in press). Ancient cities and landscapes in the Kurdistan region of Iraq: The Erbil Plain Archaeological Survey 2012 season. Iraq 75.Google Scholar
Vacin, L. 2011. Šulgi of Ur: Life, Deeds, Ideology and Legacy of a Mesopotamian Ruler as Reflected Primarily in Literary Texts. PhD Thesis, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London.Google Scholar
van Ess, M. van, Hausleiter, A., Hussein, H. H., Mohammed, N. B., Petiti, E. and Tourtet, F. 2012. Excavations in the City of Arbil, 2009–2011: The Neo-Assyrian Tomb. Zeitschrift für Orient-Archäologie 5: 104–165.Google Scholar
Villard, P. 2001. Arbèles. In: Joannès, F. and Michel, C. (eds.). Dictionnaire de la civilisation mésopotamienne. Paris: 68–69.Google Scholar
Wallis Budge, E. A. 1920. By Nile and Tigris. A Narrative of Jouneys in Egypt and Mesopotamia on Behalf of the British Museum Between the Years 1886 and 1913. Vol. 1. London.Google Scholar
Wallis Budge, E. A. 1928. The Monks of Kublai Khan, Emperor of China, or the History of the Life and Travels of Rabban Sawma, Envoy and Plenipotentiary of the Mongol Khans to the Kings of Europe, and Markos Who as Mar Yahbh-Allaha III Became Patriarch of the Nestoriem Church in Asia. London.Google Scholar
Ward, W. H. 1886. Report on the Wolfe Expedition to Babylonia 1884–85. Boston—London.Google Scholar
Wheatley, P. 2001. The Places Where the Men Pray Together: Cities in Islamic Lands, Seventh through the Tenth Centuries. Chicago.Google Scholar
Whitcomb, D. 1979. The City of Istakhr and the Marvdasht Plain. In: Akten des VIL Internationalen Kongresses für Iranische Kunst und Archäologie, München 1976. Berlin: 363–370.Google Scholar
Whitcomb, D. 1995. Islam and the Socio-cultural Transition of Palestine—Early Islamic Period (638–1099 CE). In: Levy, T. E. (ed.). The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land. London: 488–501.Google Scholar
Wilkinson, T. C. 2008. Falling out of an Aircraft: Aerovisualism and the Aerial Photography of J. S. P. Bradford. Visual Anthropology 21: 18–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilkinson, T. J. 2003. Archaeological Landscapes of the Near East. Tuscon.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wiseman, D. J. 1952. An Esarhaddon Cylinder from Nimrud. Iraq 14: 55–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zakī, M. A. 1948: Tārīkh al-duwal wa al-imārāt al-kurdīya fī al- ʿahd al-islāmī. Misr.Google Scholar