Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-j824f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-09T14:03:00.682Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

KASSITE HOUSING AT UR: THE DATES OF THE EM, YC, XNCF, AH AND KPS HOUSES

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 March 2015

Abstract

A study of the excavated structures at Ur which Woolley identified as domestic and possibly Kassite (or later) in date. Through an examination of the objects excavated in the structures and associated graves (principally pottery, glass and faience vessels, scaraboids and tablets) the housing in area EM is dated to roughly the 13th century b.c. while the remains in areas XNCF, AH, YC and KPS are dated to the 8th/7th centuries b.c. The review also presents a summary history of Ur from the mid third millennium b.c. to the neo-Babylonian period highlighting the periods of royal patronage at the city.

Type
Research Article
Information
IRAQ , Volume 76 , December 2014 , pp. 19 - 64
Copyright
Copyright © The British Institute for the Study of Iraq 2015 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

1

I am grateful to the Trustees of the British Museum, who in 1984 and 2009 gave me access to the pottery and excavation records from Woolley's excavations at Ur. I am equally grateful to Dr James Armstrong, who gave me access to his forthcoming article on Kassite pottery and provided extensive comments on the pottery from Ur; Professors Michael Roaf and Richard Zettler, who commented in detail on drafts of this paper; and to Katja Sternitzke for her comments on the graves. All errors of fact and judgement remain mine.

References

al-Rawi, N. 1979. Tell al-Zawiyah excavations. Sumer (1979): 458–49.Google Scholar
al-Soof, B. 1968. Tell es-Sawwan. Excavation of the fourth season (Spring 1967). Sumer 24: 316.Google Scholar
Amiet, P. 1966. Review of – C. L. Woolley, 1965: Ur Excavations, Volume VIII. The Kassite Period and the period of the Assyrian kings, Publications of the Joint Expedition of the British Museum and of the University Museum, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, to Mesopotamia, London. Syria 43: 122–25.Google Scholar
Armstrong, J. A. 1981. Tell Ajamat. In Uch Tepe I. Tell Razuk, Tell Ahmed al-Mughir, Tell Ajamat, ed. Gibson, McG., pp. 147–50. (= Hamrin Report 10). Baghdad: The State Organization of Antiquities and Heritage, Ministry of Culture and Information.Google Scholar
Armstrong, J. A. 1981a. Pottery from Tell Ahmed al-Mughir and Tell Ajamat. In Uch Tepe I. Tell Razuk, Tell Ahmed al-Mughir, Tell Ajamat, ed. Gibson, McG., pp. 151–56. (= Hamrin Report 10). Baghdad: The State Organization of Antiquities and Heritage, Ministry of Culture and Information.Google Scholar
Armstrong, J. A. 1989. The archaeology of Nippur from the decline of the Kassite kingdom until the rise of the Neo-Babylonian empire, PhD thesis: The University of Chicago.Google Scholar
Armstrong, J. A. 1992. West of Edin: Tell al-Deylam and the Babylonian city of Dilbat. Biblical Archaeology 55: 219–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Armstrong, J. A. 1993. Pottery. In Nippur III. Kassite buildings in Area WC-1, Zettler, R.L., pp. 6779. Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago (= Oriental Institute Publications Volume 111).Google Scholar
Armstrong, J. A. 2008. The Babylonian ceramic tradition: the second millennium b.c.: a progress report. TAARII Newsletter 3–1. 9–12.Google Scholar
Armstrong, J. A. Forthcoming. Babylonian pottery in the Kassite Period, in Karduniaš: Papers presented to the Munich conference on the Kassite Period, July 2010, eds. Bartelmus, A., Roaf, M. and Sternitzke, K..Google Scholar
Ayoub, S. 1982. Die Keramik in Mesopotamien und in den nachbargebieten. Von der Ur III-Zeit bis zum Ende der kassitische Periode (= Münchener vorderasiatische Studien, ed. Hrouda, B., Band II). Mainz am Rhein: Mäander.Google Scholar
Baker, H. 1995. Neo-Babylonian burials revisited. In The archaeology of death in the ancient near east, ed. Campbell, S. and Green, A., pp. 209–20. Oxbow Monograph 51. Oxford: Oxbow Books.Google Scholar
Baqir, T. 1945. Iraq Government excavations at ‘Aqar Qûf. Second interim report 19431944. Iraq Supplement.Google Scholar
Baqir, T. and Mustafa, M.A. 1945. Iraq government sounding at Dêr. Sumer 1: 3754, pl. I-VIII.Google Scholar
Barag, D. 1970. Mesopotamian core-formed glass vessels (1500-500 B.C.). In : Glass and glassmaking in ancient Mesopotamia, Oppenheim, A.L., Brill, R.H., Barag, D. and Von Saldern, A., pp. 129200. London and Toronto: The Corning Museum of Glass Press.Google Scholar
Barag, D. 1985. Catalogue of western Asiatic Glass in the British Museum. London: British Museum Publications Ltd.Google Scholar
Bartelmus, A. 2010. Restoring the past. A historical analysis of the royal temple building inscriptions from the Kassite period. Kaskal 7: 143–71.Google Scholar
Beaulieu, P-A. 1989. The reign of Nabonidus King of Babylon 556–539 b.c. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Becker, A. 1993. Uruk Kleinfunde I, Stein (= Ausgrabungen in Uruk-Warka Endberichte, ed. Boehmer, R.M.), Mainz am Rhein: Philipp von Zabern.Google Scholar
Black, J. and Spada, G. 2008. Texts from Ur kept in the Iraq Museum and in the British Museum. Messina: Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Antichità dell'Università degli Studi di Messina.Google Scholar
Boehmer, R.M. 1982. Ringe aus kassitischen gräbern: Baghdader Mitteilungen 13: 3149.Google Scholar
Boehmer, R.M. 1985. Tell Imlihiye 1978 und 1979. In Tell Imlihiye Tell Zubeidi Tell Abbas, Boehmer, R. M. and Dämmer, H-W., pp. 119. (=Baghdader Forschungen Band 7, Hamrin Report 13) Mainz am Rhein and Baghdad: Ministry of Culture and Information, Baghdad and Philipp von Zabern.Google Scholar
Boehmer, R.M. 1985a. Tell Zubeidi 1979 und 1980. In Tell Imlihiye Tell Zubeidi Tell Abbas, Boehmer, R. M. and Dämmer, H-W., pp. 2380. (=Baghdader Forschungen Band 7, Hamrin Report 13) Mainz am Rhein and Baghdad: Ministry of Culture and Information, Baghdad and Philipp von Zabern.Google Scholar
Boehmer, R.M. 1987. Uruk. Kampagne 38 1985. Grabungen in J-K/23 und H/24-25. Mainz am Rhein: Philipp von Zabern.Google Scholar
Boehmer, R.M. 1988. Keramik der mittelbabylonischen zeit aus den grabungen in Eanna, dem Gareus-bezirk und dem Irigal zu Uruk. Baghdader Mitteilungen 19: 465–67.Google Scholar
Boehmer, R.M. 1991. Mittelbabylonische Zeit. In Uruk. Kampagne 35–37. 1982–1984. Die archäologische Oberflächenuntersuchung (survey), Finkbeiner, U. 1991, pp. 100–2. (= Ausgrabungen in Uruk-Warka Endberichte, ed. Boehmer, R.M.) Mainz am Rhein: Phillipp von Zabern.Google Scholar
Boehmer, R.M. 1991a. Kleinfunde aus metal, Stein, Muschel u.a. In Uruk. Kampagne 35–37. 1982–1984. Die archäologische Oberflächenuntersuchung (survey), Finkbeiner, U. 1991, pp. 141–47. (= Ausgrabungen in Uruk-Warka Endberichte, ed. R. M. Boehmer) Mainz am Rhein: Phillipp von Zabern.Google Scholar
Boehmer, R.M. 1995. Kassitenzeit. In Uruk. Die Gräber, Boehmer, R. M., Pedde, F. and Salje, B., pp. 2631. (= Ausgrabungen in Uruk-Warka Endberichte, Band 10) Mainz am Rhein, Phillip von Zabern.Google Scholar
Bourke, S. J. 2004. Cult and archaeology at Pella in Jordan: excavating the Bronze and Iron Age temple precinct (1994–2001): Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales 137: 131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brinkman, J. 1965. Ur: 721–605 b.c. Orientalia 34: 241–58.Google Scholar
Brinkman, J. 1969. Ur: The Kassite Period and the Period of the Assyrian kings. Orientalia 38: 310–48.Google Scholar
Brinkman, J. 1976. Materials and studies for Kassite history, Volume I. Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.Google Scholar
Brinkman, J. 1984. Prelude to empire. Babylonian society and politics, 747–626 b.c. , Philadelphia: Occasional Publications of the Babylonian Fund 7.Google Scholar
Brinkman, J. 1984a. Settlement surveys and documentary evidence: regional variation and secular trend in Mesopotamian demography. Journal of Near Eastern Studies 43: 169–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brinkman, J. 2011 Sīn-balāssu-iqbi, Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archaologie 12.7/8: 514.Google Scholar
Brinkman, J. A. and Kennedy, D. A. 1983. Documentary evidence for the economic base of early neo-Babylonian society: a survey of dated Babylonian economic texts, 721–626 b.c. Journal of Cuneiform Studies 35: 190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
British Museum 1926. Air photographs of excavations at Ur. The British Museum Quarterly 1: 8183.Google Scholar
Brusasco, P. 1999–2000. Family archives and the social use of space in Old Babylonian houses at Ur: Mesopotamia 34–35: 3173.Google Scholar
Buchanan, B. W. 1953. Review of – L. Legrain, 1951, Seal cylinders, Ur Excavations Volume X . Journal of the American Oriental Society 73: 226–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buchanan, B. W. 1968. Review of – C. L. Woolley, 1965: Ur Excavations, Volume VIII. The Kassite Period and the period of the Assyrian kings, Publications of the Joint Expedition of the British Museum and of the University Museum, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, to Mesopotamia, London. Journal of the American Oriental Society 88: 537.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buchanan, B. and Moorey, P. R. S. 1988. Catalogue of ancient near eastern seals in the Ashmolean Museum. Volume III The Iron Age stamp seals (c.1200–350 bc). Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Burrows, E. 1927. The inscriptions. The Antiquaries Journal VII: 404–6.Google Scholar
Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative (CDLI) 2008. State of research—Ur III. http://cdli.ucla.edu/.Google Scholar
Charvát, P. 1979. Early Ur. Archiv Orientálni 47: 1529.Google Scholar
Clayden, T. 1989. Aspects of the early history of the Kassites and the archaeology of the Kassite Period in Iraq , Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, University of Oxford.Google Scholar
Clayden, T. 1992. Kish in the Kassite Period (c. 1650–1150 b.c.). Iraq 54: 141–55.Google Scholar
Clayden, T. 1996. Kurigalzu I and the restoration of Babylonia. Iraq 58: 109–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clayden, T. 1998. Faience buckets. Baghdader Mitteilungen 29: 4772.Google Scholar
Clayden, T. 2011. The Nippur “Hoard”. Al-Rāfidān 32: 156.Google Scholar
Clayden, T. Forthcoming. Dūr-Kurigalzu: new perspectives. In Karduniaš: Papers presented to the Munich conference on the Kassite Period, July 2010, eds. Bartelmus, A., Roaf, M. and Sternitzke, K.,.Google Scholar
Collon, D. 1986. Catalogue of the western Asiatic Seals in the British Museum. Cylinder Seals III, Isin-Larsa and Old Babylonian periods. London: British Museum Publications Ltd.Google Scholar
Delgado, G. S-A. 1996. Die Kassitische Glyptik. Munich and Vienna: Profil Verlag (= Münchener Vorderasiatische Studien Herausgegebn von Barthel Hrouda, band XVIII).Google Scholar
Diakonoff, I. M. 1995. Old Babylonian Ur. Review of – Van De Mieroop, M. 1992: Society and enterprise in Old Babylonian Ur, Dietrich Reimer Verlag, Berlin (= Berliner Beiträge zum Vorderen Orient Band 12). Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 38: 9194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eidem, J. 1981. Tell Ahmed al-Mughir. In Uch Tepe I. Tell Razuk, Tell Ahmed al-Mughir, Tell Ajamat, ed. Gibson, McG., pp. 144–46. (= Hamrin Report 10). Baghdad: The State Organization of Antiquities and Heritage, Ministry of Culture and Information.Google Scholar
Figulla, H. H. 1949. Ur Excavation Texts IV. Business documents of the Neo-Babylonian Period. London: Publications of the Joint Expedition of the British Museum and of the University Museum, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, to Mesopotamia.Google Scholar
Figulla, H. H. and Martin, W. J. 1953. Ur Excavation Texts V. Letters and documents of the Old Babylonian Period. London: Publications of the Joint Expedition of the British Museum and of the University Museum, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, to Mesopotamia.Google Scholar
Fiorina, P. 2007. L'Area di Tell Yelkhi: Le sepolture. Mesoptamia 42: 1115.Google Scholar
Frame, G. 1992. Babylonia 689–627 b.c. A political history. Leiden: Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Instituut te Istanbul.Google Scholar
Frame, G. 1995. Rulers of Babylonia from the Second Dynasty of Isin to the end of the Assyrian domination (1157–612 bc). Toronto, Buffalo and London: The University of Toronto Press.Google Scholar
Franken, H. 1992. Excavations at Tell Deir ‘Alla. The Late Bronze Age sanctuary. Louvain: Peeters.Google Scholar
Frayne, D. 1990. Old Babylonian Period (2003–1595 bc) (= The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia, Early Period 4). Toronto, Buffalo and London: The University of Toronto Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frayne, D. 1993. Sargonic and Gutian Periods (2334–2113 bc) (= The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia, Early Periods 2). Toronto, Buffalo and London: The University of Toronto Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frayne, D. 1997. Ur III Period (2112–2004 bc) (= The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia, Early Periods 3/2). Toronto, Buffalo and London: The University of Toronto Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frayne, D. 2008. Presargonic period (2700–2350 bc) (= The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia, Early Periods 1). Toronto, Buffalo and London: The University of Toronto Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gadd, C. J. and Legrain, L. 1928. Ur Excavations Texts I. Royal inscriptions. London: Publications of the Joint Expedition of the British Museum and of the University Museum, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, to Mesopotamia.Google Scholar
Gadd, C. J. and Kramer, S. N. 1966. Ur Excavations Texts VI.2. Literary and religious texts. London: Publications of the Joint Expedition of the British Museum and of the University Museum, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, to Mesopotamia.Google Scholar
Gasche, H. 1991. Les chantiers E, E3 & le sondage E2. Mesopotamian History and Environment Series I, Northern Akkad Project Reports 6: 940.Google Scholar
Gasche, H., Armstrong, J. A., Cole, S. W. and Gurzadyan, V. G. 1998. Dating the fall of Babylon. A reappraisal of second-millennium chronology, The University of Ghent and The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago (= Mesopotamian History and Environment, Series II, Memoirs IV).Google Scholar
Geller, M. 2006. Catalogue of the Late Babylonian Ur texts excavated by Hall. Kaskal 2: 97100.Google Scholar
George, A. R. 1993. House most high. The temples of ancient Mesopotamia. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns.Google Scholar
George, A. R (ed.) 2011. Cuneiform royal inscriptions and related texts in the Schøyen collection, with contributions by M. Civil, G. Frame, P. Steinkeller, F. Vallat, K. Volk, M. Weeden, and C. Wilcke. Bethesda: CDL Press.Google Scholar
Giveon, R. 1985. Egyptian scarabs from Western Asia from the collections of the British Museum (= Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis, Series Archaeologica 3). Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.Google Scholar
Gomi, T. 1984. On the critical economic situation at Ur early in the reign of Ibbisin. Journal of Cuneiform Studies 36: 211–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Groneberg, B. 1980. Die Orts- und Gewässernamen der altbabylonischen Zeit (= Répertoire Géographie des Textes Cunéiformes Band 3). Wiesbaden: Dr Ludwig Reichert.Google Scholar
Gurney, O. R. 1974. Ur Excavations Texts VII. Middle Babylonian legal documents and other texts. London: Publications of the Joint Expedition of the British Museum and of the University Museum, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, to Mesopotamia.Google Scholar
Gurney, O. R. 1983. The middle Babylonian legal and economic texts from Ur. London: British School of Archaeology in Iraq.Google Scholar
Haller, A. von and Lenzen, H. 1938. Überblick über die Entwicklung des tempelbezirks von der Djemdet Nasr-Zeit bis in die achämenidische Zeit. UVB 9: 518.Google Scholar
Hamze, H.A. 2011. Tall Muhammad. The eighth season of excavations. In Between the cultures. The central Tigris region from the 3rd to the 1st millennium bc, Conference at Heidelberg January 22nd – 24th, 2009, ed. Miglus, P.A. and Mühl, S., 405–16. Heidelberg: Heidelberger Orientverlag. (= Heidelberger Studien zum Alten Orient, Band 14).Google Scholar
Heinrich, E. 1972-1975. Haus. Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archaologie 4: 176220.Google Scholar
Horsnell, M. J. A. 1999. The year names of the First Dynasty of Babylon (2 volumes). McMaster University Press.Google Scholar
Hrouda, B. 1981. Keramik. In Isin – Išān Baḥriyāt II, Die Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen 1975–1978, ed. Hrouda, B., pp. 8389. Munich: Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.Google Scholar
Invernizzi, A. 1980. Excavations in the Yelkhi area. Mesopotamia XV: 1949.Google Scholar
Isma'el, K. S. 2007. Old Babylonian cuneiform texts from the lower Diyala region. London: Nabu Publications.Google Scholar
Kakob-Rost, L. 1997. Die Stempelsiegel im Voderasiatischen Museum. Mainz am Rhein: Philipp von Zabern.Google Scholar
Karstens, K. 1981. Gräber nordabschnitt. In Isin – Išān Baḥriyāt II, Die Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen 1975–1978, ed. Hrouda, B., pp. 4048. Munich: Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.Google Scholar
Keel, O. 2011. Skarabäus. Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archaologie 12.7/8: 561–2.Google Scholar
Kuhrt, A. 1995. The ancient Near East c. 3000–330 BC (2 volumes). London and New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Kuhrt, A. 2007. The Persian Empire. A corpus of sources from the Achaemenid Period (2 volumes). London and New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Lauinger, J. 2011. An excavated dossier of cuneiform tablets from Level VII Alalaḫ?. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 362: 2164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leemans, W. F. 1990. Review of – O.R. Gurney, 1983. The middle Babylonian legal and economic texts from Ur, British School of Archaeology in Iraq, London. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 33: 117–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Legrain, L. 1925. The culture of the Babylonians from their seals in the collection of the Museum (= Publications of the Babylonian Section XIV). Philadelphia: The University Museum.Google Scholar
Legrain, L. 1947. Ur Excavations Texts III. Business documents of the Third Dynasty of Ur. London: Publications of the Joint Expedition of the British Museum and of the University Museum, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, to Mesopotamia.Google Scholar
Legrain, L. 1951. Ur Excavations, Volume X. Seal cylinders. London: Publications of the Joint Expedition of the British Museum and of the University Museum, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, to Mesopotamia.Google Scholar
Loding, D. 1976. Ur Excavations Texts IX. Economic texts from the Third Dynasty. London: Publications of the Joint Expedition of the British Museum and of the University Museum, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, to Mesopotamia.Google Scholar
Loding, D. 1976a. Old Babylonian texts from Ur, 1. Journal of Cuneiform Studies 28: 233–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Malko, H. Forthcoming. Dūr-Kurigalzu: insights from unpublished Iraqi excavation reports. In Karduniaš: Papers presented to the Munich conference on the Kassite Period, July 2010, eds. Bartelmus, A., Roaf, M. and Sternitzke, K. Google Scholar
Mallowan, M. E. L. 1977. Mallowan's memoirs. London: Collins.Google Scholar
Mattthews, D. M. 1990. Principles of composition in near eastern glyptic of the later second millennium b.c. (= Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis Series Archaeologica 8). Fribourg: Universitätsverlag Freiburg Schweiz; Göttingen: vandenhoek & Ruprecht.Google Scholar
McCown, D. E., Haines, R. C. and Hansen, D. P. 1967. Nippur I. Temple of Enlil, Scribal Quarter, and soundings (= Oriental Institute Publications vol. LXXVIII). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
McCown, D. E. 1967. The burials. In 1967. Nippur I. Temple of Enlil, Scribal Quarter, and soundings (= Oriental Institute Publications vol. LXXVIII), McCown, D. E., Haines, R. C.and Hansen, D. P., pp. 117–44. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
McCown, D. E. 1967a. Observations and conclusions. In 1967. Nippur I. Temple of Enlil, Scribal Quarter, and soundings (= Oriental Institute Publications vol. LXXVIII), McCown, D. E., Haines, R. C.and Hansen, D. P., pp. 145–9. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press Google Scholar
Meador, B. de S. 2009. The Sumerian temple hymns of Enheduanna, princess, priestess, poet. Austin: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Mercer, S. A. B. 1946. Sumero-Babylonian Year-Formulae. London: Luzac and Co.Google Scholar
Michalowski, P. 1989. The lamentation over the destruction of Sumer and Ur. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns.Google Scholar
Millard, A. R. 1984. The small cuboid incense burners: a note on their age. Levant 16: 172–3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Minsaer, K. 1991. La poterie du Chantier E3. Mesopotamian History and Environment Series I, Northern Akkad Project Reports 6: 4171.Google Scholar
Mitchell, T. C. and Searight, A. 2008. Catalogue of Western Asiatic seals in the British Museum. Stamp seals III. Impressions of stamp seals on cuneiform tablets, clay bullae and jar handles. Leiden and Boston: E. J. Brill.Google Scholar
Molleson, T. and Hodgson, D. 2003. The human remains from Woolley's excavations at Ur. Iraq 65: 91130.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moorey, P. R. S. 1982. Sir Leonard Woolley Ur ‘of the Chaldees’. The final account, Excavations at Ur, revised and updated by P.R.S. Moorey. London: The Herbert Press.Google Scholar
Mustafa, M. A. 1949. Soundings at Tell al-Dhiba'i. Sumer 5: 173–86.Google Scholar
Nasrabadi, B. M. 1999. Untersuchungen zu den Bestattungssitten in Mesopotamien in der erste Hälfte des ersten Jahrtausend v. Chr. Mainz am Rhein: Philipp von Zabern.Google Scholar
O'Dwyer Shea, M. 1983. The small cuboid incense-burner of the ancient near east. Levant 15: 76109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oguchi, K. 2006. Early guardian lion statues in Mesopotamia. In Studia Euphratica. Le moyen Euphrate iraquien révélé par les fouilles preventives de Haditha, ed. Kepinski, C., Lecomte, O. and Tenu, A., pp. 191201. Paris: de Boccard (= Travaux de la Maison René-Ginouvès 3).Google Scholar
Oppenheim, A. L. 1954. The seafaring merchants of Ur. Journal of the Amercian Oriental Society 74: 617.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parker, B. 1955. Excavations at Nimrud, 1949-1953. Seals and seal impressions. Iraq 17: 93125.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parker, B. 1962. Seals and seal impressions from the Nimrud excavations, 1955-58. Iraq 24: 2640.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parrot, A. 1968. Les fouilles de Larsa. Deuxième et troisième campagnes (1967). Syria 45: 205–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pedersén, O. 1998. Archives and libraries in the ancient near east 1500–300 b.c. Bethesda: CDL Press.Google Scholar
Peltenburg, E. 1977. A faience from Hala Sultan Tekke and second millennium b.c. Western Asiatic Pendants depicting females. In Hala Sultan Tekke 3, Excavations 1972, ed. Åström, P., Hult, G., Olofsson, M.S., pp. 177200. (= Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology Vol. XLV.3) Gotterborg: Paul Åströms Förlag.Google Scholar
Peltenburg, E. 1991. The Burrell Collection. Western Asiatic Antiquities. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Pollock, S. 1997. Ur. In The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East, ed. Meyers, E.M., pp. 288–91. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Porada, E. 1958. Review of – A. Haller, 1954, Die Gräber und Grüfte von Assur, Verlag Gebr. Mann., Berlin, 1954 (= Wissenschaftliche Veröffentlichungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft 65). Journal of Near Eastern Studies 17: 6771.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Postgate, J. N. 1992. Early Mesopotamia society and economy at the dawn of history. London and New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Pritchard, J. B. 1969. Ancient near eastern texts relating to the Old Testament (third edition with supplement). Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Quarantelli, E. 1985. The land between two rivers. Twenty years of Italian archaeology in the Middle East. The treasures of Mesopotamia. Turin: Il Quadrante Edizioni.Google Scholar
Reuther, O. 1926. Die Innenstadt von Babylon (Merkes) (2 volumes). Leipzig: J.C. Hinrichs'sche Buchhandlung.Google Scholar
Richter, T. 2004. Untersuchungen zu den lokalen Panthea Süd- und Mittelbabyloniens in altbabylonischer Zeit. (= Alter Orient und Altes Testament, Band 257) Münster: Ugarit Verlag.Google Scholar
Rigillo, M. T. 1999. Le ceramiche del Vicino Oriente antico. Ravenna: Edit Faenza.Google Scholar
Roaf, M. D. and Postgate, J. N. 1981. Excavations in Iraq: Iraq 43; 167–98.Google Scholar
Safar, F. 1949. Soundings at Tell al-Lahm. Sumer 5: 154–72.Google Scholar
Sallaberger, W. 1999. Ur III-Zeit. In Mesopotamien Akkade-Zeit und Ur III-Zeit, Sallaberger, W. and Westenholz, A., pp. 121390. Göttingen, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. (= Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis 160/3).Google Scholar
Sigrist, M. 1988. Isin year names. Andrews University Press, Berrien Springs (= Institute of Archaeology Publications, Assyriological Series, volume II).Google Scholar
Sigrist, M. 1998. The social landscape of the capital city: Ur. In Capital Cities: Urban planning and spiritual dimensions. Proceedings of the symposium held on May 27–29, 1996, Jerusalem, Israel, ed. Westenholz, J. G., pp. 157–67. Bible Lands Museum Jerusalem, Jerusalem.Google Scholar
Spada, G. 2007. Testi economici da Ur di period paleo-babilonese. Messina: Dipatimento di Scienze dell'Antichità dell'Università degli Studi di Messina.Google Scholar
Steinkeller, P. 2004: A history of Mashkan-shapir and its role in the Kingdom of Larsa. In The anatomy of a Mesopotamian city: survey and soundings at Mashkan-shapir, Stone, E. C. and Zimansky, P., pp. 2642. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns.Google Scholar
Sternitzke, K. Forthcoming. Bestattungen in der Kassitenzeit. In Karduniaš: Papers presented to the Munich conference on the Kassite Period, July 2010, eds. Bartelmus, A., Roaf, M. and Sternitzke, K. Google Scholar
Stone, E. C. 2002. The Ur III – Old Babylonian transition : an archaeological perspective. Iraq 64: 7984.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strommenger, E. 1964. Grabformen in Babylon. Baghdader Mitteilungen 3: 157–73.Google Scholar
Strommenger, E. 1957–1971. Grab. I. Irak und Iran. Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archaologie III: 581–93.Google Scholar
Strommenger, E. 1957–1971a. Grabbeigabe. I. Irak und Iran. Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archaologie III: 605–8.Google Scholar
Sulaiman, B. S. 2011. A brief report on the Al-Adhaim Dam Salvage project. In Between the cultures. The central Tigris region from the 3rd to the 1st millennium BC, Conference at Heidelberg January 22nd–24th, 2009, ed. Miglus, P.A. and Mühl, S., pp. 385–94. (= Heidelberger Studien zum Alten Orient, Band 14) Heidelberg: Heidelberger Orientverlag.Google Scholar
Valtz, E. 1985. The Yelkhi countryside. In The land between two rivers. Twenty years of Italian archaeology in the Middle East, The treasures of Mesopotamia, ed. Quarantelli, E., pp. 6971. Turin: Il Quadrante Edizioni.Google Scholar
Valtz, E. 2002-03. La ceramica dei Livelli II e I. Mesopotamia 37–38: 265319.Google Scholar
van As, A. 1989. Ceramic technology and a corpus of Mesopotamian pottery. Mesopotamian History and Environment Series I, Northern Akkad Project Reports 3: 4046.Google Scholar
van As, A. and Jacobs, L. 1985. Technological research of palaeo- and meso-Babylonian pottery from Tell ed-Der (Iraq)—a report. Newsletter Department of Pottery Technology (Leiden) 3: 1526.Google Scholar
van As, A. and Jacobs, L. 1986. Technological study of palaeo- and meso-Babylonian pottery—a report on the 1986 season at Tell ed-Deir (Iraq) and some preliminary results. Newsletter Department of Pottery Technology (Leiden): 21–8.Google Scholar
van As, A. and Jacobs, L. 1987. Second millennium b.c. goblet bases from Tell ed-Deir—the relationship between form and technique. Newsletter Department of Pottery Technology (Leiden) 5: 39–53.Google Scholar
van de Mieroop, M. 1992. Society and enterprise in Old Babylonian Ur. (= Berliner Beiträge zum Vorderen Orient Band 12)Berlin: Dietrich Reimer Verlag.Google Scholar
van de Mieroop, M. 1995. Review of – R. L. Zettler, 1993. Nippur, III: Kassite Buildings in Area WC-1. Excavations at Nippur by Richard L. Zettler, 1993, Oriental Institute Publications III, The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, Chicago. Journal of the American Oriental Society 115: 168–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Koppen, F. Forthcoming. The early Kassite period. In Karduniaš: Papers presented to the Munich conference on the Kassite Period, July 2010, eds. Bartelmus, A., Roaf, M. and Sternitzke, K. Google Scholar
van Loon, M. 1977. The place of Urartu in first millennium b.c. trade. Iraq 39: 229–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Loon, M. 1989. Iron age cylinder and stamp seals. In The Holmes Expedition to Luristan, ed. Schmidt, E.F., van Loon, M.N., van, M. N. and Curvers, H. H., pp. 413–74. (= Oriental Institute Publications 108) Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.Google Scholar
van Soldt, W. H. 1978. Review of – O. R. Gurney, 1974. Ur Excavations Texts VII. Middle Babylonian legal documents and other texts, Publications of the Joint Expedition of the British Museum and of the University Museum, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, to Mesopotamia, London. Journal of the American Oriental Society 98.4: 498501.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Soldt, W. H. 1986. Review of – O. R. Gurney, 1983. The middle Babylonian legal and economic texts from Ur, British School of Archaeology in Iraq, London. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 49: 565–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weadock, P. N. 1975. The Giparu at Ur. Iraq 37: 101–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Westenholz, A. 1999. The Old Akkaddian period. History and culture. In Mesopotamien Akkade-Zeit und Ur III-Zeit, Sallaberger, W. and Westenholz, A., pp. 17117. (= Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis 160/3) Göttingen, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.Google Scholar
Wiseman, D. J. 1966. Some Egyptians in Babylonia. Iraq 28: 154–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woolley, C. L. 1923. Excavations at Ur of the Chaldees. The Antiquaries Journal 3.4: 311–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woolley, C. L. 1926. The excavations at Ur, 1925–6. The Antiquaries Journal 6: 365401.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woolley, C. L. 1927. The excavations at Ur, 1926–7. The Antiquaries Journal 7: 385423.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woolley, C. L. 1931. Excavations at Ur, 1930–1. The Antiquaries Journal 11: 343–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woolley, C. L. 1932. Excavations at Ur, 1931–2. The Antiquaries Journal 12: 355–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woolley, C. L. 1934. Ur Excavations Volume II. The Royal cemetery. London: Publications of the Joint Expedition of the British Museum and of the University Museum, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, to Mesopotamia.Google Scholar
Woolley, C. L. 1939. Ur Excavations Volume V. The ziggurat and its surroundings. Oxford: Publication of the Joint Expedition of the British Museum and of the University Museum, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia to Mesopotamia.Google Scholar
Woolley, C. L. 1955. Ur Excavations Volume IV. The early periods. Oxford: Publication of the Joint Expedition of the British Museum and of the University Museum, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia to Mesopotamia.Google Scholar
Woolley, C. L. 1965. Ur Excavations, Volume VIII. The Kassite Period and the period of the Assyrian kings. London: Publications of the Joint Expedition of the British Museum and of the University Museum, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, to Mesopotamia.Google Scholar
Woolley, C. L. 1974. Ur Excavations Volume VI. The buildings of the Third Dynasty. London: Publications of the Joint Expedition of the British Museum and of the University Museum, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, to Mesopotamia.Google Scholar
Woolley, C. L. and Mallowan, M. E. L. 1962. Ur Excavations, Volume IX. The neo-Babylonian and Persian periods. London: Publications of the Joint Expedition of the British Museum and of the University Museum, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, to Mesopotamia.Google Scholar
Woolley, C. L., Mallowan, M. E. L. and Mitchell, T. C. (ed.) 1976. Ur Excavations, Volume VII. The Old Babylonian period. London: Publications of the Joint Expedition of the British Museum and of the University Museum, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, to Mesopotamia.Google Scholar
Zettler, R. L. 1993. Kassite buildings in Area WC-1, Nippur III. Chicago: Oriental Institute Publications III, The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.Google Scholar
Zettler, R. L. and Horne, L. (eds.) 1998. Treasures from the Royal Tombs of Ur. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum of archaeology and Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania Museum.Google Scholar