Hostname: page-component-55f67697df-q9hcs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-05-10T04:26:34.807Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

ORALITY, VOICING, AND INTERRUPTION IN BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN LITERATURE

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 February 2025

Martin Worthington*
Affiliation:
Department of Near and Middle East Trinity College Dublin

Abstract

This paper unfolds in three steps. First it draws attention to how the import of Babylonian and Assyrian belles lettres can be affected by the manner in which the utterances are ‘voiced’. Second, it highlights interruption as a particular instance of this, proposing cases where characters are likely to be interrupting each other (the first treatment of this issue in Assyriology). Finally, it argues that the distribution of speech formulae in Gilgameš associates one such formula with interruption and aggression more than another.

الشفوية والتعبير الصوتي والمقاطعة في الأدب البابلي والآشوري

بقلم: مارتن ورثينجتون

تكشف هذه المقالة البحثية محتوياتها البحثية على ثلاث خطوات. أولاً، تلفت الانتباه إلى كيفية تأثر أهمية الآداب البابلية والآشورية الجميلة (belles lettres) بالطريقة التي يتم بها “نطق” الألفاظ. ثانياً، تسلط الضوء على المقاطعة كمثال خاص على ذلك، وتقترح حالات حيث من المرجح أن يقاطع الشخصيات بعضهم البعض (أول معالجة لهذه القضية في علم الآشوريات). وأخيراً، تزعم أن توزيع صيغ الكلام في جلجامش يربط أحدها بالمقاطعة والعدوان أكثر من غيره.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
© The British Institute for the Study of Iraq 2025

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

Footnotes

I am grateful to Jana Matuszak and Mark Weeden, as well as to the three anonymous peer-reviewers, for useful suggestions and bibliographical references. It is a pleasure to dedicate this paper to Andrew George, for whose work (and for whom) I have boundless admiration.

References

Abusch, T. 1986. “Ishtar’s Proposal and Gilgamesh’s Refusal: An Interpretation of ‘The Gilgamesh Epic’, Tablet 6, Lines 1–79”. History of Religions 26: 143187.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Al-Rawi, F. N. H. and George, A. R. 2014. “Back to the Cedar Forest: The Beginning and End of Tablet V of the Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgameš ”. Journal of Cuneiform Studies 66: 6990.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alster, B. and Oshima, T. 2007. “Sargonic Dinner at Kaneš: The Old Assyrian Sargon Legend”. Iraq 69: 120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell Thompson, R. 1904. The Devils and Evil Spirits of Babylonia: being Babylonian and Assyrian incantations against the demons, ghouls, vampires, hobgoblins, ghosts, and kindred evil spirits, which attack mankind. Voliume II “Fever Sickness,” and “Headache,”, etc . Luzac’s Semitic Series. London: Luzac and Co.Google Scholar
Civil, M. 1999–2000. “Reading Gilgameš”. Aula Orientalis 17/18: 179189.Google Scholar
Contenau, G. 1954. Everyday Life in Babylon and Assyria. London: Edward Arnold.Google Scholar
Dávid, A. 1928. “Opération dentaire en Babylonie”. Revue d’assyriologie et d’archéologie orientale 25: 9597.Google Scholar
De Liagre Böhl, F. M. T. 1952. Het Gilgamesj epos. Amsterdam: H.J. Paris.Google Scholar
Diakonoff, I. M. and Jankowska, N. B. 1990. “An Elamite Gilgameš Text from Argištihenele, Urartu (Armavir-blur, 8th Century B.C.)”. Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie 80: 102123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farber, W. 2014. Lamaštu: an edition of the canonical series of Lamaštu incantations and rituals and related texts from the second and first millennia B.C. MC 17. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns.Google Scholar
Fleming, D. E. and Milstein, S. J. 2010. The Buried Foundation of the Gilgamesh Epic: The Akkadian Huwawa Narrative. CM 39. Brill: Leiden.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foster, B. 1977. “Ea and Ṣaltu” in de Jong Ellis, M., ed. Essays on the Ancient Near East in Memory of Jacob Joel Finkelstein. Memoirs of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences 19. Hamden, CT: Published for the Academy by Archon Books, pp. 7984.Google Scholar
Foster, B. 1987. “Gilgamesh: sex, love and the ascent of knowledge” in Marks, J. H. and Good, R. M., eds, Love & Death in the Ancient Near East: Essays in Honor of Marvin H. Pope. Guilford, CT: Four Quarters Pub. Co., pp. 2142.Google Scholar
Foster, B. 1996. Before the Muses: An Anthology of Akkadian Literature (second edition). Bethesda, MA: CDL Press.Google Scholar
George, A. R. 2003. The Babylonian Gilgamesh Epic: Introduction, Critical Edition and Cuneiform Texts. 2 vols. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
George, A. R. 2009. Babylonian Literary Texts in the Schøyen Collection . Cornell University Studies in Assyriology and Sumerology X. Bethesda, MA: CDL Press.Google Scholar
George, A. R. 2022. “Poem of Gilgameš Chapter Standard Babylonian VI. With contributions by E. Jiménez and G. Rozzi. Translated by Andrew R. George”. Electronic Babylonian Library https://doi.org/10.5282/ebl/l/1/4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hecker, K. 1974. Untersuchungen zur akkadischen Epik. Alter Orient und Altes Testament. Supplemente 8. Kevelaer: Butzon und Bercker; Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener Verlag.Google Scholar
Jiménez, E. 2017. The Babylonian Disputation Poems: With Editions of the Series of the Poplar, Palm and Vine, the Series of the Spider, and the Story of the Poor, Forlorn Wren . Culture and History of the Ancient Near East 87. Leiden: Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mayer, W. R. 1987. “Ein Mythos von der Erschaffung des Menschen und des Königs”. Orientalia 56: 5568.Google Scholar
Mayer, W. R. 1992. “Ein Hymnus auf Ninurta als Helfer in der Not”. Orientalia 61: 1757.Google Scholar
Ottervanger, B. 2016. The Tale of the Poor Man of Nippur . State Archives of Assyria Cunieform Texts XII. Helsinki: The Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project.Google Scholar
Piccin, M. 2022. “ Verba Dicendi in Akkadian”. Digital Archive of Brief Notes & Iran Review 9: 4752.Google Scholar
Scurlock, J. 2014. Sourcebook for Ancient Mesopotamian Medicine . Writings from the Ancient World 36. Atlanta, GA: Society of Biblical Literature.Google Scholar
Sonik, K. 2014. “Pictorial Mythology and Narrative in the Ancient Near East” in Feldman, M. and Brown, B., eds. Critical Approaches to Ancient Near Eastern Art. Berlin: De Gruyter, pp. 265293.Google Scholar
Sonnek, F. 1940. “Die Einführung der direkten Rede in der epischen Texte”. Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie 46: 225235.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stanford, W. B. 1939. Ambiguity in Greek Literature. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.Google Scholar
Stol, M. 2017. “Zahn, Zahnkrankheiten” in Streck, M. P., ed. Reallexikon der Assyriologie XV. Berlin: De Gruyter, pp. 183a186b.Google Scholar
Taylor, J. 2007. “Babylonian lists of words and signs” in Leick, G., ed. The Babylonian World. New York, NY: Routledge, pp. 432446.Google Scholar
Thureau-Dangin, F. 1939. “Tablettes ḫurrites provenant de Mâri”. Revue d’assyriologie et d’archéologie orientale 36: 128.Google Scholar
Tigay, J. H. 1982. The Evolution of the Gilgamesh Epic. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Vogelzang, M. E. 1990. “Patterns Introducing Direct Speech in Akkadian Literary Texts”. Journal of Cuneiform Studies 42: 5070.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Volk, K. 1989. Die Balaⓖ-Komposition úru àm-ma-ir-ra-bi: Rekonstruktion und Bearbeitung der Tafeln 18 (19’ff.), 19, 20 und 21 der späten, kanonischen Version . Freiburger Altorientalische Studien 18. Stuttgart: F. Steiner Verlag.Google Scholar
Wisnom, S. 2023. “The Dynamics of Repetition in Akkadian Literature” in Helle, S. and Konstantopoulos, G., ed. The Shape of Stories: Narrative Structures in Cuneiform Literature. Cuneiform Monographs 54. Leiden: Brill, pp. 112143.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Worthington, M. 2011. “On Names and Artistic Unity in the Standard Version of the Babylonian Gilgamesh Epic”. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 21: 402421.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Worthington, M. 2012. Principles of Akkadian Textual Criticism . SANER 1. Boston/Berlin: De Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Worthington, M. 2019. Ea’s Duplicity in the Gilgamesh Flood Story . The Ancient Word 3. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zomer, E. 2024. “Negotiating with Evil: The Rhetorical Strategy of epiplexis in Mesopotamian Magic” in Heeßel, N. P. and Zomer, E., eds. Legitimising Magic: Strategies and Practices in Ancient Mesopotamia. Ancient Magic and Divination 21. Leiden: Brill, pp. 5676.CrossRefGoogle Scholar